C1 Speech Levels 1 min read سخت

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Shift focus from the 'doer' to the 'action' using participles or the particle 'се' to sound professional and objective.

  • Use 'съм' + past passive participle for completed results: 'Проектът е завършен'.
  • Use the reflexive particle 'се' for ongoing processes or laws: 'Законът се обсъжда'.
  • Omit the agent (the person doing it) to maintain an objective, academic tone.
📦 Object + 🛠️ (съм / се) + 📝 Verb (Participle/Reflexive)

Formation of the Participial Passive (Verb: Пиша - To Write)

Tense Subject (Masc/Fem/Neut/Pl) Auxiliary (съм) Participle
Present
Докладът (M)
е
написан
Present
Статията (F)
е
написана
Present
Писмото (N)
е
написано
Present
Докладите (Pl)
са
написани
Past
Докладът (M)
беше
написан
Future
Докладът (M)
ще бъде
написан
Perfect
Докладът (M)
е бил
написан

Reflexive Passive (Processual)

Aspect Structure Example Meaning
General/Ongoing
3rd Pers. + се
Законът се чете.
The law is being read.
Plural Ongoing
3rd Pers. Pl. + се
Законите се четат.
The laws are being read.
Negative
не + 3rd Pers. + се
Това не се прави.
This isn't done.

Meanings

The passive voice (страдателен залог) is used when the subject of the sentence is the recipient of the action rather than the performer. In formal Bulgarian, it is the hallmark of administrative, scientific, and legal styles.

1

Resultative Passive

Focuses on the state resulting from a completed action using the auxiliary verb 'съм' (to be) and a past passive participle.

“Сградата е построена през 2020 г.”

“Договорът е подписан.”

2

Processual/Reflexive Passive

Focuses on the action as a process or a general rule using the particle 'се'.

“Тук се предлагат качествени услуги.”

“Въпросът се разглежда в момента.”

3

Impersonal Passive

Used to describe general requirements or states without a specific subject.

“Пушенето е забранено.”

“Изисква се предварителна регистрация.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Passive Voice in Formal Language
Form Structure Example
Affirmative (Result)
Subject + съм + Participle
Проектът е завършен.
Negative (Result)
Subject + не + съм + Participle
Проектът не е завършен.
Question (Result)
Aux + ли + Subject + Participle
Завършен ли е проектът?
Affirmative (Process)
Subject + Verb + се
Къщата се строи.
Negative (Process)
Subject + не + Verb + се
Къщата не се строи.
Question (Process)
Verb + ли + се + Subject
Строи ли се къщата?
Future Passive
Subject + ще бъде + Participle
Сградата ще бъде съборена.
Impersonal
Verb (3rd sing) + се
Говори се, че...

طیف رسمیت

رسمی
Решението беше взето.

Решението беше взето. (Decision making)

خنثی
Реши се.

Реши се. (Decision making)

غیر رسمی
Решихме го.

Решихме го. (Decision making)

عامیانه
Стиснахме си ръцете.

Стиснахме си ръцете. (Decision making)

Active vs. Passive Focus

The Action

Active Voice

  • Мениджърът пише доклада The manager writes the report

Passive Voice

  • Докладът се пише The report is being written

Result vs. Process

Result (Participle)
Обядът е сготвен Lunch is cooked (done)
Process (Reflexive)
Обядът се готви Lunch is being cooked

Choosing the Passive Form

1

Is it a completed state?

YES
Use 'съм' + Participle
NO
Is it a process or rule?
2

Is it a process?

YES
Use Verb + 'се'
NO
Use Active Voice

Formal Contexts for Passive

⚖️

Legal

  • Laws
  • Contracts
  • Regulations
🎓

Academic

  • Theses
  • Research
  • Analysis
💼

Business

  • Reports
  • Minutes
  • Emails

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

Магазинът е отворен.

The store is open.

2

Прозорецът е счупен.

The window is broken.

3

Обядът е готов.

Lunch is ready (prepared).

4

Книгата е тук.

The book is here.

1

Писмото е изпратено вчера.

The letter was sent yesterday.

2

Тук се продава хляб.

Bread is sold here.

3

Стаята се чисти всяка сутрин.

The room is cleaned every morning.

4

Къщата беше построена бързо.

The house was built quickly.

1

Проблемът беше решен веднага.

The problem was solved immediately.

2

В България се пие много кафе.

A lot of coffee is drunk in Bulgaria.

3

Новият закон ще бъде приет скоро.

The new law will be passed soon.

4

Тези книги са написани на български.

These books are written in Bulgarian.

1

Смята се, че проектът ще бъде успешен.

It is considered that the project will be successful.

2

Решението беше взето след дълги дебати.

The decision was taken after long debates.

3

Изложбата се организира от общината.

The exhibition is organized by the municipality.

4

Всички документи трябва да бъдат подписани.

All documents must be signed.

1

Хипотезата беше потвърдена от експерименталните данни.

The hypothesis was confirmed by the experimental data.

2

В доклада се подчертава необходимостта от реформи.

The report emphasizes (it is emphasized in the report) the need for reforms.

3

Беше ни обяснено, че процедурата е задължителна.

It was explained to us that the procedure is mandatory.

4

Въпросът се разглежда от правна гледна точка.

The issue is being examined from a legal perspective.

1

Никое човешко същество не бива да бъде лишавано от достойнство.

No human being should be deprived of dignity.

2

Концепцията се корени в дълбоко вкоренени традиции.

The concept is rooted in deeply ingrained traditions.

3

Беше постигнат консенсус по отношение на бюджетните рамки.

A consensus was reached regarding the budgetary frameworks.

4

Следва да бъде отбелязано, че резултатите са предварителни.

It should be noted that the results are preliminary.

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

Passive Voice in Formal Language در مقابل Passive vs. Reflexive Verbs

Both use the particle 'се', but reflexive verbs mean the subject does the action to themselves (e.g., 'мия се' - I wash myself).

Passive Voice in Formal Language در مقابل Passive vs. Past Participle as Adjective

Sometimes 'е затворен' means 'is in a state of being closed' (adjective) and sometimes 'was closed by someone' (passive).

Passive Voice in Formal Language در مقابل Passive vs. Impersonal 'They'

Learners use 'Те казват' (They say) instead of 'Казва се' (It is said).

اشتباهات رایج

Вратата е затворен.

Вратата е затворена.

Gender disagreement: 'Врата' is feminine, so the participle must end in -а.

Аз е изпратен.

Аз съм изпратен.

Wrong auxiliary verb: Use 'съм' (I am), not 'е' (he/she/it is).

Книгата е чете.

Книгата се чете.

Using 'is' with a base verb instead of 'se' or a participle.

Обядът е готви.

Обядът е сготвен.

Using the present tense verb instead of the participle.

Писмата са изпратено.

Писмата са изпратени.

Number disagreement: Plural subject needs a plural participle (-и).

Това се прави от мен.

Това се прави от мене / Това го правя аз.

The 'se' passive rarely takes an agent ('by me'). It's better to use active voice or participial passive.

Беше счупена прозореца.

Беше счупен прозорецът.

Gender mismatch: 'Прозорец' is masculine.

Проектът е завършва.

Проектът е завършен.

Confusing the process with the result.

Законът беше се приел.

Законът беше приет.

Double passive: Using 'be' and 'se' together is incorrect.

Къщата се е построена.

Къщата е построена.

Redundant reflexive particle.

В статията се е написало, че...

В статията е написано, че...

Using reflexive passive for a specific completed result where participial passive is required.

Беше ни съобщена новината.

Беше ни съобщено за новината / Новината ни беше съобщена.

Syntactic awkwardness in formal reporting.

Данните се анализираха от компютъра.

Данните бяха анализирани от компютъра.

In formal scientific writing, the participial passive is preferred when an agent (the computer) is mentioned.

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

___ беше ___ от ___.

В доклада се ___ , че ___ .

Тук се ___ ___ .

Трябва да бъде ___ .

Real World Usage

Job Interviews common

Бях награден за най-добър служител.

Academic Papers constant

В статията се анализират следните фактори...

Legal Contracts constant

Настоящият договор се сключва между...

News Broadcasts very common

Беше съобщено за нов инцидент.

Food Delivery Apps occasional

Поръчката се доставя.

Public Signs very common

Влизането е забранено.

🎯

The 'By' Test

If you can add 'от никого' (by no one) or 'от правителството' (by the government) and the sentence still makes sense, you are using the passive voice correctly.
⚠️

Avoid Double Passives

Never say 'беше се прието'. It's either 'беше прието' (result) or 'се прие' (process).
💬

Politeness through Passive

In a formal setting, use the passive to point out mistakes without blaming someone directly. Instead of 'You didn't sign this', say 'Документът не е подписан'.
💡

Gender Agreement

Always double-check the gender of your subject. 'Решението' (neuter) needs 'взето', not 'взет'.

Smart Tips

Use the reflexive passive 'се' for ongoing tasks instead of the English-style 'is being done'.

Докладът е в процес на писане. Докладът се пише в момента.

Use the neuter singular passive to report findings impersonally.

Ние видяхме, че резултатите са добри. Беше установено, че резултатите са добри.

Check if there is a form of 'съм' nearby; you are likely looking at a passive construction.

Той написа писмото. Писмото е написано.

Use the passive to remove the person from the error.

Ти забрави да изпратиш имейла. Имейлът е забравен да бъде изпратен.

تلفظ

напИсан (na-PI-san)

Stress on Participles

Passive participles often have the stress on the same syllable as the past tense of the verb.

се чЕте (se CHE-te)

The 'se' particle

The particle 'се' is always unstressed and pronounced as part of the following or preceding verb.

Formal Statement

Законът беше приет. ↘

Falling intonation at the end of a formal passive statement conveys finality and authority.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Remember the 'N-T' rule: Most Bulgarian passive participles end in -Н (написан) or -Т (открит).

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a factory conveyor belt. We don't see the workers (the agents); we only see the products (the objects) being moved (the action) and the finished boxes (the result).

Rhyme

When the doer is out of sight, use the passive to be polite!

Story

A detective arrives at a crime scene. He doesn't know who did it, so he only uses the passive: 'The window was broken (беше счупен), the safe was opened (беше отворен), and the money was taken (беше взето)'.

شبکه واژگان

написанизбранприетразгледаноткритзабраненпозволен

چالش

Write three sentences about your last work project using only the passive voice (e.g., 'The report was sent').

نکات فرهنگی

Official documents in Bulgaria (like those from the 'Община') use the passive voice extensively to avoid personal accountability. It creates a 'faceless' authority.

Bulgarian scholars avoid using 'I' (Аз) in research. Instead of 'I found', they use 'Беше установено' (It was established).

News anchors use the 'se'-passive to report events where the perpetrator is unknown, maintaining a neutral journalistic stance.

Bulgarian passive constructions evolved from Old Church Slavonic, which used a complex system of participles and reflexive pronouns.

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

Какво беше решено на последната среща?

Как се прави традиционна баница?

Какви мерки бяха предприети срещу инфлацията?

Къде се продават най-хубавите сувенири?

موضوعات نگارش

Опишете един работен ден, без да използвате местоимението 'Аз'.
Напишете официално оплакване за повредена стока.
Опишете как се празнува Коледа във вашата страна.
Напишете кратък отчет за научен експеримент.

اشتباهات رایج

Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح

Test Yourself

Choose the correct form of the passive participle. چند گزینه‌ای

Статията беше ___ от известния журналист.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
'Статия' is feminine singular, so the participle must end in -а.
Fill in the correct reflexive particle for the processual passive.

В този университет ___ изучават много чужди езици.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
The particle 'се' is used to form the reflexive passive.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Законът беше се приет вчера.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
You cannot use 'беше' and 'се' together in a passive construction.
Change the active sentence to passive: 'Комисията взе решението.' Sentence Transformation

Решението ___ ___ от комисията.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: беше взето
The past passive participle of 'взема' is 'взет', and it must be neuter to match 'решение'.
Which of these is a passive construction? Grammar Sorting

Identify the passive sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Къщата се строи.
'Къщата се строи' means 'The house is being built' (passive). The others are reflexive or reciprocal.
Complete the formal dialogue. Dialogue Completion

— Готов ли е отчетът? — Да, той вече ___ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: е изпратен
The resultative passive 'е изпратен' (is sent) is appropriate here.
Match the active verb with its passive participle. جفت کردن

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-отворен, 2-счупен, 3-забравен
These are the standard past passive participles.
Is the following rule true? True False Rule

The passive voice is more common in informal texting than in legal documents.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
The passive voice is a hallmark of formal and legal styles, not informal speech.

Score: /8

تمرین‌های عملی

8 exercises
Choose the correct form of the passive participle. چند گزینه‌ای

Статията беше ___ от известния журналист.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
'Статия' is feminine singular, so the participle must end in -а.
Fill in the correct reflexive particle for the processual passive.

В този университет ___ изучават много чужди езици.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
The particle 'се' is used to form the reflexive passive.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Законът беше се приет вчера.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
You cannot use 'беше' and 'се' together in a passive construction.
Change the active sentence to passive: 'Комисията взе решението.' Sentence Transformation

Решението ___ ___ от комисията.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: беше взето
The past passive participle of 'взема' is 'взет', and it must be neuter to match 'решение'.
Which of these is a passive construction? Grammar Sorting

Identify the passive sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Къщата се строи.
'Къщата се строи' means 'The house is being built' (passive). The others are reflexive or reciprocal.
Complete the formal dialogue. Dialogue Completion

— Готов ли е отчетът? — Да, той вече ___ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: е изпратен
The resultative passive 'е изпратен' (is sent) is appropriate here.
Match the active verb with its passive participle. جفت کردن

Match: 1. Отворя, 2. Счупя, 3. Забравя

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-отворен, 2-счупен, 3-забравен
These are the standard past passive participles.
Is the following rule true? True False Rule

The passive voice is more common in informal texting than in legal documents.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
The passive voice is a hallmark of formal and legal styles, not informal speech.

Score: /8

سوالات متداول (8)

Use `се` for ongoing processes or general rules (e.g., 'The law is being discussed'). Use `съм` + participle for completed results (e.g., 'The law is passed').

No, only transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object) can be made passive in Bulgarian.

No, in Bulgarian formal and academic writing, it is actually the preferred style to ensure objectivity.

Use the preposition `от`. For example: 'Книгата е написана `от` Иван'.

`Бива` is a more formal or archaic way to express a habitual passive action, whereas `съм` is the standard auxiliary.

Yes, always. The participle functions like an adjective and must agree with the subject in gender and number.

No, `се` can also be reflexive (doing to oneself), reciprocal (doing to each other), or part of an impersonal construction.

Yes, use `ще бъде` + participle. Example: 'Проектът ще бъде завършен утре'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English high

be + past participle

Bulgarian has a second passive form using the particle 'се'.

German moderate

werden/sein + Partizip II

German uses 'werden' for process, while Bulgarian uses the reflexive 'се'.

French high

être + participe passé

Bulgarian 'се' is more strictly grammaticalized for the passive voice than French 'se'.

Spanish high

ser + participio / se pasiva

Bulgarian uses the 'съм' passive more frequently in writing than Spanish uses 'ser + participio'.

Japanese low

reru/rareru (れる/られる)

Bulgarian uses auxiliary verbs or particles, not suffixes, and lacks the 'suffering' nuance.

Arabic low

Majhul (مجهول)

Bulgarian is periphrastic (uses multiple words), while Arabic is morphological (changes the word itself).

Chinese low

bèi (被)

Bulgarian passive is a core part of verb conjugation, whereas in Chinese it is a specific construction.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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