Japanese Volitional Form + to suru: Attempting or About To (-you to suru)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the volitional form + {と|to} {する|suru} to express that you are about to do something or are attempting to do it.
- Use {volitional|いこうけい} form + {と|to} {する|suru} for 'about to do'. Ex: {寝よう|ねよう}とする (about to sleep).
- Use {volitional|いこうけい} form + {と|to} {している|shiteiru} for 'currently attempting'. Ex: {起きよう|おきよう}としている (trying to wake up).
- Use {volitional|いこうけい} form + {と|to} {しない|shinai} for 'refusing to do'. Ex: {食べよう|たべよう}としない (refusing to eat).
Overview
Japanese grammar often provides subtle distinctions to express nuance that English might convey with adverbs or specific phrasing. The pattern ～ようとする is a prime example, offering a precise way to describe an attempt, an imminent action, or a lack of intention/refusal. At its core, ～ようとする captures the motion towards an action or a tendency rather than simply stating that an action occurred or will occur.
It focuses on the process, the effort expended, or the state of being on the verge of something.
This construction is highly versatile, with its precise meaning shifting based on the conjugation of the final verb する. Understanding these variations is crucial for learners at the B1 level, as it allows for more sophisticated and accurate expression of one's intentions, observations, and even frustrations.
For example, if you say 電気を消そうとしたら、電話が鳴った (I was about to turn off the light when the phone rang), you are emphasizing your attempt or imminent action that was interrupted, rather than just stating you didn't turn it off. Similarly, 猫が餌を食べようとしない (The cat won't eat its food) highlights the cat's refusal or lack of intention, giving a deeper insight into its state than a simple negation.
How This Grammar Works
～ようとする is constructed by combining the Volitional Form of a verb with the particle と and the verb する. Each component plays a distinct role in forming the overall meaning.～よう or ～おう) expresses an internal drive, a suggestion, or a personal intention. It's the "let's do X" or "I intend to do X" form. When used with ～ようとする, it signifies the internal state or inclination towards an action.行こう means "let's go" or "I intend to go."と here functions as a quotative particle, similar to how it's used with verbs like 言う (to say) or 思う (to think). In this construction, と effectively quotes the volitional intent or action. It signifies "as if to do X" or "with the intention of doing X." It connects the internal volition to the external action or tendency expressed by する.する (to do) acts as a grammatical operator, taking on different conjugations to indicate the tense and aspect of the attempt or imminent action. The specific form of する is critical in determining the nuance:～ようとしている(te-iru form): This conveys an imminent action or a current attempt/tendency. It translates to "is about to do X," "is on the verge of doing X," or "is trying to do X." The continuous aspect emphasizes that the action is unfolding or on the cusp of happening. For instance,夕日が沈もうとしている(The setting sun is about to sink) describes a natural, imminent event.
～ようとした(past tense): This indicates an attempted action that was typically unsuccessful, interrupted, or unfulfilled. The past tense ofするsignifies that the attempt happened, but the outcome was not the completion of the desired action. It often carries a nuance of "tried to do X, but..." or "was about to do X, when..." For example,彼に話しかけようとしたが、タイミングが悪かった(I tried to speak to him, but the timing was bad).
～ようとしない(negative form): This expresses a refusal or a lack of intention/effort on the part of the subject. It often implies stubbornness or an unwillingness to perform an action. It translates to "won't try to do X," "shows no intention of doing X," or "refuses to do X." This form is almost exclusively used for third parties or inanimate objects, as using it for oneself (私|わたし}は～しようとしない) sounds detached and unnatural, implying self-criticism or objective observation rather than a personal statement of unwillingness. For example,子供が野菜を食べようとしない(The child won't eat vegetables).
～ようとする pattern provides a nuanced lens through which to describe actions that are in motion, on the brink, or consciously resisted, making it an indispensable tool for B1 learners.Formation Pattern
～ようとする pattern is straightforward once you master the Volitional Form of Japanese verbs. This involves taking a verb, changing it to its Volitional Form, adding the particle と, and then conjugating する (to do) as required by the context. The politeness level of the entire expression is determined by the final conjugation of する.
u sound to the o column and add う. | 書く (to write) | 書こう | Let's write / I intend to write |
読む (to read) | 読もう | Let's read / I intend to read |
行く (to go) | 行こう | Let's go / I intend to go |
る and add よう. | 食べる (to eat) | 食べよう | Let's eat / I intend to eat |
見る (to see) | 見よう | Let's see / I intend to see |
起きる (to wake) | 起きよう | Let's wake / I intend to wake |
{する} (to do) | {しよう} | Let's do / I intend to do |
来る (to come) | 来よう | Let's come / I intend to come |
と
と.
書こう + と → 書こうと
食べよう + と → 食べようと
{しよう} + と → {しようと}
する (to do)
する in its appropriate conjugated form, depending on whether you want to express an imminent action, an attempted action, or a refusal.
と | Imminent Action (present/continuous) | Attempted Action (past) | Refusal (negative) |
行く) | 行こうと | 行こうとしている (～てます) | 行こうとした (～ました) | 行こうとしない (～ません) |
食べる) | 食べようと | 食べようとしている (～てます) | 食べようとした (～ました) | 食べようとしない (～ません) |
する) | {しようと} | {しようとしている} (～てます) | {しようとした} (～ました) | {しようとしない} (～ません) |
来|く}る) | 来ようと | 来ようとしている (～てます) | 来ようとした (～ました) | 来ようとしない (～ません) |
{いこお} (high-low). When と and する are added, the accent typically shifts or merges, often creating a flatter intonation or an accent on the し of している, but this can vary. For B1 learners, focus on the grammatical construction first.
When To Use It
～ようとする pattern is a highly versatile construction used to describe actions that are about to happen, have been attempted, or are being actively resisted. Its utility stems from its ability to convey subtle nuances about volition, natural tendency, and the process of an action. Here are the primary contexts in which you'll encounter and use this grammar.～ようとしている)～ようとしている form when something is on the verge of happening or has a natural tendency to occur. This can apply to both animate and inanimate subjects, giving a sense of anticipation or a natural progression.- For physical actions: When a person is literally about to start doing something.
彼は今にも部屋を出ようとしている。(He's about to leave the room at any moment.)先生が質問に答えようとしている時、ベルが鳴った。(The bell rang just as the teacher was about to answer the question.)- For natural phenomena or inanimate objects: This usage personifies the object or phenomenon, attributing an inherent tendency to it. It often describes states that seem to have a will of their own.
空が暗くなって、雨が降り出そうとしている。(The sky is getting dark; it looks like it's about to start raining.)この古い木の枝は、今にも折れようとしている。(This old tree branch is about to break at any moment.)
～ようとした)～ようとした, the focus is on the effort exerted to perform an action, with the strong implication that the action was not completed or was interrupted. This is the "I tried, but..." or "I was about to, but..." nuance.- Failed attempts: When you put in effort, but the goal wasn't achieved due to some obstacle or lack of ability.
昨日、新しいレシピに挑戦しようとしたが、材料が足りなかった。(Yesterday, I tried to attempt a new recipe, but I didn't have enough ingredients.)重い荷物を持ち上げようとしたが、結局できなかった。(I tried to lift the heavy luggage, but in the end, I couldn't.)- Interrupted actions: When something external or unexpected prevented the completion of an action that was just beginning.
彼が話そうとしたら、他の人が口を挟んだ。(Just as he was about to speak, someone else interrupted.)公園に行こうとしたら、急に雨が降り出した。(When I was about to go to the park, it suddenly started raining.)
～ようとしない)～ようとしない) is primarily used to describe someone else's (or an animal's/object's) unwillingness, stubbornness, or lack of effort to do something. It rarely applies to oneself in a direct statement, as it sounds like an objective criticism rather than a personal expression of one's own will.- For people's unwillingness: When someone actively resists, shows no intention, or is perceived as not making an effort.
彼女は自分の非を認めようとしない。(She won't admit her mistake.)何度説明しても、彼は理解しようとしない。(No matter how many times I explain, he won't try to understand.)- For animals or objects: Attributing a lack of cooperation, a natural resistance, or a malfunction.
犬がリードを付けようとしないので、散歩に行けない。(My dog won't let me put on his leash, so I can't take him for a walk.)この機械は何度やっても動こうとしない。(No matter how many times I try, this machine won't move.)
努力|どりょく) and the perception of one's intentions. When someone ～ようとしない, it often implies a criticism of their perceived lack of effort or cooperation, making it a powerful expression in social contexts. It highlights the importance of not just doing something, but actively trying.Common Mistakes
～ようとする pattern, while highly useful, is a common source of errors for learners. These mistakes often stem from a direct translation from English or a misunderstanding of the subtle nuances inherent in Japanese grammar. Mastering this pattern requires a clear understanding of what it implies and, crucially, what it does not imply.～ようとした:- The Mistake: Many learners incorrectly assume that
～ようとしたmeans "I tried to do X, and succeeded." For example,本を読もうとしたis mistakenly thought to mean "I tried to read a book and did." This is one of the most frequent misunderstandings. - The Reality:
～ようとしたalmost universally implies that the action was NOT completed, was interrupted, or was ultimately unsuccessful. The focus is on the effort or attempt, not the result. If you successfully read the book, you would simply say本を読んだ. If you use～ようとした, listeners will assume something prevented you from finishing. - Correct usage (implying failure):
レストランに行こうとしたら、満席で入れなかった。(I tried to go to the restaurant, but it was full and I couldn't get in.) - Incorrect understanding: If you say
レストランに行こうとしたand then proceed to talk about eating there without clarifying the initial interruption, it would be contradictory.
～ようとしない for Oneself Without Specific Nuance:- The Mistake: Directly translating "I won't try to do X" as
私|わたし}は～しようとしないfor personal statements of unwillingness. For example,私|わたし}は宿題を始めようとしない(I won't try to start my homework). - The Reality: While grammatically possible, using
～ようとしないfor oneself sounds highly unnatural and overly objective, almost as if you are criticizing yourself from an external perspective. It lacks the natural subjective feeling of expressing one's own will. For personal unwillingness or lack of intention, more natural expressions are: ～する気がない(I have no intention to do X):宿題をする気がない。～したくない(I don't want to do X):宿題をしたくない。- Exception: You can use
～ようとしないfor yourself in specific, often self-deprecating or dramatic contexts where you want to emphasize a strong, almost stubborn, internal resistance. For instance,もう嫌だ！何も食べようとしない！(I hate this! I won't eat anything!) — This suggests an emotional, conscious refusal. However, for B1 learners, stick to～する気がないor～したくないfor general personal refusal.
～ようとする with ～てみる:- The Mistake: Blurring the lines between "attempting" and "trying out."
- The Reality: These two patterns have distinct meanings regarding the completion and purpose of the action:
～ようとする(Attempt): Focuses on the effort, will, or tendency to begin an action, often implying the action was not completed.新しい言語を習得しようとしたが、難しすぎた。(I attempted to learn a new language, but it was too difficult.)～てみる(Trial): Means "to try doing X (to see what happens)." It implies that the action was completed at least once, and the purpose was experimental or exploratory.新しいカフェに行ってみた。(I tried going to the new cafe [and went, to see what it was like]). The action of行く(going) was completed.- The key difference lies in the completion of the action and the purpose.
～てみるdescribes a completed action done experimentally;～ようとするdescribes an effort to start an action that may or may not complete.
～ようとしている with ～ところ:- The Mistake: Using them interchangeably for "just about to do X."
- The Reality: While they can overlap in translation, their underlying nuances differ significantly:
～ところ(Moment/Stage): Refers to a specific objective point in time or stage of an action.今から食べるところです。(I'm just about to eat.) — This emphasizes the moment in time, often a specific phase of an ongoing activity.～ようとしている(Volition/Tendency): Emphasizes the internal volition, intention, or natural tendency of the subject to perform the action. It's less about a precise temporal stage and more about the inclination, process, or inherent movement towards an action.食べようとしているimplies a conscious or inherent drive towards eating.- Consider
雨が降り出すところです(It's at the point where it will start raining) vs.雨が降り出そうとしている(It looks like it's about to start raining). The former is a more objective statement of timing, while the latter highlights the tendency or appearance of the rain starting, implying a natural will.
～ようとする with greater precision and naturalness.Real Conversations
To truly grasp ～ようとする, observing its application in everyday, unscripted contexts is invaluable. This pattern appears frequently in casual conversations, social media, and even more formal workplace settings, reflecting genuine human intentions, observations, and frustrations. Pay attention to how native speakers use it to convey nuanced meanings that go beyond simple statements of fact.
1. Casual Conversation & Social Media (Emphasis on Imminence and Effort):
In casual settings, especially when discussing immediate plans or slight mishaps, ～ようとする is common. It adds a dynamic feel to narrative.
- Example 1 (Imminent action/interruption):
- A: 今から帰るの？ (Are you heading home now?)
- B: うん、出ようとしてたところにAからLINEが来た！ (Yeah, I was just about to leave when I got a LINE message from A!)
- Here, 出ようとしてた (the casual past continuous form of 出|で}ようとしている) vividly describes being on the cusp of leaving, emphasizing the promptness of the message and how it slightly altered plans.
- Example 2 (Attempted action/failure):
- 昨日、新しいカフェに行こうとしたんだけど、道に迷っちゃって結局たどり着けなかった。 (Yesterday, I tried to go to the new cafe, but I got lost and couldn't make it in the end.)
- This perfectly illustrates the "tried but failed" nuance. It's a common way to recount a frustrated endeavor.
2. Workplace & More Formal Contexts (Emphasis on Refusal/Lack of Effort):
While the structure itself is neutral, ～ようとしない often carries a critical or observational tone in more formal settings, especially when discussing colleagues, processes, or policies that seem uncooperative.
- Example 3 (Colleague's resistance):
- 彼は全然新しいツールを使おうとしないんですよ。困りますね。 (He won't try to use the new tool at all, you know. It's troublesome.)
- This implies a stubborn resistance or unwillingness to adapt, a common lament in any office. The speaker is expressing frustration with a colleague's lack of effort or openness to change.
- Example 4 (System/process not complying):
- このシステム、何度クリックしても反応しようとしないんです。バグですかね？ (This system, no matter how many times I click, it just won't respond. Is it a bug?)
- Here, 反応しようとしない personifies the system, attributing a 'refusal' to it, highlighting its unresponsiveness. This is a common way to express technical difficulties, treating the technology as if it has its own will.
3. Related and Derived Forms (～そうになる):
A closely related and very common expression, particularly for imminent, often negative, events, is ～そうになる. This is a derivation using the informal stem of the verb (known as the masu-stem or conjunctive form) combined with the ～そう (looks like/seems like) suffix, then になる. While not strictly ～ようとする, it functions similarly to express being on the verge of something.
- 危なく転びそうになった。 (I almost tripped.)
- 電車に乗り遅れそうになった。 (I almost missed the train.)
This form focuses more on the appearance or likelihood of an event, rather than the internal volition. ～ようとする retains that element of 'will' or 'tendency', even for inanimate objects, while ～そうになる is often more about the immediate, objective risk or appearance. Learners will encounter both in real conversations, highlighting the nuanced spectrum of expressing imminence in Japanese.
Quick FAQ
～ようとする be used for inanimate objects or natural phenomena?～ようとする imbues them with a sense of inherent tendency, natural progression, or even a metaphorical 'will.' It helps describe states that seem to have an internal drive towards change.- Example:
花が咲こうとしている。(The flowers are about to bloom.) – This describes the natural, imminent process of blooming. - Example:
窓が開こうとしている。(The window is about to open/trying to open [e.g., due to wind, or it's stuck].)
～ようと思う and ～ようとする?～ようと思う(Volitional Form +と思う): Expresses a personal, internal decision, thought, or intention. It means "I think I will do X" or "I intend to do X." The focus is on the mental state of planning or deciding.- Example:
明日から運動しようと思う。(I intend to start exercising from tomorrow.) – This is a plan in your mind.
～ようとする(Volitional Form +とする): Expresses the effort or physical act of beginning an action, or being on the verge of one. The focus is on the physical or active process of attempting, rather than just the mental intention.- Example:
明日から運動しようとしたが、雨でできなかった。(I tried to start exercising from tomorrow, but couldn't because of the rain.) – Here, the～としたindicates an actual attempt that was hindered.
～ようと思う as the internal decision, and ～ようとする as the external manifestation or initiation of that decision.～ようとした always negative, implying failure?～ようとした very frequently implies that an action was not completed or was interrupted, it's more accurate to say it describes the attempt itself, rather than solely focusing on a negative outcome. The emphasis is on the effort put forth or the moment right before the action.- It doesn't always mean total failure, but rather that the desired completion was not achieved in that specific instance.
- Context is key:
電話を切ろうとしたら、別の用件を思い出した。(I was about to hang up the phone when I remembered another matter.) – Here, it wasn't a "failure" but an "interruption."
～ようとする?～ようとする construction is determined entirely by the conjugation of the final verb する. The Volitional Form + と part itself is neutral. You simply conjugate する into its polite forms (します, しました, しません, しています, etc.) or plain forms (する, した, しない, している, etc.) to match the desired level of formality.- Plain (Casual):
行こうとする(I try to go),行こうとした(I tried to go),行こうとしない(I won't try to go). - Polite (Formal):
行こうとします(I try to go),行こうとしました(I tried to go),行こうとしません(I won't try to go). - Polite Continuous:
行こうとしています(I am trying/about to go).
Volitional + to suru Conjugation
| Verb Type | Dictionary | Volitional | Attempting | About to | Refusing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Group 1
|
書く
|
書こう
|
書こうとする
|
書こうとしている
|
書こうとしない
|
|
Group 2
|
食べる
|
食べよう
|
食べようとする
|
食べようとしている
|
食べようとしない
|
|
Group 3
|
する
|
しよう
|
しようとする
|
しようとしている
|
しようとしない
|
|
Group 3
|
来る
|
来よう
|
来ようとする
|
来ようとしている
|
来ようとしない
|
Meanings
This structure indicates an action that is imminent (about to happen) or an ongoing attempt to perform an action.
Imminent Action
Something is just about to happen.
“{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}ろうとしている。”
“{会議|かいぎ}が{始|はじ}まろうとしている。”
Attempt
Trying to perform an action.
“{彼|かれ}は{問題|もんだい}を{解決|かいけつ}しようとしている。”
“{子供|こども}が{歩|ある}こうとしている。”
Refusal
Negative form implies refusal to act.
“{猫|ねこ}が{薬|くすり}を{飲|の}もうとしない。”
“{彼|かれ}は{謝|あやま}ろうとしない。”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Attempt
|
Volitional + to suru
|
行こうとする
|
|
Ongoing Attempt
|
Volitional + to shiteiru
|
行こうとしている
|
|
Imminent
|
Volitional + to shiteiru
|
雨が降ろうとしている
|
|
Refusal
|
Volitional + to shinai
|
食べようとしない
|
|
Past Attempt
|
Volitional + to shita
|
開けようとした
|
|
Past Ongoing
|
Volitional + to shiteita
|
寝ようとしていた
|
Formality Spectrum
今、出ようとしております。 (Leaving)
今、出ようとしています。 (Leaving)
今、出ようとしてる。 (Leaving)
今、出るわ。 (Leaving)
The Three Faces of 'To Suru'
Meaning
- Attempt Trying to do
- Imminence About to happen
- Refusal Refusing to do
Examples by Level
{今|いま}、{寝|ね}ようとしています。
I am about to sleep now.
{今|いま}、{出|で}ようとしています。
I am about to leave now.
{今|いま}、{食|た}べようとしています。
I am about to eat now.
{今|いま}、{行|い}こうとしています。
I am about to go now.
{彼|かれ}は{日本語|にほんご}を{話|はな}そうとしている。
He is trying to speak Japanese.
{猫|ねこ}が{外|そと}に{出|で}ようとしない。
The cat refuses to go outside.
{会議|かいぎ}が{始|はじ}まろうとしている。
The meeting is about to start.
{私|わたし}は{走|はし}ろうとした。
I tried to run.
{彼|かれ}は{真実|しんじつ}を{隠|かく}そうとしている。
He is trying to hide the truth.
{子供|こども}が{野菜|やさい}を{食|た}べようとしない。
The child refuses to eat vegetables.
{電車|でんしゃ}が{出発|しゅっぱつ}しようとしている。
The train is about to depart.
{彼|かれ}は{謝|あやま}ろうとしない。
He refuses to apologize.
{政府|せいふ}は{問題|もんだい}を{解決|かいけつ}しようとしている。
The government is attempting to solve the problem.
{会社|かいしゃ}は{新|あたら}しい{戦略|せんりゃく}を{導入|どうにゅう}しようとしている。
The company is attempting to introduce a new strategy.
{彼|かれ}は{自分|じぶん}の{過|あやま}ちを{認|みと}めようとしない。
He refuses to admit his mistake.
{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}そうとしている。
It is about to start raining.
{彼|かれ}は{歴史|れきし}を{変|か}えようと{苦闘|くとう}している。
He is struggling to change history.
{社会|しゃかい}は{変化|へんか}しようとしている。
Society is on the verge of change.
{彼女|かのじょ}は{運命|うんめい}に{抗|あらが}おうとしない。
She makes no attempt to resist fate.
{彼|かれ}らは{現状|げんじょう}を{維持|いじ}しようとしている。
They are attempting to maintain the status quo.
{彼|かれ}の{沈黙|ちんもく}は、{真実|しんじつ}を{語|かた}ろうとしない{意思|いし}の{表|あらわ}れだ。
His silence is an expression of his refusal to speak the truth.
{時代|じだい}が{動|うご}こうとしている{予感|よかん}がする。
I have a premonition that the era is about to shift.
{彼|かれ}は{死|し}を{受|う}け{入|い}れようとしない。
He refuses to accept death.
{言葉|ことば}が{喉|のど}まで{出|で}かかろうとしている。
The words are on the verge of coming out of my throat.
Easily Confused
Both express intent.
Common Mistakes
食べるとする
食べようとする
行くとする
行こうとする
寝ようとしない (when meaning 'I am not trying to sleep')
寝ようとしていない
雨が降ろうとする
雨が降ろうとしている
Sentence Patterns
___が___しようとしている。
Real World Usage
今、着こうとしてる！
The 'Oops' Grammar
～ようとした in a story, expect a 'but' (ga/kedo) immediately after. It sets up a plot twist where the action failed.Not for Future Plans
I will try to go to Japan next year.Use
{努力|どりょく}する (make an effort) or just {行く|いく}つもり (intend to go). This grammar is for immediate attempts.Stubborn People
～ようとしない (won't try) is a strong way to criticize someone. It implies they are being unreasonable or lazy. Use with caution!Personification
The winter is trying to end({冬|ふゆ}が{終わろう|おわろう}としている).
Smart Tips
Use the negative form.
Pronunciation
Volitional + to suru
The 'to' is a particle, keep it short and crisp.
Falling
～ようとする↓
Statement of fact.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'You' (Volitional) trying to 'Do' (Suru) something. You are 'You-doing' it!
Visual Association
Imagine a person standing at a door (about to leave) and a cat sitting stubbornly in front of a bowl (refusing to eat).
Rhyme
Volitional form is the key, Add 'to suru' for all to see!
Story
Ken wanted to leave. He stood at the door (about to leave). He tried to open it (attempt). But the door was locked, and it wouldn't open (refusal).
Word Web
Challenge
Write 3 sentences about what you are about to do, what you are trying to learn, and what your pet refuses to do.
Cultural Notes
Refusal is often expressed indirectly using this form.
Derived from the classical Japanese volitional and the verb 'to do'.
Conversation Starters
今、何をしようとしていますか？
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
彼が___としている。(食べる)
Score: /1
Practice Exercises
1 exercises彼が___としている。(食べる)
Score: /1
Practice Bank
12 exercises{手紙|てがみ}を___とした。
{猫|ねこ}が{虫|むし}を___としている。
Match the phrase to its meaning.
Choose the correct sentence:
Arrange the fragments.
{彼|かれ}は{勉強|べんきょう}しようとない。
{日|ひ}が{沈もう|しずもう}としています。
Which sentence shows stubbornness?
{彼|かれ}も___とした。
Select the correct form:
{出かけよう|でかけよう}をとした。
Put the words in order.
Score: /12
FAQ (1)
No, only dynamic verbs.
Scaffolded Practice
1
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
intentar
Japanese adds the 'imminent' aspect.
essayer de
Japanese has the refusal form.
versuchen
Japanese adds the 'about to' aspect.
試みる
Volitional is more natural.
يحاول
Japanese has the imminent aspect.
试图
Japanese has the refusal form.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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