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A2 noun 8 min read

خشکسالی

khoshksali
Examples خشکسالی in 30 Seconds
Explanation خشکسالی in your Level:
At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'خشکسالی' (khoshksāli) means 'drought'. It is a hard word for beginners because it is long. Think of it as 'no rain for a long time'. You might hear it when people talk about the weather being very hot and dry. In Iran, water is very important, so even beginners should know this word to understand why people are worried about the heat. You can remember it by 'khoshk' (dry) and 'sāl' (year). It is a 'dry year'.
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At the A2 level, you should be able to use 'خشکسالی' in simple sentences. You should know it is a noun. You can say 'امسال خشکسالی است' (It is a drought this year). You should also know the word 'باران' (rain) is the opposite of what happens in a 'khoshksāli'. At this level, you start to see the word in news headlines. You should also understand that 'khoshksāli' causes problems for 'کشاورز' (farmer) and 'آب' (water). It is a compound word: Khoshk + Sāl + i.
At the B1 level, you can discuss the effects of 'خشکسالی'. You should know collocations like 'خشکسالی شدید' (severe drought) and 'به دلیل خشکسالی' (due to drought). You can explain that drought leads to 'کمبود آب' (water shortage). You should be able to read short news articles about the environment where this word appears. You also start to distinguish it from 'قحطی' (famine). You can use it to talk about climate change (تغییر اقلیم).
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At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'خشکسالی' in academic or professional discussions. You can talk about 'مدیریت منابع آب' (water resource management) in the context of drought. You should know the word 'خشکسالی‌زده' (drought-stricken). You can participate in debates about how drought affects the economy and migration from villages to cities. You understand the difference between meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought in Persian contexts.
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At the C1 level, you understand the deep historical and cultural nuances of 'خشکسالی'. You can analyze classical Persian texts or modern literature where drought is used as a metaphor for social or political decay. You are familiar with historical events like the Great Famine of 1917-1919 and how 'khoshksāli' played a role. You can use formal synonyms like 'تنگسالی' and understand complex environmental reports from Iranian ministries.
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At the C2 level, you have a native-like grasp of 'خشکسالی'. You can use the word in high-level policy papers, scientific research, or sophisticated literary critiques. You understand the subtle differences in register between 'خشکسالی', 'بی‌آبی', 'کم‌آبی', and 'تنگسالی'. You can speak eloquently about the long-term hydro-politics of the Middle East, using 'khoshksāli' as a foundational term in your analysis of regional stability and ecological sustainability.
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Examples

خشکسالی in 30 Seconds

  • Khoshksāli means drought in Persian, describing a long period of low rainfall.
  • It is a compound word formed from 'khoshk' (dry) and 'sāl' (year).
  • It is a major environmental and social topic in Iran and the Middle East.
  • Commonly used in news, agriculture, and discussions about climate change.

The Persian word خشکسالی (Khoshksāli) is a critical term in the Persian language, especially given the geographic and climatic reality of the Iranian plateau. At its core, it refers to a drought—a prolonged period of time where a region receives significantly less rainfall than normal, leading to water shortages and agricultural distress. The word is a compound noun, beautifully constructed from two primary Persian elements: khoshk (dry) and sāl (year), followed by the suffix -i which forms an abstract noun. Literally, it translates to 'dry-year-ness' or the state of a dry year.

Climatic Context
In Iran, a country with vast arid and semi-arid regions, the concept of drought is not just a meteorological data point but a lived experience that shapes history, politics, and daily life. When you use this word, you are often describing a systemic environmental crisis rather than a simple sunny day.

Historically, the Iranian plateau has struggled with water scarcity for millennia. This has led to the development of sophisticated engineering like the Qanat system. Consequently, the word خشکسالی carries a weight of anxiety and historical trauma. It is frequently heard in news broadcasts, environmental reports, and among the elderly who remember the cycles of the land. It is not just about the lack of rain; it is about the drying of rivers, the depletion of groundwater, and the failure of crops.

بسیاری از روستاییان به دلیل خشکسالی طولانی به شهرها مهاجرت کردند.

(Many villagers migrated to cities due to the prolonged drought.)
Emotional Nuance
The word evokes a sense of thirst (teshnegi) and barrenness (bi-hāseli). When a Persian speaker says 'We are in a year of drought,' there is an implied prayer for 'bārān' (rain).

دولت برای مقابله با خشکسالی برنامه‌های جدیدی اعلام کرد.

(The government announced new plans to combat the drought.)

In literature and poetry, drought is often used as a metaphor for spiritual emptiness or a lack of love and kindness in society. However, in modern daily usage, it is strictly environmental. You will encounter it in discussions about Lake Urmia, the Zayandeh Rud river in Isfahan, and the declining agricultural output in provinces like Fars or Sistan and Baluchestan. Understanding this word is essential for anyone following Iranian current affairs or environmental science in the Middle East.

Using خشکسالی correctly requires understanding its role as a noun and its common associations. It is most frequently the subject of a sentence describing environmental conditions or the object of verbs related to causing, suffering from, or managing crises. Because it is a formal word, it appears often in written media, though it is the standard term used in speech as well.

Common Verbs
It is often paired with verbs like 'رخ دادن' (rokh dādan - to occur), 'ادامه داشتن' (edāme dāshtan - to continue), or 'شدت گرفتن' (sheddat gereftan - to intensify).

امسال خشکسالی شدیدی در جنوب کشور رخ داده است.

(A severe drought has occurred in the south of the country this year.)

When discussing the consequences of drought, you might use it as a reason for something else using the preposition 'به دلیل' (due to) or 'به علت' (because of). This is the most common way to link the environmental state to social or economic outcomes like inflation or migration.

قیمت گندم به دلیل خشکسالی افزایش یافت.

(The price of wheat increased due to the drought.)
Adjective Pairings
Common adjectives include 'بی‌سابقه' (unprecedented), 'طولانی' (long/prolonged), and 'ویرانگر' (devastating).

منطقه با یک خشکسالی بی‌سابقه روبروست.

(The region is facing an unprecedented drought.)

In complex sentences, you might find it used with 'مدیریت' (management) or 'بحران' (crisis). For example, 'بحران خشکسالی' (the drought crisis) is a very common compound noun phrase in Iranian news. When writing, remember that it is a 'U' sound followed by 'kh', 's', 'ā', 'l', and 'i'. The spelling is phonetic and straightforward for learners once the components are known.

If you turn on the evening news on IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) or listen to Persian-language podcasts about the environment, خشکسالی is almost guaranteed to appear. It is a staple of the 'Weather' (هواشناسی) and 'Agriculture' (کشاورزی) segments. Because water is the most precious resource in the Middle East, the status of the 'khoshksāli' is a matter of national security.

The Newsroom
News anchors will often start reports with phrases like: 'In the shadow of the ongoing drought...' (در سایه خشکسالی مداوم...).

In rural areas, you will hear farmers (keshāvarzān) discussing the 'khoshksāli' with a sense of resignation or urgency. They might talk about their wells running dry or the 'Zayandeh Rud' being nothing but sand. In these contexts, the word is often accompanied by sighs and the phrase 'Inshā'allāh bārān mi-āyad' (God willing, rain will come).

گزارش‌ها نشان می‌دهند که خشکسالی به جنگل‌های بلوط آسیب زده است.

(Reports show that drought has damaged the oak forests.)
Academic and Scientific Circles
In universities, professors of hydrology or environmental science use 'خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی' (hydrological drought) or 'خشکسالی کشاورزی' (agricultural drought) to specify the type of water shortage.

کارشناسان درباره پیامدهای خشکسالی هشدار دادند.

(Experts warned about the consequences of the drought.)

Even in urban Tehran, you might hear the word when the municipality announces water rationing (jireh-bandi-ye āb). People will say, 'Emshab āb ghat mishe chon khoshksālie' (The water will be cut tonight because it's a drought year). It's a word that bridges the gap between scientific observation and the kitchen sink.

For English speakers learning Persian, the most common mistake is confusing خشکسالی with other words related to dryness or water. While they are related, their usage is quite specific. The word 'خشک' (khoshk) simply means 'dry'. You can have 'dry skin' (pust-e khoshk) or 'dry bread' (nān-e khoshk), but you cannot use 'khoshksāli' to describe these.

Drought vs. Dryness
Don't use 'khoshksāli' when you mean 'khoshki'. 'Khoshki' is the general noun for dryness. 'Khoshksāli' is specifically the period of time (the year/season) defined by lack of rain.

Mistake: پوست من دچار خشکسالی شده است. (My skin has suffered a drought.)

Correct: پوست من خشک شده است. (My skin has become dry.)

Another common confusion is between 'khoshksāli' and 'kam-ābi' (water scarcity). 'Kam-ābi' is a broader term that can be caused by mismanagement, population growth, or drought. 'Khoshksāli' is the natural phenomenon of low rainfall. You can have 'kam-ābi' even in a year that is not a 'khoshksāli' year if the infrastructure is poor.

Spelling Errors
Learners often forget the 's' in the middle. Remember it's 'Khoshk' + 'Sāl' + 'i'. The 's' belongs to the word for 'year'.

Incorrect: خشگسالی (Using 'Gaf' instead of 'Kaf').

Correct: خشکسالی (Always use 'Kaf' for 'khoshk').

Finally, some learners try to use it as an adjective. Remember that it is a noun. If you want to say 'a drought-stricken area', you should use 'منطقه خشکسالی‌زده' (mantaghe-ye khoshksāli-zade). The suffix '-zade' means 'stricken' or 'hit by'. Using 'khoshksāli' alone as an adjective to describe a place is grammatically incorrect in Persian.

While خشکسالی is the most common term for drought, the Persian language offers several nuances and related terms depending on the severity and context. Understanding these helps in building a more sophisticated vocabulary.

Comparison: خشکسالی vs. قحطی
'Khoshksāli' is the meteorological event (lack of rain). 'Ghahti' (قحطی) is famine—the result of drought where there is no food. You can have a drought without a famine in modern times, but historically they went hand-in-hand.

پس از سه سال خشکسالی، کشور دچار قحطی شد.

(After three years of drought, the country suffered a famine.)

Another related term is 'کم‌آبی' (kam-ābi), meaning water shortage. This is often used in urban contexts. If your tap water is low, it's 'kam-ābi'. If the clouds aren't raining for months, it's 'khoshksāli'.

Comparison: خشکسالی vs. بی‌آبی
'Bi-ābi' (waterlessness) is more absolute and often used as a protest slogan or a desperate cry. 'Khoshksāli' is the objective description of the climate.

مردم از بی‌آبی به تنگ آمده‌اند.

(The people are fed up with the lack of water.)

Lastly, consider 'بی‌بارانی' (bi-bārāni), which literally means 'rainlessness'. This is a more descriptive, simpler term often used in poetry or by children. However, for any formal discussion, 'khoshksāli' remains the king of the vocabulary. It sounds more authoritative and encompasses the entire ecological cycle rather than just the absence of falling water.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /xʊʃksɒːˈliː/
US /xoʊʃksɑːˈliː/
The primary stress is on the last syllable: li.
Rhymes With
بی‌حاصلی (bi-hāseli) تنگسالی (tang-sāli) پوشالی (poushāli) توخالی (tou-khāli) خیالی (khiyāli) شمالی (shomāli) سوالی (so'āli) متعالی (mote'āli)
Common Errors
  • Pronouncing 'kh' as a simple 'h' (hoshksāli).
  • Missing the 's' in the middle (khoshkāli).
  • Using a short 'a' instead of a long 'ā'.
  • Pronouncing the first 'o' like 'hot' instead of 'hook'.
  • Confusing 'khoshk' with 'khosh' (happy).
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Examples by Level

1

امسال خشکسالی است.

This year is a drought.

Simple subject-verb sentence.

2

آب نیست چون خشکسالی است.

There is no water because it is a drought.

Using 'chon' (because) to show cause.

3

خشکسالی بد است.

Drought is bad.

Noun + adjective.

4

ما باران می‌خواهیم، نه خشکسالی.

We want rain, not drought.

Contrast using 'na' (not).

5

خشکسالی در ایران زیاد است.

Drought is frequent in Iran.

Adverb 'ziād' used as 'a lot/frequent'.

6

گل‌ها به خاطر خشکسالی مردند.

The flowers died because of the drought.

Preposition 'be khāter-e' (because of).

7

کشاورز نگران خشکسالی است.

The farmer is worried about the drought.

Adjective 'negarān' (worried).

8

در زمان خشکسالی، زمین خشک است.

During a drought, the ground is dry.

Prepositional phrase 'dar zamān-e' (during).

1

خشکسالی باعث شد که رودخانه خشک شود.

The drought caused the river to dry up.

Using 'bā'es shod' (caused).

2

مردم در زمان خشکسالی باید آب کمتری مصرف کنند.

People must consume less water during a drought.

Modal verb 'bāyad' (must).

3

خشکسالی طولانی به کشاورزی آسیب می‌زند.

A long drought damages agriculture.

Present simple verb 'āsib mi-zanad'.

4

آیا امسال هم خشکسالی خواهد بود؟

Will there be a drought this year too?

Future tense 'khāhad bud'.

5

خشکسالی یکی از مشکلات بزرگ محیط زیست است.

Drought is one of the big environmental problems.

Superlative construction 'yeki az...'.

6

در اخبار درباره خشکسالی صحبت کردند.

They talked about the drought on the news.

Past tense 'sohbat kardand'.

7

حیوانات به دلیل خشکسالی تشنه هستند.

The animals are thirsty due to the drought.

Cause and effect.

8

ما باید برای مقابله با خشکسالی آماده باشیم.

We must be ready to face the drought.

Subjunctive 'āmāde bāshim'.

1

خشکسالی‌های پی در پی باعث مهاجرت روستاییان به شهرها شده است.

Consecutive droughts have caused villagers to migrate to cities.

Present perfect 'shode ast'.

2

دولت باید برنامه‌ای جامع برای مدیریت خشکسالی تدوین کند.

The government must develop a comprehensive plan for drought management.

Formal verb 'tadvin kardan'.

3

خشکسالی نه تنها بر کشاورزی، بلکه بر صنعت نیز تاثیر می‌گذارد.

Drought affects not only agriculture but also industry.

Correlative conjunction 'na tanhā... balke'.

4

شدت خشکسالی در ده سال اخیر بی‌سابقه بوده است.

The intensity of the drought in the last ten years has been unprecedented.

Adjective 'bi-sābege' (unprecedented).

5

بسیاری از تالاب‌ها به خاطر خشکسالی کاملاً خشک شده‌اند.

Many wetlands have completely dried up because of the drought.

Passive-like state 'khoshk shode-and'.

6

کارشناسان نسبت به وقوع یک خشکسالی شدید هشدار می‌دهند.

Experts are warning about the occurrence of a severe drought.

Preposition 'nesbat be' (regarding).

7

کاهش بارندگی منجر به بروز خشکسالی در منطقه شده است.

The decrease in rainfall has led to the emergence of drought in the region.

Verb 'monjar be ... shodan' (to lead to).

8

اگر خشکسالی ادامه یابد، با بحران جدی روبرو خواهیم شد.

If the drought continues, we will face a serious crisis.

Conditional sentence type 1.

1

تغییرات اقلیمی باعث افزایش بسامد و شدت خشکسالی در خاورمیانه شده است.

Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of drought in the Middle East.

Technical vocabulary: 'basāmad' (frequency).

2

خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی منجر به افت شدید سطح آب‌های زیرزمینی شده است.

Hydrological drought has led to a sharp drop in groundwater levels.

Compound adjective 'zir-zamini'.

3

اثرات اقتصادی خشکسالی بر تولید ناخالص داخلی غیرقابل انکار است.

The economic effects of drought on GDP are undeniable.

Formal phrase 'gheyr-e ghābel-e enkār'.

4

بومیان منطقه با استفاده از دانش سنتی با خشکسالی مقابله می‌کنند.

The natives of the region combat drought using traditional knowledge.

Noun 'dānesh-e sonnati'.

5

پدیده خشکسالی باعث از بین رفتن تنوع زیستی در بسیاری از مناطق شده است.

The phenomenon of drought has caused the loss of biodiversity in many areas.

Noun 'tanavo'-e zisti'.

6

سیاست‌گذاران باید راهکارهای پایداری برای مقابله با خشکسالی اتخاذ کنند.

Policymakers must adopt sustainable solutions to combat drought.

Verb 'ettekhāz kardan' (to adopt).

7

خشکسالی مزمن باعث تخریب خاک و فرسایش زمین می‌شود.

Chronic drought causes soil degradation and land erosion.

Technical terms 'takhrib' and 'farsāyesh'.

8

ارزیابی دقیق خسارات ناشی از خشکسالی برای تخصیص بودجه ضروری است.

Accurate assessment of damages caused by drought is essential for budget allocation.

Formal construction 'nāshi az' (resulting from).

1

خشکسالی‌های طولانی‌مدت در تاریخ ایران همواره با تحولات سیاسی همراه بوده است.

Long-term droughts in Iran's history have always been accompanied by political developments.

Historical analysis register.

2

پیامدهای اجتماعی خشکسالی فراتر از مرزهای جغرافیایی گسترش می‌یابد.

The social consequences of drought extend beyond geographical borders.

Abstract concept 'farātar az' (beyond).

3

تداخل خشکسالی و سوءمدیریت منابع آب، بحران را دوچندان کرده است.

The intersection of drought and water resource mismanagement has doubled the crisis.

Adverb 'do-chandan' (doubled).

4

در متون کهن، خشکسالی به عنوان غضب الهی تعبیر می‌شده است.

In ancient texts, drought was interpreted as divine wrath.

Passive voice 'ta'bir mi-shode ast'.

5

تاب‌آوری جوامع محلی در برابر خشکسالی نیازمند توانمندسازی اقتصادی است.

The resilience of local communities against drought requires economic empowerment.

Academic term 'tāb-āvari' (resilience).

6

خشکسالی فیزیکی تنها یک روی سکه است؛ روی دیگر آن خشکسالی اقتصادی-اجتماعی است.

Physical drought is only one side of the coin; the other side is socio-economic drought.

Idiomatic 'ru-ye digar-e sekke'.

7

پایش مداوم داده‌های هواشناسی برای پیش‌بینی خشکسالی حیاتی است.

Continuous monitoring of meteorological data is vital for predicting drought.

Gerund 'pāyesh' (monitoring).

8

تغییر الگوی کشت، راهکاری گریزناپذیر در مواجهه با خشکسالی‌های آتی است.

Changing the cultivation pattern is an unavoidable solution in facing future droughts.

Adjective 'goriz-nā-pazir' (unavoidable).

1

استمرار خشکسالی‌های فرین، زیست‌پذیری فلات ایران را با چالشی بنیادین مواجه ساخته است.

The persistence of extreme droughts has confronted the habitability of the Iranian plateau with a fundamental challenge.

Sophisticated verb 'movājeh sākhte ast'.

2

واکاوی پیوند میان خشکسالی و منازعات منطقه‌ای، حوزه‌ای نو در مطالعات امنیتی است.

Analyzing the link between drought and regional conflicts is a new field in security studies.

Formal noun 'vākāvi' (analysis/probing).

3

خشکسالی‌های ادواری در حافظه جمعی ایرانیان با اسطوره‌هایی چون اپوش پیوند خورده است.

Periodic droughts are linked in the collective memory of Iranians with myths such as Apaosha.

Cultural reference 'hāfeze-ye jam'i'.

4

تبیین دقیق مؤلفه‌های خشکسالی نیازمند رویکردی میان‌رشته‌ای است.

Accurate explanation of drought components requires an interdisciplinary approach.

Adjective 'miyān-reshte-i'.

5

فروپاشی تمدن‌های باستانی در این جغرافیا غالباً با دوره‌های طولانی خشکسالی همزمان بوده است.

The collapse of ancient civilizations in this geography was often simultaneous with long periods of drought.

Adverb 'ghāleban' (often).

6

نوسانات اقلیمی و خشکسالی‌های ساختاری، تاب‌آوری اکولوژیک منطقه را به مخاطره انداخته است.

Climatic fluctuations and structural droughts have endangered the ecological resilience of the region.

Formal phrase 'be mokhātere andākhtan'.

7

دیپلماسی آب در عصر خشکسالی به ابزاری برای تثبیت قدرت در منطقه مبدل شده است.

Water diplomacy in the age of drought has turned into a tool for consolidating power in the region.

Verb 'mobaddal shodan' (to be transformed).

8

عدم قطعیت در پیش‌بینی خشکسالی، مدیریت ریسک را در بخش کشاورزی دشوار می‌سازد.

Uncertainty in drought prediction makes risk management difficult in the agricultural sector.

Formal noun 'adam-e ghat'iyyat' (uncertainty).

Common Collocations

خشکسالی شدید
بحران خشکسالی
مدیریت خشکسالی
خشکسالی طولانی
اثرات خشکسالی
پیش‌بینی خشکسالی
عوامل خشکسالی
خشکسالی و قحطی
مقابله با خشکسالی
دوره خشکسالی

Common Phrases

خشکسالی بیداد می‌کند

— Drought is rampant or causing great suffering.

در مناطق جنوبی، خشکسالی بیداد می‌کند.

در امان ماندن از خشکسالی

— To stay safe or protected from the effects of drought.

هیچ منطقه‌ای از خشکسالی در امان نمانده است.

دچار خشکسالی شدن

— To be affected by or fall into a state of drought.

بسیاری از استان‌ها دچار خشکسالی شده‌اند.

سایه سنگین خشکسالی

— The heavy shadow of drought (implying its looming threat).

سایه سنگین خشکسالی بر سر کشاورزی ایران است.

پیامدهای ناگوار خشکسالی

— The unpleasant/dire consequences of drought.

باید از پیامدهای ناگوار خشکسالی جلوگیری کرد.

خشکسالی پیاپی

— Consecutive or back-to-back droughts.

خشکسالی‌های پیاپی رمق کشاورزان را گرفته است.

هشدار خشکسالی

— Drought warning.

سازمان هواشناسی هشدار خشکسالی صادر کرد.

رنج بردن از خشکسالی

— To suffer from drought.

مردم سیستان از خشکسالی رنج می‌برند.

پایان خشکسالی

— The end of the drought.

همه منتظر پایان خشکسالی هستند.

خشکسالی بی‌سابقه

— An unprecedented drought.

ما در میان یک خشکسالی بی‌سابقه هستیم.

Idioms & Expressions

"دعای باران خواندن"

— To pray for rain; often used when things are desperate during a drought.

مردم روستا برای پایان خشکسالی دعای باران خواندند.

Cultural
"آب از سر گذشتن"

— Literally 'water passed over the head'; used when a situation (like drought) has become hopeless.

دیگر کار از کار گذشته و آب از سر گذشته است.

General
"چشم به آسمان دوختن"

— To keep one's eyes on the sky; waiting desperately for rain during a drought.

کشاورزان ماه‌هاست که چشم به آسمان دوخته‌اند.

Poetic
"لب‌های تشنه زمین"

— The thirsty lips of the earth; a metaphor for cracked soil during drought.

باران بر لب‌های تشنه زمین بارید.

Literary
"سالی که نکوست از بهارش پیداست"

— A good year is evident from its spring; often used if a spring is dry, predicting a drought year.

امسال بهار باران نیامد؛ سالی که نکوست از بهارش پیداست.

Proverb
"آب در کوزه و ما تشنه‌لبان می‌گردیم"

— Water is in the jug, yet we wander thirsty; used for mismanagement of water resources during drought.

با وجود سدها هنوز بی‌آبیم؛ آب در کوزه و ما تشنه‌لبان می‌گردیم.

Literary/Proverb
"خشک و تر با هم سوختن"

— The dry and the wet burning together; used when drought affects everyone, good and bad alike.

در این خشکسالی، خشک و تر با هم می‌سوزند.

General
"به امید باران نشستن"

— To sit hoping for rain; doing nothing but waiting for a miracle during a crisis.

نمی‌توان فقط به امید باران نشست و کاری نکرد.

General
"دل به دریا زدن"

— To strike the heart to the sea; taking a risk, sometimes used when seeking water in dry times.

برای یافتن آب، باید دل به دریا زد و چاه عمیق‌تری کند.

General
"آب پاکی روی دست کسی ریختن"

— To pour clean water on someone's hand; to tell someone there is no hope (e.g., that the drought won't end).

هواشناسی آب پاکی را روی دستمان ریخت؛ بارانی در کار نیست.

General

Word Family

Nouns

خشکی (khoshki) - dryness
خشک‌کن (khoshk-kon) - dryer
خشک‌سار (khoshk-sār) - arid land

Verbs

خشکیدن (khoshkidan) - to dry up (intransitive)
خشک کردن (khoshk kardan) - to dry (transitive)

Adjectives

خشک (khoshk) - dry
خشکیده (khoshkide) - withered/dried up
خشکسالی‌زده (khoshksāli-zade) - drought-stricken

Related

باران (bārān) - rain
آب (āb) - water
کشاورزی (keshāvarzi) - agriculture
اقلیم (eghli
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