A1 Past Tense 10 min read Easy

French Past Tense: Asking 'How Many' (Agreement with Combien)

When asking 'How many', match the past participle's ending to the noun's gender and number.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

When asking 'how many' in the past tense, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the object being counted.

  • Identify the object being counted after 'combien de'.
  • Ensure the past participle matches that object's gender and number.
  • Add 'e' for feminine and 's' for plural to the participle.
Combien de + [Noun] + [Auxiliary Verb] + [Past Participle + Agreement]?

Overview

Mastering the French past tense requires understanding a crucial aspect of agreement: the past participle. While verbs conjugated with avoir typically do not show agreement with their subject, an important exception arises when the Direct Object (COD) precedes the verb. This rule is particularly prominent and often overlooked when forming questions using combien de (how many/much).

In such constructions, combien de functions as an interrogative adjective or pronoun, invariably positioning the quantified noun (which serves as the COD) before the auxiliary verb avoir and the past participle. This inversion triggers the agreement, demanding that the past participle reflects the gender and number of that preceding COD. Understanding this mechanism is fundamental for both written accuracy and a deeper comprehension of French grammatical structure, especially at the A1 level where foundational sentence construction is paramount.

For instance, if you ask, Combien de voitures as-tu vues ? (How many cars did you see?), the past participle vues agrees in feminine plural with voitures, because voitures (the COD) appears before as (the auxiliary verb). Conversely, in a statement like J'ai vu trois voitures, no agreement occurs because trois voitures comes after the verb. This distinction highlights the significance of word order in French agreement rules, which often differ from English grammatical conventions.

The placement of the direct object, driven by the interrogative structure with combien de, is the linguistic principle underlying this specific agreement requirement.

Past Participle Agreement Pattern

When the Direct Object (COD) of a verb conjugated with avoir precedes the auxiliary verb, the past participle must agree in gender and number with that COD. This agreement is marked by specific endings added to the masculine singular form of the past participle. For combien de questions, the noun being counted is almost always the COD and always precedes the verb, thus necessitating this agreement.

This pattern applies uniformly across all verbs that use avoir as their auxiliary in compound tenses.

| COD Gender & Number | Past Participle Ending | Example Past Participle (manger) | Example Past Participle (faire) |

|:--------------------|:-----------------------|:-----------------------------------|:----------------------------------|

| Masculine Singular | (No change) | mangé | fait |

| Feminine Singular | -e | mangée | faite |

| Masculine Plural | -s | mangés | faits |

| Feminine Plural | -es | mangées | faites |

Consider the interrogative Combien de + Noun structure. The noun following de is the COD. Its gender and number determine the ending.

For example, Combien des pommes as-tu mangées ? (How many apples did you eat?). Here, pommes is feminine plural, hence mangé becomes mangées. The silent -e for feminine and -s for plural are critical in written French, even if often unpronounced in speech (e.g., mangé and mangée sound identical).

How This Grammar Works

This specific past participle agreement rule is a hallmark of French grammar, distinguishing it from many other Romance languages. The core principle lies in the position of the Direct Object (COD) relative to the verb. In compound tenses formed with the auxiliary verb avoir (such as the passé composé), the past participle usually remains invariable when the COD follows the verb.
For example, Nous avons acheté des livres (We bought books). Here, des livres is the COD and comes after avons acheté, so acheté does not change.
However, when the COD precedes the auxiliary verb, French grammar dictates that the past participle must agree in gender and number with that preceding COD. This phenomenon ensures clarity about which noun the participle is describing, particularly in complex sentence structures. When constructing a question with combien de, the very nature of the phrase pulls the quantified noun to the front of the sentence.
For instance, in Combien de photos as-tu prises ? (How many photos did you take?), photos (feminine plural) is the COD and directly precedes as-tu prises. This anterior position of photos forces pris to agree as prises.
This rule applies universally to all verbs conjugated with avoir that take a direct object. It is a fundamental aspect of written French and contributes significantly to grammatical precision. Neglecting this agreement, while sometimes tolerable in informal spoken contexts due to often unpronounced endings, is a clear indicator of grammatical error in formal writing.

Formation Pattern

1
Constructing a question with combien de that correctly applies past participle agreement follows a clear, step-by-step pattern. This ensures that both the interrogative structure and the agreement rule are correctly implemented. This pattern primarily applies to passé composé questions but extends to other compound tenses using avoir.
2
Begin with Combien de: This interrogative phrase always initiates the question to ask about quantity. For example, Combien de.
3
Add the Noun (COD): Immediately after combien de, place the noun you are counting. This noun functions as the Direct Object and its gender and number are critical. Combien de lettres (How many letters).
4
Invert the Subject and Auxiliary Verb: For questions, the auxiliary verb (avoir) and the subject pronoun (e.g., tu, vous) are inverted and hyphenated. Combien de lettres as-tu ? (How many letters have you...). For questions with full noun subjects, a pronoun inversion is often used: Combien de chansons la chanteuse a-t-elle ? (How many songs did the singer...).
5
Add the Past Participle: Append the past participle of the main verb. At this stage, use its base masculine singular form. Combien de lettres as-tu écrit ? (How many letters did you write...). The liaison for as-tu sounds like /a-ty/.
6
Determine Gender and Number of the Noun (COD): Identify whether the noun from step 2 is masculine/feminine and singular/plural. For lettres, it is feminine plural.
7
Apply Past Participle Agreement: Modify the past participle to agree with the gender and number of the noun. écrit (masculine singular) becomes écrites (feminine plural) because lettres is feminine plural. The -es are silent. So, Combien de lettres as-tu écrites ?.
8
Example Sequence:
9
Initial thought: How many movies did you see?
10
Step 1: Combien de
11
Step 2: Combien de films (film is masculine singular)
12
Step 3: Combien de films avez-vous ?
13
Step 4: Combien de films avez-vous vu ?
14
Step 5: films is masculine plural.
15
Step 6: vu becomes vus. Final: Combien de films avez-vous vus ? (Note: the -s is silent).

When To Use It

This past participle agreement rule is essential whenever you inquire about quantities in the past tense using combien de, provided the verb takes a direct object. Its application spans various communicative contexts, from casual conversations to formal writing, underlining its foundational role in accurate French expression. Understanding its usage allows for grammatically correct and natural-sounding questions about past events involving countable nouns.
  • Asking about past achievements or actions: When reflecting on completed tasks or experiences. For example, Combien de livres as-tu lus pendant les vacances ? (How many books did you read during the holidays?). Here, lus agrees with livres (masculine plural).
  • Inquiring about consumption or collection: Relevant for discussions about items consumed, bought, or gathered. Consider, Combien de cafés avez-vous bus ce matin ? (How many coffees did you drink this morning?). bus agrees with cafés (masculine plural, the -s is silent).
  • Discussing media consumption: Applicable to questions about movies watched, songs heard, or articles read. Combien de films a-t-elle regardés le week-end dernier ? (How many movies did she watch last weekend?). regardés agrees with films (masculine plural). For regardée (feminine singular), it's often the same pronunciation as regardé.
  • Travel and event recounting: Useful for summarizing experiences from trips or events. Combien de villes as-tu visitées lors de ton voyage ? (How many cities did you visit during your trip?). visitées agrees with villes (feminine plural). The -es are silent here as well.
These examples demonstrate that the rule is not an obscure grammatical point but a practical necessity for accurate communication in French. Consistent application of this agreement enhances clarity and signals a higher level of linguistic proficiency.

Common Mistakes

Learners frequently encounter specific pitfalls when applying past participle agreement with combien de. Recognizing these common errors is crucial for developing accurate grammatical habits and avoiding misinterpretations in communication.
  • Forgetting agreement entirely: The most prevalent mistake is treating the past participle as invariable, as is often the case when the COD follows the verb. Learners might incorrectly write Combien de lettres as-tu écrit ? instead of Combien de lettres as-tu écrites ? (The -es are silent, but critical in writing). This ignores the fundamental rule of preceding COD agreement.
  • Agreeing with the subject instead of the COD: Sometimes, learners mistakenly try to make the past participle agree with the subject pronoun. For example, a male speaker might say Combien de chansons as-tu chanté ? even if the songs are feminine plural (chansons). The correct form is Combien de chansons as-tu chantées ?, agreeing with chansons, not tu. The liaison between as and tu is often subtle or omitted in casual speech.
  • Confusion with être verbs: Verbs conjugated with être (e.g., aller, venir, partir) always agree with their subject, regardless of word order. Learners might incorrectly apply this to avoir verbs. Combien de personnes sont venues ? (How many people came?). Here, venues agrees with personnes (feminine plural), but sont is être, not avoir. This is a different rule.
  • Misapplication when using the pronoun en: The partitive pronoun en replaces a noun introduced by de (e.g., de pommes). When en is used, the past participle never agrees. For example, Des pommes ? J'en ai mangé beaucoup (Apples? I ate many of them). Even though en refers to pommes (feminine plural), mangé remains invariable. The reason is that en itself is not the direct object; it indicates a quantity of something, and the true direct object (the quantity) is considered indefinite or implicit, thus blocking agreement.
  • Ignoring silent endings in writing: While many agreement endings (-e, -s, -es) are silent in spoken French, they are mandatory in written French. Neglecting to write these endings constitutes a grammatical error, even if the pronunciation remains unchanged. This is especially challenging for A1 learners who rely heavily on auditory cues.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

To fully grasp past participle agreement with combien de, it is instructive to contrast it with other agreement rules in French, particularly those involving avoir and être.

Standard avoir usage (No agreement): In most cases with avoir, when the Direct Object (COD) follows the verb, no agreement occurs. This is the default. J'ai lu trois livres (I read three books). Lu remains masculine singular because trois livres comes after. This is the key distinction from the combien de construction, where the COD always precedes the verb. The pronunciation of lu is clear, no silent letters here.
Verbs with être (Subject agreement): All verbs conjugated with the auxiliary être (e.g., aller, venir, mourir, naître) always agree with their subject, regardless of the subject's position. Elle est allée au marché (She went to the market). Ils sont partis tôt (They left early). This rule is fundamentally different from avoir's COD agreement. There's a clear auditory distinction between allé and allée, and parti and partis.
Agreement with relative pronoun que: Similar to combien de, the relative pronoun que (meaning

Agreement Patterns

Gender/Number Ending Example
Masculine Singular
None
mangé
Feminine Singular
+ e
mangée
Masculine Plural
+ s
mangés
Feminine Plural
+ es
mangées

Meanings

This rule dictates that when a direct object precedes the verb in a question starting with 'combien de', the past participle must agree with that object.

1

Direct Object Agreement

Agreement with the quantity of objects mentioned.

“Combien de livres as-tu lus ?”

“Combien de voitures a-t-il achetées ?”

Reference Table

Reference table for French Past Tense: Asking 'How Many' (Agreement with Combien)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Combien de + Noun + Aux + Participle
Combien de pommes as-tu mangées ?
Negative
Combien de + Noun + ne + Aux + pas + Participle
Combien de pommes n'as-tu pas mangées ?
Plural
Combien de + Noun(pl) + Aux + Participle(s)
Combien de livres as-tu lus ?
Feminine
Combien de + Noun(f) + Aux + Participle(e)
Combien de tables as-tu achetées ?

Formality Spectrum

Formal
Combien de livres avez-vous lus ?

Combien de livres avez-vous lus ? (General conversation)

Neutral
Combien de livres as-tu lus ?

Combien de livres as-tu lus ? (General conversation)

Informal
T'as lu combien de livres ?

T'as lu combien de livres ? (General conversation)

Slang
T'as lu combien de bouquins ?

T'as lu combien de bouquins ? (General conversation)

Agreement Logic

Combien de

Gender

  • Feminine Add -e

Number

  • Plural Add -s
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Examples by Level

1

Combien de pommes as-tu mangées ?

How many apples did you eat?

2

Combien de films as-tu vus ?

How many movies did you see?

3

Combien de robes a-t-elle achetées ?

How many dresses did she buy?

4

Combien de cadeaux as-tu reçus ?

How many gifts did you receive?

1

Combien de photos as-tu prises ?

How many photos did you take?

2

Combien de lettres ont-ils écrites ?

How many letters did they write?

3

Combien de chansons avez-vous apprises ?

How many songs did you learn?

4

Combien de valises a-t-il préparées ?

How many suitcases did he pack?

1

Combien de décisions ont-elles prises ?

How many decisions did they take?

2

Combien de fautes as-tu commises ?

How many mistakes did you make?

3

Combien de pages a-t-elle lues ?

How many pages did she read?

4

Combien de fois les as-tu vus ?

How many times did you see them?

1

Combien de preuves ont-ils apportées ?

How many proofs did they bring?

2

Combien de questions a-t-elle posées ?

How many questions did she ask?

3

Combien de contrats ont-ils signés ?

How many contracts did they sign?

4

Combien de solutions ont-elles trouvées ?

How many solutions did they find?

1

Combien de critiques ont-ils formulées ?

How many criticisms did they formulate?

2

Combien de risques ont-elles courus ?

How many risks did they run?

3

Combien de promesses a-t-il tenues ?

How many promises did he keep?

4

Combien de mesures ont-elles imposées ?

How many measures did they impose?

1

Combien de nuances a-t-il perçues ?

How many nuances did he perceive?

2

Combien de théories ont-elles élaborées ?

How many theories did they elaborate?

3

Combien de fautes a-t-il corrigées ?

How many errors did he correct?

4

Combien de voix ont-elles obtenues ?

How many votes did they obtain?

Easily Confused

French Past Tense: Asking 'How Many' (Agreement with Combien) vs Agreement with 'être'

Learners think all past participles agree.

French Past Tense: Asking 'How Many' (Agreement with Combien) vs Standard Past Tense

Learners add agreement when the object is after the verb.

French Past Tense: Asking 'How Many' (Agreement with Combien) vs Direct Object Pronouns

Learners forget that 'les' or 'la' also trigger agreement.

Common Mistakes

✗

Combien de pommes as-tu mangé ?

✓

Combien de pommes as-tu mangées ?

Missing feminine plural agreement.
✗

Combien de livre as-tu lu ?

✓

Combien de livres as-tu lus ?

Missing plural agreement on noun and verb.
✗

Combien de voiture as-tu acheté ?

✓

Combien de voitures as-tu achetées ?

Missing plural and feminine agreement.
✗

Combien de fleurs as-tu vu ?

✓

Combien de fleurs as-tu vues ?

Missing feminine agreement.
✗

Combien de photos as-tu pris ?

✓

Combien de photos as-tu prises ?

Missing feminine plural agreement.
✗

Combien de chansons avez-vous appris ?

✓

Combien de chansons avez-vous apprises ?

Missing feminine plural agreement.
✗

Combien de valises a-t-il préparé ?

✓

Combien de valises a-t-il préparées ?

Missing feminine plural agreement.
✗

Combien de décisions ont-elles pris ?

✓

Combien de décisions ont-elles prises ?

Missing feminine plural agreement.
✗

Combien de fautes as-tu commis ?

✓

Combien de fautes as-tu commises ?

Missing feminine plural agreement.
✗

Combien de pages a-t-elle lu ?

✓

Combien de pages a-t-elle lues ?

Missing feminine plural agreement.
✗

Combien de critiques ont-ils formulé ?

✓

Combien de critiques ont-ils formulées ?

Missing feminine plural agreement.
✗

Combien de risques ont-elles couru ?

✓

Combien de risques ont-elles courus ?

Missing masculine plural agreement.
✗

Combien de promesses a-t-il tenu ?

✓

Combien de promesses a-t-il tenues ?

Missing feminine singular agreement.
✗

Combien de mesures ont-elles imposé ?

✓

Combien de mesures ont-elles imposées ?

Missing feminine plural agreement.

Sentence Patterns

Combien de ___ as-tu ___ ?

Combien de ___ a-t-elle ___ ?

Combien de ___ ont-ils ___ ?

Combien de ___ avons-nous ___ ?

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

Combien de likes as-tu eus ?

Texting very common

Combien de messages t'as reçus ?

Job Interview common

Combien de projets avez-vous gérés ?

Travel common

Combien de villes avez-vous visitées ?

Food Delivery occasional

Combien de pizzas avez-vous commandées ?

Shopping common

Combien de chemises as-tu essayées ?

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💡

Check the Noun

Always look at the noun after 'combien de' first. Is it feminine? Is it plural?
⚠️

Don't Over-Apply

Only apply this rule if the verb uses 'avoir'. If it uses 'être', the rules are different.
🎯

Write it Down

In writing, always double-check your agreement. It's a common mark of a high-level learner.
💬

Spoken vs Written

Don't worry if you miss the agreement in fast speech; focus on getting it right in writing first.

Smart Tips

Pause and identify the gender/number of the noun.

Combien de pommes as-tu mangé ? → Combien de pommes as-tu mangées ?

Always check your past participle agreements.

Combien de projets avez-vous fini ? → Combien de projets avez-vous finis ?

Don't stress the agreement, focus on fluency.

Combien de... (long pause) ...mangées ? → Combien de pommes as-tu mangé ?

Create a checklist for agreement rules.

Combien de fautes as-tu fait ? → Combien de fautes as-tu faites ?

Pronunciation

mangées-en

Liaison

Ensure you pronounce the 's' in 'mangées' if the next word starts with a vowel.

Rising intonation

Combien de pommes as-tu mangées ↑

Standard question intonation.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Combien counts the items, the verb must match the items.

Visual Association

Imagine a shopping cart. If you put 5 apples (feminine) in it, the verb 'bought' grows an 'e' and an 's' to match the apples.

Rhyme

When 'combien' is in the lead, the verb must follow the noun's need.

Story

Marie went to the market. She bought 3 apples. She asked herself: 'Combien de pommes ai-je mangées ?' She added the 'es' because apples are feminine and plural.

Word Web

CombienAvoirParticipeGenreNombreAccord

Challenge

Write 3 questions about things you bought yesterday using 'Combien de'.

Cultural Notes

In spoken French, people often drop the agreement, but it is strictly required in writing.

Similar to France, but sometimes more relaxed in informal speech.

Follows standard French rules closely.

The agreement rule stems from the Latin construction where the past participle functioned as an adjective.

Conversation Starters

“

Combien de films as-tu vus ce mois-ci ?

“

Combien de cadeaux as-tu reçus pour ton anniversaire ?

“

Combien de décisions importantes as-tu prises cette année ?

“

Combien de fois as-tu voyagé à l'étranger ?

Journal Prompts

Write about your last shopping trip.
Describe a busy day at work.
Reflect on your reading habits.
Discuss your academic progress.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Fill in the correct participle ending.

Combien de pommes as-tu mangé___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: es
Pommes is feminine plural.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien de livres as-tu lus ?
Livres is masculine plural.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Combien de voitures a-t-il acheté ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: achetées
Voitures is feminine plural.
Change to past tense. Sentence Transformation

Combien de photos prends-tu ? -> Combien de photos as-tu ___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: prises
Photos is feminine plural.
Is this true? True False Rule

The past participle agrees with the subject in 'combien de' questions.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
It agrees with the direct object.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Combien de fautes as-tu commises ? B: J'en ai ___ deux.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: commis
No agreement here because the object follows.
Build the sentence. Sentence Building

Combien / de / robes / a-t-elle / achetées ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien de robes a-t-elle achetées ?
Correct word order.
Conjugate the verb. Conjugation Drill

Combien de lettres (écrire) as-tu ___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: écrites
Lettres is feminine plural.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the correct participle ending.

Combien de pommes as-tu mangé___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: es
Pommes is feminine plural.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien de livres as-tu lus ?
Livres is masculine plural.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Combien de voitures a-t-il acheté ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: achetées
Voitures is feminine plural.
Change to past tense. Sentence Transformation

Combien de photos prends-tu ? -> Combien de photos as-tu ___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: prises
Photos is feminine plural.
Is this true? True False Rule

The past participle agrees with the subject in 'combien de' questions.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
It agrees with the direct object.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Combien de fautes as-tu commises ? B: J'en ai ___ deux.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: commis
No agreement here because the object follows.
Build the sentence. Sentence Building

Combien / de / robes / a-t-elle / achetées ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien de robes a-t-elle achetées ?
Correct word order.
Conjugate the verb. Conjugation Drill

Combien de lettres (écrire) as-tu ___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: écrites
Lettres is feminine plural.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the blank with 'écrit' and the correct agreement. Fill in the Blank

Combien de lettres avez-vous ___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: écrites
Correct the agreement for 'voir' (to see). Error Correction

Combien de films as-tu vu ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien de films as-tu vus ?
Reorder the words to ask 'How many apps did you download?' Sentence Reorder

as-tu / Combien / téléchargées / d'applications / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien d'applications as-tu téléchargées ?
Translate 'How many cities did he visit?' to French. Translation

How many cities did he visit?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien de villes a-t-il visitées ?
Match the noun to the correct participle ending. Match Pairs

Match the nouns with the endings for 'acheté':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: une pomme : achetée
Choose the correct sentence for a job interview context. Multiple Choice

How many projects did you complete?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien de projets avez-vous finis ?
Fill in the blank with the past participle of 'entendre' (to hear). Fill in the Blank

Combien de voix as-tu ___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: entendues
Find the error in this Instagram-style question. Error Correction

Combien de likes as-tu reçu ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien de likes as-tu reçus ?
Reorder the words to ask 'How many glasses did you buy?' Sentence Reorder

verres / achetés / as-tu / Combien / de / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien de verres as-tu achetés ?
Translate 'How many stories did they tell?' (feminine subject). Translation

How many stories did they tell?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Combien d'histoires ont-elles racontées ?

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

You add an 'e' because the noun you are counting is feminine.

No, only to verbs that use 'avoir' as an auxiliary.

You add an 's' to the participle.

Yes, but agreement is often dropped in very informal speech.

Forgetting the agreement entirely.

Spanish doesn't have this specific participle agreement.

It is standard in both formal and informal written French.

Think of the noun as the 'boss' that tells the verb what to wear.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish partial

Cuántos/as + sustantivo + verbo

Spanish past participles in compound tenses do not agree with the object.

German low

Wie viele + Nomen + Verb

German participles are invariant.

Japanese none

Ikutsu + noun + verb

Japanese verbs are completely neutral to gender/number.

Arabic low

Kam + noun + verb

Arabic agreement is subject-based.

Chinese none

Ji + ge + noun + verb

Chinese is an isolating language.

English low

How many + noun + did + subject + verb

English verbs are invariant.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
French Past Agreement: When 'que' Changes Everything
Next
French Past Agreement: Mixing Genders (Accord avec plusieurs COD)

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