C1 Advanced Syntax 1 min read 困难

Cleft Sentences (Разцепване на изречението)

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Cleft sentences split one idea into two parts to highlight a specific piece of information using 'именно' or 'това, което'.

  • Use 'Именно' + [Noun] + [Relative Clause] for strong focus. Example: 'Именно той ни помогна.'
  • Use 'Това, което...' to start pseudo-clefts. Example: 'Това, което искам, е спокойствие.'
  • Ensure the relative pronoun (който/която/което) matches the gender of the focused noun.
✨ Именно + [Focus] + 🔗 [Relative Clause] / 📦 Това, което... + е + [Focus]

Relative Pronoun Agreement (който)

Gender/Number Subject Form Object Form (Direct) Object Form (Prepositional)
Masculine
който
когото
когото
Feminine
която
която
която
Neuter
което
което
което
Plural
които
които
които

Focus Markers

Marker English Equivalent Usage
Именно
Precisely / Exactly
Most formal and common for clefts
Тъкмо
Just / Exactly
Often used for time or specific objects
Точно
Exactly
More neutral/informal
Само
Only
Used for exclusive clefts

Meanings

A complex sentence structure used to focus on a specific constituent (subject, object, or adverbial) by 'splitting' the sentence into two clauses.

1

It-Cleft Equivalent (Focus on Subject/Object)

Using 'именно' (precisely/exactly) or 'тъкмо' to highlight who or what performed an action.

“Именно ти си човекът, когото търсим.”

“Тъкмо това решение промени всичко.”

2

Pseudo-Cleft (Focus on Action/Idea)

Starting with 'Това, което...' (What...) to build anticipation for the main point.

“Това, което ме притеснява, е липсата на време.”

“Онова, което видяхме, беше неописуемо.”

3

Rhetorical/Negative Cleft

Using the structure to correct a misconception or provide a contrast.

“Не беше Иван, а именно Петър, който се обади.”

“Не е парите това, което ни липсва, а смелост.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Cleft Sentences (Разцепване на изречението)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative (Focus)
Именно + Noun + Relative Clause
Именно той спечели.
Affirmative (Pseudo)
Това, което + Verb + е + Noun
Това, което искам, е мир.
Negative
Не + [Cleft Structure]
Не беше именно тя.
Interrogative
[Cleft Structure] + ли?
Именно тя ли беше?
Contrastive
Не [A], а именно [B]
Не Иван, а именно Петър.
Adverbial Focus
Именно + Adverb + Clause
Именно тук се случи.

正式程度

正式
Именно той беше лицето, което счупи прозореца.

Именно той беше лицето, което счупи прозореца. (Reporting an incident)

中性
Именно той счупи прозореца.

Именно той счупи прозореца. (Reporting an incident)

非正式
Той беше тоя, дето счупи джама.

Той беше тоя, дето счупи джама. (Reporting an incident)

俚语
Точно тоя го счупи, бе!

Точно тоя го счупи, бе! (Reporting an incident)

Cleft Sentence Structure

Cleft Sentence

Focus Markers

  • Именно Precisely
  • Тъкмо Exactly

Relative Pronouns

  • който who (m)
  • която who (f)

Normal vs. Cleft

Normal Word Order
Тя ни помогна. She helped us.
Cleft Sentence
Именно тя беше тази, която ни помогна. It was precisely she who helped us.

Choosing a Cleft Type

1

Focus on a person/thing?

YES
Use 'Именно + Noun'
NO
Go to next
2

Focus on an action/idea?

YES
Use 'Това, което...'
NO
Use simple word order

按水平分级的例句

1

Това е моят брат.

This is my brother.

2

Това е книгата.

This is the book.

3

Ето го Иван.

Here is Ivan.

4

Това не е моята чанта.

This is not my bag.

1

Това е човекът, който знае пътя.

This is the person who knows the way.

2

Това е филмът, който гледахме.

This is the movie that we watched.

3

Тя е жената, която работи тук.

She is the woman who works here.

4

Това са децата, които играят отвън.

These are the children who are playing outside.

1

Това, което искам, е почивка.

What I want is a break.

2

Именно той ми каза истината.

It was exactly him who told me the truth.

3

Това, което видях, беше странно.

What I saw was strange.

4

Тъкмо това ми трябваше.

This is exactly what I needed.

1

Именно в този момент разбрах всичко.

It was exactly at this moment that I understood everything.

2

Това, което ме притеснява, е твоето здраве.

What worries me is your health.

3

Не е парите, а именно времето, което ни липсва.

It's not money, but precisely time that we lack.

4

Именно тези резултати са важни за нас.

It is precisely these results that are important to us.

1

Онова, което прави този проект уникален, е иновативният подход.

What makes this project unique is the innovative approach.

2

Именно чрез диалог можем да постигнем съгласие.

It is precisely through dialogue that we can reach an agreement.

3

Не беше ли именно тя тази, която предложи идеята?

Wasn't it exactly she who proposed the idea?

4

Това, което се опитвам да кажа, е че рискът е твърде голям.

What I am trying to say is that the risk is too great.

1

Именно в недрата на тази философия се крие отговорът.

It is precisely in the depths of this philosophy that the answer lies.

2

Това, което на пръв поглед изглежда като провал, всъщност е урок.

What at first glance appears to be a failure is actually a lesson.

3

Тъкмо в способността ни да прощаваме се корени нашата човечност.

It is precisely in our ability to forgive that our humanity is rooted.

4

Не са ли именно тези противоречия двигателят на прогреса?

Are not precisely these contradictions the engine of progress?

容易混淆

Cleft Sentences (Разцепване на изречението) 对比 Simple Inversion

Learners often think moving a word to the front is the same as a cleft sentence.

Cleft Sentences (Разцепване на изречението) 对比 Passive Voice

Both can be used to shift focus away from the subject.

Cleft Sentences (Разцепване на изречението) 对比 Relative Clauses

Clefts use relative clauses, so learners might not see them as a distinct structure.

常见错误

Това Иван.

Това е Иван.

Missing the verb 'to be'.

Ето книга.

Ето я книгата.

Missing the clitic and the definite article.

Това е жената който видях.

Това е жената, която видях.

Gender mismatch: 'жената' is feminine, so 'която' must be used.

Това са хората който знам.

Това са хората, които познавам.

Number mismatch and wrong verb for 'knowing' people.

Това което искам е кафе.

Това, което искам, е кафе.

Missing commas around the relative clause.

Именно той направи го.

Именно той го направи.

Incorrect clitic placement.

Именно тези са причините, поради които напуснах.

Именно това са причините, поради които напуснах.

Using 'тези' instead of the dummy 'това' in certain cleft structures.

Това, което ме впечатли, бяха неговите думи.

Това, което ме впечатли, беше неговите думи (or 'бяха' depending on focus).

Subject-verb agreement in pseudo-clefts can be tricky when the focus is plural.

句型

Именно ___ е човекът, който ___.

Това, което ___ , е ___ .

Не е ___ , а именно ___ , което ___ .

Тъкмо в ___ се крие ___ .

Real World Usage

Job Interview common

Това, което ме прави подходящ за позицията, е моят опит.

Social Media Argument very common

Именно това не разбрахте от поста ми!

Academic Paper constant

Именно тези данни потвърждават хипотезата.

Texting a Friend occasional

Тъкмо ти ми трябваше!

Ordering Food (Complaint) occasional

Това, което поръчах, не беше тази пица.

Political Speech very common

Именно днес трябва да вземем решение.

🎯

The 'Именно' Power

Use 'именно' when you want to sound like an expert. It adds a layer of precision that simple sentences lack.
⚠️

Gender Trap

Always double-check the gender of 'който'. If you are focusing on 'държава' (country), use 'която', even if the verb is far away.
💡

Pseudo-clefts for Summaries

Start your concluding sentences with 'Това, което...' to summarize your main point effectively.
💬

Don't Overuse

In casual Bulgarian, too many clefts can make you sound 'превзет' (pretentious). Save them for when you really need the focus.

Smart Tips

Use the 'Не..., а именно...' structure to pinpoint the exact misunderstanding.

Не казах това. Казах друго. Не това казах, а именно че трябва да внимаваме.

Turn a simple subject-verb sentence into a pseudo-cleft starting with 'Онова, което...'.

Този проблем е важен. Онова, което прави този проблем важен, е неговият мащаб.

Look back to the noun right after 'именно' to find the correct gender match.

Именно идеята (f), който (m) имах... Именно идеята (f), която (f) имах...

Put 'Именно' directly before the prepositional phrase.

Срещнахме се в Париж. Именно в Париж се срещнахме.

发音

ИМЕННО той (Stress on 'И')

Focus Stress

The word immediately following 'именно' or 'тъкмо' receives the primary sentence stress.

Това [pause] което искам [pause] е...

Comma Pause

In pseudo-clefts starting with 'Това, което...', there is a slight pause before and after the relative clause.

Rising-Falling Focus

Именно ТЯ ↗ го направи ↘.

Conveys certainty and exclusive focus.

记住它

记忆技巧

Remember 'Именно' is your 'Linguistic Highlighter'—it marks the most important word in the sentence.

视觉联想

Imagine a dark stage where a single spotlight (Именно) shines on one actor (the Focus), while the rest of the cast (the Relative Clause) stands in the background.

Rhyme

Именно и тъкмо, за да бъде всичко тъкмо!

Story

A detective enters a room. Instead of saying 'You did it,' he points a finger and says, 'Именно ТИ си този, който го направи!' The drama of the cleft sentence reveals the culprit.

Word Web

именнотъкмокойтокоятооноватовафокусемфаза

挑战

Write three sentences about your favorite hobby using 'Това, което...', 'Именно...' and 'Тъкмо...'.

文化笔记

Journalists frequently use 'именно' to sound more authoritative and precise during news broadcasts.

In Bulgarian academia, clefting is seen as a sign of high literacy and logical clarity.

Bulgarians use clefts in arguments to 'corner' the opponent with logic.

Bulgarian cleft structures evolved from Old Bulgarian relative constructions using 'иже, яже, еже'.

对话开场白

Какво е това, което най-много цениш в приятелите си?

Именно коя черта от характера ти ти помага в работата?

Това, което те прави щастлив, е...?

Кой беше именно човекът, който ти повлия най-много?

日记主题

Опишете най-важното събитие в живота си, като използвате поне три изречения с 'Именно'.
Напишете есе за глобалното затопляне, като започнете с 'Това, което застрашава планетата ни, е...'.
Разкажете за един конфликт, който сте имали, и как сте го решили. Използвайте 'Не..., а именно...'.
Какво бихте променили в света? Започнете всяко изречение с 'Онова, което бих променил, е...'.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

Choose the correct relative pronoun for the cleft sentence. 多项选择

Именно жената, _______ ни помогна, беше тук.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: която
'Жената' is feminine singular, so 'която' is required.
Fill in the focus marker for 'exactly'.

_______ това исках да ти кажа!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Именно
'Именно' is the standard focus marker for this context.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Това което ме дразни е лъжата.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Missing comma after 'дразни'
Relative clauses in Bulgarian must be enclosed in commas: 'Това, което ме дразни, е лъжата.'
Transform the simple sentence into a cleft sentence focusing on 'Иван'. Sentence Transformation

Иван счупи вазата.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Именно Иван беше този, който счупи вазата.
This follows the standard cleft structure for focusing on the subject.
Match the focus marker with its best context. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-B, 2-A, 3-C
Именно is formal, Тъкмо is for timing, Онова is for abstract/distant things.
Is the following statement true? True False Rule

Cleft sentences in Bulgarian always require the word 'именно'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
You can also use 'тъкмо', 'точно', or pseudo-clefts with 'Това, което'.
Complete the dialogue with a cleft sentence. Dialogue Completion

А: Кой взе ключовете? Б: _______ ги взе.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Именно Петър беше този, който
This provides the emphatic answer required by the context.
Sort the words to form a pseudo-cleft. Grammar Sorting

искам / е / Това / което / мир / , / ,

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Това, което искам, е мир.
The standard pseudo-cleft order starts with 'Това, което'.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Choose the correct relative pronoun for the cleft sentence. 多项选择

Именно жената, _______ ни помогна, беше тук.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: която
'Жената' is feminine singular, so 'която' is required.
Fill in the focus marker for 'exactly'.

_______ това исках да ти кажа!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Именно
'Именно' is the standard focus marker for this context.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Това което ме дразни е лъжата.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Missing comma after 'дразни'
Relative clauses in Bulgarian must be enclosed in commas: 'Това, което ме дразни, е лъжата.'
Transform the simple sentence into a cleft sentence focusing on 'Иван'. Sentence Transformation

Иван счупи вазата.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Именно Иван беше този, който счупи вазата.
This follows the standard cleft structure for focusing on the subject.
Match the focus marker with its best context. Match Pairs

1. Именно, 2. Тъкмо, 3. Онова

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-B, 2-A, 3-C
Именно is formal, Тъкмо is for timing, Онова is for abstract/distant things.
Is the following statement true? True False Rule

Cleft sentences in Bulgarian always require the word 'именно'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
You can also use 'тъкмо', 'точно', or pseudo-clefts with 'Това, което'.
Complete the dialogue with a cleft sentence. Dialogue Completion

А: Кой взе ключовете? Б: _______ ги взе.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Именно Петър беше този, който
This provides the emphatic answer required by the context.
Sort the words to form a pseudo-cleft. Grammar Sorting

искам / е / Това / което / мир / , / ,

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Това, което искам, е мир.
The standard pseudo-cleft order starts with 'Това, което'.

Score: /8

常见问题 (8)

Yes, `точно` is more common in spoken, neutral Bulgarian, while `именно` is more formal and academic.

Yes, in Bulgarian, relative clauses (starting with `което`, `който`, etc.) must be separated by commas.

They are very similar, but `тъкмо` often has a nuance of 'just at this moment' or 'exactly this specific thing'.

Absolutely! You can say `Именно вчера се случи това` (It was exactly yesterday that this happened).

Because it must agree with the gender of the noun it refers to. If the focus is a woman, use `която`.

They are very common in writing and formal speech, but less so in very casual, everyday talk.

It's a sentence that starts with a relative clause like `Това, което...` to focus on the end of the sentence.

Yes, but for people as objects, you should use the form `когото` (e.g., `Именно той е човекът, когото видях`).

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English high

It is... that... / What... is...

Bulgarian doesn't always need a dummy subject like 'it'.

French high

C'est... qui/que...

French clefts are almost mandatory for focus, while Bulgarian ones are more stylistic.

German moderate

Es ist... der/die/das...

German word order is stricter, making clefts less common than in Bulgarian.

Spanish high

Es... quien/que...

Spanish often omits the relative pronoun in informal speech, Bulgarian rarely does.

Japanese moderate

〜のは〜だ (no wa... da)

Japanese is head-final, so the focused element comes at the end, unlike Bulgarian.

Chinese moderate

是...的 (shì... de)

Chinese doesn't use relative pronouns like 'който'.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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