Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
In Croatian, when you say 'X is Y', both X and Y stay in the Nominative case.
- Use Nominative for the subject: 'Ja sam student' (I am a student).
- Use Nominative for the predicate noun: 'On je liječnik' (He is a doctor).
- Use Nominative for adjectives: 'Ona je sretna' (She is happy).
Verb 'Biti' (To Be) - Present Tense
| Person | Full Form | Short (Enclitic) Form |
|---|---|---|
|
Ja
|
jesam
|
sam
|
|
Ti
|
jesi
|
si
|
|
On/Ona/Ono
|
jest
|
je
|
|
Mi
|
jesmo
|
smo
|
|
Vi
|
jeste
|
ste
|
|
Oni/One/Ona
|
jesu
|
su
|
Meanings
The Nominative case is used for the subject of a sentence and for nouns or adjectives that describe the subject after the verb 'biti'.
Identity
Defining who or what someone/something is.
“Ja sam Marko.”
“Ovo je stol.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Subj + biti + Pred
|
Ja sam učitelj.
|
|
Negative
|
Subj + ni-biti + Pred
|
Ja nisam učitelj.
|
|
Question
|
Biti + li + Subj + Pred
|
Jesi li ti učitelj?
|
|
Short Answer
|
Da/Ne + (ni)sam
|
Da, jesam.
|
|
Plural
|
Subj + su + Pred
|
Oni su sretni.
|
|
Feminine
|
Subj + je + Pred
|
Ona je sretna.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
On je profesor. (Professional/Social)
On je profesor. (Professional/Social)
On je profesor. (Professional/Social)
Lik je profesor. (Professional/Social)
The Nominative Bridge
Left Side
- Subject Nominative
Right Side
- Predicate Nominative
レベル別の例文
Ja sam student.
I am a student.
Ona je pametna.
She is smart.
Ovo je kuća.
This is a house.
On je liječnik.
He is a doctor.
Nismo mi krivi.
We are not guilty.
Jesu li oni spremni?
Are they ready?
Vrijeme je lijepo.
The weather is nice.
Moj brat je sportaš.
My brother is an athlete.
Biti sretan je cilj svakog čovjeka.
Being happy is the goal of every person.
Njegov otac je bio poznati glumac.
His father was a famous actor.
Ove cipele su preskupe.
These shoes are too expensive.
Jesi li siguran u to?
Are you sure about that?
Odluka je bila teška, ali nužna.
The decision was difficult, but necessary.
Oni su postali glavni kandidati.
They became the main candidates.
Sve je bilo spremno za početak.
Everything was ready for the start.
Ovaj projekt je iznimno važan.
This project is extremely important.
Biti svoj je najveća hrabrost.
Being oneself is the greatest courage.
Situacija je postala krajnje alarmantna.
The situation became extremely alarming.
Njegovi argumenti su bili posve neutemeljeni.
His arguments were completely unfounded.
Ova teorija je općeprihvaćena.
This theory is generally accepted.
Biti pjesnik znači biti vječni tragatelj.
To be a poet means to be an eternal seeker.
Njegova djela su postala kanonska.
His works became canonical.
Sve što je rečeno je irelevantno.
Everything that was said is irrelevant.
Ovaj fenomen je inherentno složen.
This phenomenon is inherently complex.
間違えやすい
Learners often use Accusative for the predicate.
Learners from Russian/Polish backgrounds use Instrumental for states.
Learners confuse the predicate with the possessive.
よくある間違い
Ja sam studenta.
Ja sam student.
On je sretnog.
On je sretan.
Ona je liječnicu.
Ona je liječnica.
To je kući.
To je kuća.
Jesu li oni sretnog?
Jesu li oni sretni?
Mi smo bili učitelja.
Mi smo bili učitelji.
Ona nije liječnicu.
Ona nije liječnica.
Postao je liječnika.
Postao je liječnik.
Smatraju ga za dobrog.
Smatraju ga dobrim.
On je bio sretnim.
On je bio sretan.
Sve je postalo kompliciranijim.
Sve je postalo kompliciranije.
Oni su ostali prijateljima.
Oni su ostali prijatelji.
Biti uspješnim je teško.
Biti uspješan je teško.
文型パターン
Ja sam ___.
Ovo je ___.
___ je jako lijepo.
Biti ___ je važno.
Real World Usage
Ja sam fotograf.
Ja sam iskusan inženjer.
Sretan sam!
Ovo je hotel.
Ovo je hladno.
Ja sam profesor.
Keep it simple
Watch the verb
Gender matters
Be polite
Smart Tips
Always check if you are using 'biti'. If yes, keep it Nominative.
Make sure the adjective agrees with the subject's gender.
Remember that 'li' always follows the verb.
The negative prefix 'ni-' attaches to the verb.
発音
Enclitics
Short forms like 'sam' or 'je' are unstressed and attach to the previous word.
Statement
On je liječnik ↓
Falling intonation for facts.
Question
Je li on liječnik? ↑
Rising intonation for yes/no questions.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Biti is a mirror: what is on the left must look the same on the right.
視覚的連想
Imagine a giant equals sign (=) made of light. On the left, a student stands. On the right, another student stands. They are identical, just like the Nominative case on both sides of 'biti'.
Rhyme
When you use the verb to be, keep it Nominative, you will see!
Story
Ivan is a baker. He looks in the mirror. He sees Ivan the baker. Because he is looking at himself, he doesn't change his name. That is why we don't change the case.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 5 sentences describing your family members using 'je' and a profession.
文化メモ
Croatians value directness in professional settings. Using the correct title (profesor, doktor) is important.
In some coastal dialects, the verb 'biti' might be dropped in very casual speech.
Very standard usage, follows the rules strictly.
The Nominative case is the oldest case, derived from Proto-Indo-European.
会話のきっかけ
Što si ti po zanimanju?
Kakvo je danas vrijeme?
Tko je tvoj omiljeni glumac?
Jesi li ti zadovoljan svojim životom?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Ja ___ student.
Ona je ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
On je sretnog.
sretan / Ja / sam
Mi ___ sretni.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
The predicate after 'biti' is always in the Nominative case.
A: Tko si ti? B: Ja ___.
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesJa ___ student.
Ona je ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
On je sretnog.
sretan / Ja / sam
Mi ___ sretni.
Ja, Ti, On
The predicate after 'biti' is always in the Nominative case.
A: Tko si ti? B: Ja ___.
Score: /8
よくある質問 (8)
Because 'biti' is a linking verb. It doesn't change the case of the following noun.
Yes, but the adjective must match the gender of the subject.
Other verbs like 'vidjeti' (to see) will require the Accusative case.
Yes, it is standard grammar across all regions.
Yes, because the verb form usually indicates the person.
The rule remains the same; use the Nominative plural.
Yes, 'postati' (to become) also takes the Nominative case in Croatian.
Use the particle 'li' after the verb 'biti'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Nominative
German has more complex gender/case endings.
Subject complement
French relies on word order, not case.
Atributo
Spanish has no case system.
Desu
Japanese is agglutinative and lacks case in this sense.
Jumla ismiyya
Arabic uses a nominal sentence structure without a copula.
Shi
Chinese has no case or conjugation.
