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B2 noun 12 min read

是非

zehi

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 是非 in 30 Seconds

Explanation 是非 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you usually learn 'zehi' as an adverb that means 'by all means' or 'certainly.' For example, 'Zehi kite kudasai' (Please come by all means). However, the noun 'zehi' (right or wrong) is much more difficult and usually not taught at this stage. Think of it as a secret second meaning! You might see the kanji 是 (right) and 非 (wrong) in very simple signs, but you don't need to worry about using this noun form in your own speaking yet. Just remember that if you see 'zehi' with the particle 'o' (を), it's not the 'by all means' you know; it's talking about 'good and bad' points of a plan or idea. For now, focus on the adverbial use to express your strong desire to do something or invite someone.

At the A2 level, you might start seeing 'zehi' in formal reading materials or simple news headlines. You should begin to recognize that 'zehi' can mean 'pros and cons.' While you will still mostly use 'ii desu' (it's good) or 'dame desu' (it's bad), 'zehi' is a more professional way to talk about these concepts. You might see a sentence like 'Keikaku no zehi o kangaeru' (Think about the right or wrong of the plan). Notice how 'no' (の) connects the topic to 'zehi.' This is a good pattern to memorize even if you don't use it in daily conversation. It helps you understand that Japanese has formal words for 'good and bad' just like English has 'merits and demerits.'

By B1, you are moving into intermediate Japanese and should be comfortable identifying 'zehi' as a noun in formal contexts. You will encounter it in 'dokkai' (reading) passages about social issues. For example, if a text discusses whether students should use smartphones in school, it might use the phrase 'sumaho mochikomi no zehi' (the pros and cons of bringing smartphones). You should also learn the common verb 'tou' (to ask/question), which often follows 'zehi.' The phrase 'zehi o tou' means to ask people's opinion on whether something is right or wrong. This is common in news about elections or new laws. Understanding this word allows you to follow more complex discussions beyond simple personal opinions.

At the B2 level (the level of this word), you are expected to use '是非' (zehi) as a noun in your own writing and formal speaking. When discussing a controversial topic, instead of saying 'ii ten to warui ten' (good points and bad points), you should use 'zehi' to sound more sophisticated and objective. You should be able to use structures like '是非をめぐって' (concerning the pros and cons) or '是非を論じる' (to discuss the propriety). You also need to distinguish it clearly from similar words like 'kahi' (possibility/propriety) and 'sanpi' (for and against). At this level, you should also be aware of the idiomatic 'zehi mo nai' (it can't be helped), which appears in literature and historical contexts. Using 'zehi' correctly shows you can handle abstract, academic, and professional Japanese.

At the C1 level, you should have a nuanced understanding of 'zehi' as a noun. You can use it to discuss complex ethical dilemmas, legal interpretations, and philosophical arguments. You understand that 'zehi' implies a deep evaluation of moral and logical standing. You are also expected to recognize its use in classical-style Japanese or very formal documents. For instance, in a legal context, 'zehi' might refer to the 'merits' of a case. You should be able to use it fluently in a debate, perhaps saying, 'Kono mondai no zehi o ronjiru ni wa, mazu rekishiteki haikei o rikai subeki da' (To discuss the propriety of this issue, we must first understand the historical background). Your understanding of 'zehi' is now tied to a broader knowledge of Japanese society and its formal decision-making processes.

At the C2 level, 'zehi' is a tool you use with precision and stylistic flair. You understand the deep philosophical history of the term, tracing back to the concept of 'zefi' in East Asian logic. You can use it in high-level academic writing, legal briefs, or executive summaries. You are aware of the subtle differences between 'zehi,' 'tōhi,' and 'kahi,' and you choose the word that perfectly fits the register and intent of your communication. You can also appreciate the literary weight of 'zehi mo nai' in historical texts and can use such expressions ironically or for emphasis in modern contexts. To you, 'zehi' is not just a word for 'pros and cons,' but a representation of the human struggle to define what is right in a complex world.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

是非 in 30 Seconds

是非 (zehi) as a noun means 'pros and cons' or 'right and wrong.'
It is used in formal debates, news, and ethics to evaluate propriety.
Commonly paired with verbs like 'tou' (ask) and 'kentō suru' (examine).
Distinct from the adverbial 'zehi' which means 'by all means.'

The Japanese word 是非 (ぜひ - zehi) is a fascinating linguistic construct that functions primarily as a noun representing the duality of a situation. At its core, it encompasses the concepts of 'right and wrong,' 'pros and cons,' or the 'propriety' of an action. While many beginners encounter 'zehi' as an adverb meaning 'by all means,' the noun form is a staple of formal debate, legal discourse, and philosophical inquiry. It is derived from two kanji: 是 (ze), meaning 'correct' or 'right,' and 非 (hi), meaning 'mistake' or 'wrong.' Together, they form a compound that asks the listener or reader to weigh the moral or practical validity of a specific topic.

Etymological Root: The term originates from classical Chinese philosophy, where distinguishing between 'is' (是) and 'is not' (非) was central to logic and ethics. In modern Japanese, this translates to evaluating whether a policy, behavior, or decision is justifiable.
Societal Context: You will frequently encounter this word in news headlines regarding controversial legislation or corporate ethics. It suggests a balanced view, acknowledging that there are valid points on both sides of the argument.

計画の是非を慎重に検討する必要がある。(Keikaku no zehi o shinchō ni kentō suru hitsuyō ga aru.)

Translation: It is necessary to carefully examine the pros and cons of the plan.

In a professional setting, using 'zehi' as a noun signals that you are taking an objective, analytical stance. Instead of just saying a plan is 'good' or 'bad,' you are discussing its 'zehi'—its inherent rightness or wrongness. This is particularly common in the phrase 是非を問う (zehi o tou), which means 'to call into question' or 'to put to a vote' the propriety of something. This phrase is often used when a leader asks for a mandate from the people or when a committee is formed to judge a specific action.

その政策の是非をめぐって議論が交わされた。(Sono seisaku no zehi o megutte giron ga kawasareta.)

Translation: Arguments were exchanged regarding the propriety of that policy.

Understanding 'zehi' as a noun is essential for reaching an advanced level of Japanese (N2/N1 or CEFR B2+). It allows you to participate in higher-level discussions about ethics, law, and politics. For instance, in a debate about nuclear energy, a moderator might say, 'Genpatsu no zehi o ronjiru' (Discuss the pros and cons of nuclear power). Here, the speaker is not asking if it's 'good' in a simple sense, but is inviting a comprehensive look at the ethical and practical implications.

Collocation: Zehi o Tou: This is the most common verb pairing. It literally means 'to ask the right/wrong.' It is used in political elections where a specific policy is the main point of contention.

国民にその法案の是非を問う。(Kokumin ni sono hōan no zehi o tou.)

Translation: We will ask the citizens about the right and wrong of that bill.

Using 是非 (zehi) as a noun requires a specific grammatical framework. Unlike its adverbial counterpart, which floats freely to add emphasis, the noun 'zehi' usually functions as the direct object of a verb or as part of a compound noun phrase. It is almost always followed by particles like を (o), について (ni tsuite), or に関する (ni kansuru). To master its usage, one must understand the verbs it typically modifies: tou (to ask/question), kentō suru (to examine), ronjiru (to discuss), and handan suru (to judge).

裁判所は、その行為の是非を判断した。(Saibansho wa, sono kōi no zehi o handan shita.)

Translation: The court judged the right or wrong of that act.

When constructing sentences, 'zehi' often follows a noun phrase connected by the particle 'no'. For example, 'A no zehi' means 'the pros and cons of A'. This structure is the most common way to introduce a topic for critical evaluation. It is important to note that 'zehi' is inherently formal. You would rarely use it in casual conversation with friends to discuss whether a movie was good; instead, you would use it when discussing the ethical implications of a movie's message or a director's choices in a formal essay or debate.

Pattern 1: [Noun] + の是非を問う: Used when an authority or the public is asked to decide if something is acceptable. Example: 'Zei-ritsu up no zehi o tou' (Asking about the right/wrong of a tax rate increase).
Pattern 2: [Noun] + の是非をめぐって: Used to describe a surrounding controversy. Example: 'Sono gijutsu no zehi o megutte ronsō ga okita' (A controversy arose regarding the pros and cons of that technology).

新しいルールの是非について、意見が分かれている。(Atarashii rūru no zehi ni tsuite, iken ga wakarete iru.)

Translation: Opinions are divided regarding the propriety of the new rule.

Another advanced usage involves the phrase 是非もない (zehi mo nai). This is an idiomatic expression that means 'it can't be helped' or 'there is no room for argument.' It literally translates to 'there is no right or wrong to discuss' because the situation is inevitable. This is often heard in historical dramas (jidaigeki) or very formal literature when a character accepts a difficult fate. For example, 'Kō natte wa, zehi mo nai' (Now that it has come to this, there is no use arguing; it is inevitable).

彼はその問題の是非を論じるのを避けた。(Kare wa sono mondai no zehi o ronjiru no o saketa.)

Translation: He avoided discussing the pros and cons of that problem.

Pattern 3: [Verb/Clause] + ことの是非: When you want to discuss the right/wrong of an action rather than a simple noun. Example: 'Gennama o kubaru koto no zehi' (The right or wrong of handing out cash).

If you are watching Japanese news (like NHK), reading an editorial in the *Asahi Shimbun*, or listening to a political speech, you will hear 是非 (zehi) used as a noun constantly. It is the go-to word for journalists when they want to describe a balanced debate. For instance, during an election cycle, news anchors often talk about 'seisaku no zehi' (the merits and demerits of policies). It provides a neutral platform to present two sides of an issue without taking a stance.

「再開発の是非が、今回の選挙の最大の争点です。」(Saikaihatsu no zehi ga, konkai no senkyo no saidai no sōten desu.)

Context: A news reporter describing an election where urban redevelopment is the main issue.

In corporate environments, particularly during high-level board meetings or strategy sessions, 'zehi' is used to evaluate potential investments or structural changes. A CEO might say, 'Shinki jigyō no zehi o kento shite kudasai' (Please examine the pros and cons of the new business venture). This usage is more formal than 'ii ka warui ka' (whether it's good or bad) and suggests a need for a detailed, evidence-based report. It implies that the decision is not yet made and requires careful weighing of factors.

Legal and Judicial Settings: In a courtroom, 'zehi' refers to the legality or ethicality of a defendant's actions. Lawyers argue the 'zehi' of a particular interpretation of the law.
Academic Papers: Scholars use 'zehi' when discussing historical events or scientific ethics. For example, discussing the 'zehi' of genetic engineering in a thesis.

「安楽死の是非をめぐって、倫理的な議論が続いている。」(Anrakushi no zehi o megutte, rinriteki na giron ga tsuzuite iru.)

Context: A documentary or academic lecture on medical ethics.

You might also hear this word in the context of 'Kokumin Tōhyō' (National Referendums). When a country is deciding on a major change, like a constitutional amendment, the media will frame it as 'Kenpō kaisei no zehi o tou' (Asking the right/wrong of constitutional reform). In this context, 'zehi' represents the weight of the entire nation's decision. It is a heavy word that carries the gravity of social responsibility.

Finally, in literature and period dramas, you will hear the archaic but still understood 'Zehi mo nai.' This is famously associated with Oda Nobunaga at Honnō-ji. When he realized he was betrayed and surrounded, he reportedly said 'Zehi mo nashi,' meaning 'It cannot be helped' or 'There is no point in arguing about the right or wrong of this situation now.' This adds a layer of stoicism and historical depth to the word that many Japanese people are aware of.

The most frequent mistake learners make with 是非 (zehi) is confusing its noun and adverbial functions. While they share the same kanji and pronunciation, their usage patterns are entirely different. Using 'zehi' as a noun when you mean 'by all means' (adverb) will lead to significant confusion, and vice versa. For example, if you say 'Zehi o kite kudasai,' it sounds like you are asking someone to 'please come to the right and wrong,' which is nonsensical. The correct adverbial use is simply 'Zehi kite kudasai.'

❌ 是非を来てください。(Zehi o kite kudasai.)
✅ 是非来てください。(Zehi kite kudasai.)

Explanation: The first sentence incorrectly treats 'zehi' as a noun object for 'come.' The second uses it correctly as an adverb meaning 'by all means.'

Another common error is using 'zehi' in casual, low-stakes situations. Because 'zehi' (noun) carries a heavy, moral, or official tone, using it for trivial matters can sound strange or overly dramatic. For instance, if you are deciding whether to have pizza or sushi for dinner, asking 'Pizza no zehi o tou' (I question the right or wrong of pizza) would be seen as a joke or a linguistic oddity. In such cases, use 'ii ka dou ka' (whether it's good or not).

Mistake: Overusing 'Zehi mo nai': Learners sometimes use 'zehi mo nai' to mean a simple 'I don't care.' However, this phrase implies a heavy, inevitable fate. Using it for a missed bus might sound like you're a samurai in a tragedy.
Mistake: Particle Misplacement: Forgetting the 'no' (の) when connecting 'zehi' to a topic. It must be '[Topic] no zehi,' not just '[Topic] zehi.'

Finally, learners often confuse 'zehi' with 'zen'aku' (good and evil). While they are similar, 'zen'aku' is more about moral character or the nature of an action, while 'zehi' is more about the decision-making process, propriety, and the pros and cons of a specific case or policy. Use 'zehi' when there is a debate or a choice to be made, and 'zen'aku' when discussing the fundamental nature of morality.

❌ 善悪を検討する (Zen'aku o kentō suru - Examining good and evil)
✅ 是非を検討する (Zehi o kentō suru - Examining the pros and cons)

Explanation: In a policy meeting, you examine 'zehi' (propriety), not 'zen'aku' (cosmic good and evil).

To truly understand 是非 (zehi), it is helpful to compare it with other Japanese words that deal with evaluation and duality. Depending on the context—whether it's legal, casual, or administrative—different words may be more appropriate. The most common alternative is 可否 (kahi), which also means 'pros and cons' or 'yes and no.' However, 'kahi' is often more technical and used in administrative contexts, such as 'approval or disapproval' of a specific request or application.

是非 (Zehi) vs. 可否 (Kahi): 'Zehi' focuses on the moral or logical 'rightness' of a matter. 'Kahi' focuses on whether something is 'possible' or 'permissible.' For example, a system might check the 'kahi' of an operation, but a philosopher checks the 'zehi' of an action.
是非 (Zehi) vs. 善悪 (Zen'aku): 'Zen'aku' refers to 'Good and Evil' in an absolute, moral sense. 'Zehi' is more about 'Right and Wrong' in a situational or judgmental sense. You judge the 'zehi' of a law, but the 'zen'aku' of a person's soul.

メリットとデメリット (Meritto to demeritto)

This loanword phrase is very common in business for 'pros and cons' and is less formal than 'zehi'.

Another alternative is 良し悪し (yoshi-ashi). This is a more native Japanese (wago) term for 'good and bad.' It is used more frequently in daily life and can also mean 'quality' or 'merit.' For example, 'Kono houhou ni wa yoshi-ashi ga aru' (There are good and bad points to this method). Compared to 'zehi,' 'yoshi-ashi' feels more grounded and less like a formal debate topic. If you are talking about the quality of a product, 'yoshi-ashi' is the better choice.

賛否 (Sanpi)

Meaning 'for and against' (pros and cons), specifically used when referring to people's opinions or votes (e.g., 'Sanpi ga wakareta' - opinions were divided).

Finally, in academic writing, you might see 当否 (tōhi), which means 'propriety' or 'appropriateness.' It is very similar to 'zehi' but even more formal and specific to whether something 'fits' or is 'proper' in a given context. While 'zehi' covers the broad 'right and wrong,' 'tōhi' is laser-focused on the 'appropriateness' of a specific conclusion or action.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

The phrase '是非もなし' (Zehi mo nashi) was famously uttered by the warlord Oda Nobunaga when he was betrayed at Honno-ji Temple. It meant 'It's no use arguing about it now.'

Pronunciation Guide

UK /ˈzeɪ.hiː/

US /ˈzeɪ.hiː/

Flat pitch (Heiban) in Japanese: ze-hi.

Rhymes With

Mehi (not a common word) Tehi (not a common word) Keki (cake - partial rhyme) Seki (seat - partial rhyme) He-ki (calmness) Rei-ki (cold air) Mei-ki (clear statement) Tei-ki (regular/period)

Common Errors

Pronouncing 'hi' as 'high' (like the English greeting). It should be 'hee'.
Stressing the first syllable too heavily. Japanese pitch is usually flatter.
Confusing the pitch with 'sehi' (which isn't a word).
Over-aspirating the 'h' in 'hi'.
Elongating the 'e' in 'ze' so it sounds like 'zay'.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 4/5

The kanji are common, but the noun meaning is often missed by learners.

Writing 4/5

Requires knowledge of formal sentence structures.

Speaking 5/5

Difficult to use naturally without sounding overly formal.

Listening 4/5

Must distinguish from the adverbial use by context.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

是非正しい悪い判断

Learn Next

可否善悪当否賛否妥当性

Advanced

是認是正非難曲直

Grammar to Know

Noun + の是非

再開発の是非

Verb (Dictionary form) + ことの是非

輸入することの是非

是非を + Verb (tou, kentō suru, etc.)

是非を問う

是非 + について/をめぐって

是非をめぐる論争

是非 + もない (Idiom)

是非もない状況

Examples by Level

是非、私の家に来てください。

Please come to my house by all means.

Here 'zehi' is an adverb used for emphasis.

日本に是非行きたいです。

I really want to go to Japan.

Adverbial 'zehi' shows strong desire.

是非、食べてみてください。

Please try eating it by all means.

Used with the '-te kudasai' form.

この本は是非読んでください。

Please read this book by all means.

Emphasizes the recommendation.

是非、教えてください。

Please tell me by all means.

Expresses a strong request for information.

明日のパーティーに是非来てください。

Please come to tomorrow's party by all means.

Standard polite invitation.

是非、また会いましょう。

Let's definitely meet again.

Used with '-mashō' for strong suggestion.

是非、手伝わせてください。

Please let me help you by all means.

Shows strong willingness.

その計画の是非を考えます。

I will think about the right or wrong of that plan.

Noun 'zehi' used as an object.

ニュースで、新しいルールの是非を言っていました。

On the news, they were talking about the pros and cons of the new rule.

Noun 'zehi' following a noun + 'no'.

是非を判断するのは難しいです。

It is difficult to judge the right or wrong.

'Zehi' is the subject of the judgment.

みんなで是非を話し合いましょう。

Let's discuss the pros and cons together.

Used in a simple discussion context.

このことの是非は分かりません。

I don't know the right or wrong of this matter.

'Koto no zehi' nominalizes the situation.

是非をめぐる議論があります。

There is a discussion concerning the pros and cons.

'Meguru' means 'concerning' or 'surrounding'.

是非を問うことは大切です。

It is important to question the propriety.

'Tou' is the formal verb for 'to ask/question'.

是非をはっきりさせたいです。

I want to make the right or wrong clear.

'Hakkiri saseru' means 'to make clear'.

ダム建設の是非をめぐって、村の意見が分かれた。

Village opinions were divided over the pros and cons of dam construction.

Classic 'Noun + no zehi o megutte' structure.

その政策の是非を国民に問う必要がある。

It is necessary to ask the citizens about the propriety of that policy.

'Zehi o tou' is very common in political contexts.

彼は、自分の行動の是非を自問自答した。

He questioned himself about the right or wrong of his own actions.

'Jimon jitō' means answering one's own questions.

新しい法律の是非を検討する委員会が作られた。

A committee was formed to examine the pros and cons of the new law.

'Kentō suru' is a formal verb for 'examine' or 'consider'.

是非を論じる前に、事実を確認すべきだ。

Before discussing the pros and cons, we should confirm the facts.

'Ronjiru' means 'to discuss' or 'to argue'.

この問題の是非については、様々な意見がある。

Regarding the propriety of this issue, there are various opinions.

'Ni tsuite' is a standard way to introduce a topic.

是非を判断する基準が曖昧だ。

The criteria for judging right or wrong are vague.

'Kijun' means 'criteria' or 'standard'.

是非はともかく、まずは行動しよう。

Regardless of whether it's right or wrong, let's act first.

'...wa tomokaku' means 'setting aside...' or 'regardless of...'.

原子力発電の是非は、現代社会の大きな課題である。

The propriety of nuclear power generation is a major issue in modern society.

Uses 'zehi' as a formal noun for a societal debate.

裁判官は、被告の行為の是非を厳格に判断した。

The judge strictly determined the right or wrong of the defendant's actions.

Legal context requiring objective judgment.

その決断の是非が問われるのは、数年後だろう。

It will likely be several years before the propriety of that decision is questioned.

Passive form 'zehi ga towareru' (the propriety is questioned).

彼は、その件の是非を論ずるに足る人物だ。

He is a person worthy of discussing the right and wrong of that matter.

'...ni taru' means 'to be worthy of'.

是非を弁えることは、社会人としての基本だ。

Knowing right from wrong is a basic requirement for a member of society.

'Wakiemaeru' means to know, discern, or understand.

今回の選挙は、現政権の是非を問うものとなった。

This election became a mandate on the propriety of the current administration.

Political usage indicating a public judgment.

是非を度外視して、利益を追求するのは危険だ。

It is dangerous to pursue profit while ignoring the right or wrong of it.

'Dogai-shi' means to disregard or ignore.

その行為の是非について、倫理委員会で議論された。

The propriety of that act was discussed in the ethics committee.

Formal organizational context.

歴史的評価において、その人物の是非は今も分かれている。

In historical evaluation, the right and wrong of that person's actions are still divided today.

Refers to historical legacy and moral judgment.

事ここに至っては、もはや是非を論じている時ではない。

Now that things have come to this, it is no longer the time to discuss pros and cons.

A formal way to say 'we must act immediately'.

君主として、法の是非を正す責任がある。

As a monarch, one has the responsibility to correct the right or wrong of the law.

'Zehi o tadasu' means to correct or rectify what is wrong.

是非曲直を明らかにすることが、司法の役割である。

The role of the judiciary is to clarify the right and wrong (of a case).

'Zehi-kyokuchoku' is a four-kanji idiom for 'right and wrong'.

彼は、世俗の是非を超越した生き方を選んだ。

He chose a way of life that transcended the worldly concepts of right and wrong.

'Chōetsu' means to transcend or go beyond.

その政策の是非は、長期的な視点から評価されるべきだ。

The propriety of that policy should be evaluated from a long-term perspective.

Academic/Policy analysis tone.

是非を弁じない者は、指導者の資格がない。

Those who cannot distinguish right from wrong are not qualified to be leaders.

'Benjinai' is a formal negative of 'benjiru' (to discern).

是非もなき事態に、彼はただ沈黙を守った。

In the face of an inevitable situation, he simply remained silent.

Uses 'zehi mo naki' as an adjective for 'inevitable'.

「是非もなし」という言葉に、彼の覚悟が凝縮されていた。

His resolve was encapsulated in the words 'it cannot be helped.'

Historical/Literary reference to Nobunaga.

真理の探究において、安易な是非の判断は禁物である。

In the pursuit of truth, easy judgments of right and wrong are strictly forbidden.

Epistemological context.

法執行の是非を巡る議論は、憲法解釈の根幹に関わる。

The debate over the propriety of law enforcement touches upon the very core of constitutional interpretation.

High-level legal discourse.

万物の是非を司る絶対的な基準など、存在し得ないのだろうか。

Does an absolute standard that governs the right and wrong of all things not exist?

Philosophical inquiry.

是非の念に駆られず、ありのままの事実を記述せよ。

Describe the facts as they are, without being driven by notions of right and wrong.

Instruction for objective reporting.

その行為の是非は、歴史の審判に委ねるほかない。

There is no choice but to leave the propriety of that act to the judgment of history.

Metaphorical/Literary tone.

是非曲直を正すべく、彼は命を賭して上奏した。

In order to rectify right and wrong, he risked his life to petition the Emperor.

Archaic/Historical context ('jōsō' means petitioning the Emperor).

言語の是非を超えた地平に、真の対話は成立する。

True dialogue is established on a horizon that transcends the right and wrong of language.

Philosophical/Abstract context.

Synonyms

善悪正否可否良し悪しメリット・デメリット

Antonyms

中立不干渉

Common Collocations

是非を問う

是非を検討する

是非を判断する

是非を論じる

是非をめぐって

是非を弁える

是非を正す

是非を度外視する

是非に迷う

是非がない

Common Phrases

是非を問わず

— Regardless of whether it is right or wrong. Used when an action is taken anyway.

是非を問わず、全員参加とする。

是非を弁じない

— To not distinguish right from wrong. Used for someone lacking judgment.

彼は是非を弁じない子供ではない。

是非に及ばず

— There is no use in arguing; it cannot be helped. A formal/archaic expression.

負けが決まった以上、是非に及ばず。

是非を正す

— To clarify or rectify what is right and wrong. Often used by leaders.

混乱した状況の是非を正す。

是非をわきまえる

— To have the discernment to know right from wrong.

大人なら是非をわきまえるべきだ。

是非を論ずる

— To argue or discuss the merits and demerits of a topic.

死刑制度の是非を論ずる。

是非を検討中

— Currently examining the pros and cons.

新システム導入の是非を検討中だ。

是非を判断しかねる

— Unable to judge whether it is right or wrong.

その主張の是非を判断しかねる。

是非を度外視して

— Ignoring the right or wrong of the matter.

是非を度外視して、まずは勝つことだけを考えた。

是非の判断

— Judgment of right and wrong.

是非の判断を他人に委ねる。

Often Confused With

是非 vs 是非 (Adverb)

Means 'by all means.' Distinguished by lack of particles like 'o' or 'no'.

是非 vs 可否 (Kahi)

Means 'possibility' or 'approval/disapproval.' More administrative/technical.

是非 vs 善悪 (Zen'aku)

Means 'good and evil.' More about moral nature than situational propriety.

Idioms & Expressions

"是非もない"

— It can't be helped; there's no room for argument. Used when a situation is inevitable.

雨で中止なら是非もない。

Formal / Literary

"是非曲直"

— The right and wrong, and the straight and crooked. Refers to the full truth of a dispute.

是非曲直を明らかにする。

Formal / Legal

"是非に及ばず"

— No use arguing about it. Very similar to 'zehi mo nai'.

主君の命とあれば是非に及ばず。

Archaic / Formal

"是非を問う"

— To call for a judgment on the propriety of something.

解散総選挙で国民に是非を問う。

Political

"是非をわきまえる"

— To be sensible enough to know right from wrong.

是非をわきまえた行動をとりなさい。

General

"是非に迷う"

— To be at a loss as to what is the right course of action.

進むべきか退くべきか、是非に迷う。

Literary

"是非を正す"

— To distinguish clearly between right and wrong.

司法の場において是非を正す。

Legal

"是非を論じる"

— To debate the pros and cons.

安楽死の是非を論じる。

Academic

"是非なく"

— Inevitably; out of necessity.

是非なく承諾した。

Formal

"是非の念"

— The sense or concept of right and wrong.

是非の念にとらわれる。

Philosophical

Easily Confused

是非 vs 賛否 (Sanpi)

Both deal with pros and cons.

Sanpi specifically refers to the opinions of people (for and against). Zehi refers to the inherent rightness or wrongness of the thing itself.

賛否が分かれる (Opinions are divided) vs 是非を検討する (Examine the propriety).

是非 vs 良し悪し (Yoshi-ashi)

Both mean 'good and bad.'

Yoshi-ashi is more common in daily life and often refers to quality. Zehi is formal and refers to propriety/ethics.

品質の良し悪し (Quality of the product) vs 政策の是非 (Propriety of the policy).

是非 vs 得失 (Tokushitsu)

Both involve weighing two sides.

Tokushitsu is about gain and loss (practical benefits). Zehi is about right and wrong (logic/ethics).

得失を計算する (Calculate gains and losses).

是非 vs 当否 (Tōhi)

Both mean 'propriety.'

Tōhi is extremely formal and usually refers to whether a specific legal or procedural action was 'appropriate.'

処分の当否 (The appropriateness of the punishment).

是非 vs 正邪 (Seija)

Both mean 'right and wrong.'

Seija has a stronger moral/religious connotation of 'justice vs. wickedness.'

正邪の戦い (The battle between right and wrong/good and evil).

Sentence Patterns

[Topic] の是非を問う。

増税の是非を問う。

[Topic] の是非を検討する。

新システム導入の是非を検討する。

[Topic] の是非をめぐって [Result]。

カジノ建設の是非をめぐって反対運動が起きた。

[Topic] の是非を論じる。

遺伝子操作の是非を論じる。

是非もなし。

主君の命令とあれば、是非もなし。

是非をわきまえる。

是非をわきまえた行動が必要だ。

是非の判断を下す。

委員会がその行為の是非の判断を下した。

是非を度外視する。

彼は是非を度外視して夢を追った。

Word Family

Nouns

是非 (Zehi - Right and wrong)

是非曲直 (Zehi-kyokuchoku - Right and wrong)

Verbs

是非する (Zehi-suru - To argue right and wrong - rare)

是認 (Zenin - Approval)

非難 (Hinan - Criticism)

是正 (Zesei - Correction)

非常 (Hijō - Emergency/Unusual)

是非に (Zehi ni - By all means)

How to Use It

frequency

High in news, academic writing, and formal debates. Low in casual speech.

Common Mistakes

Using 'zehi' (noun) in casual talk about food. → Kono ryouri no yoshi-ashi (This food's quality).
'Zehi' is too heavy and formal for daily trivialities. It sounds like you're holding a court case over a sandwich.
Saying 'Zehi o kudasai' to mean 'Please give it to me by all means.' → Zehi kudasai.
Adding 'o' turns 'zehi' into a noun (the right and wrong), so you're asking for 'the right and wrong.'
Confusing 'zehi' with 'zen'aku' in a policy meeting. → Seisaku no zehi (Propriety of the policy).
'Zen'aku' is for moral good/evil. Policies are evaluated for 'zehi' (propriety/merits).
Forgetting the 'no' (の) before 'zehi'. → Keikaku no zehi.
'Zehi' needs a particle to connect it to the noun it is evaluating.
Using 'zehi mo nai' to mean 'I don't have a preference.' → Docchi demo ii.
'Zehi mo nai' means 'it is inevitable/it can't be helped.' It's not for casual indifference.

Tips

Spotting the Noun

Always look for '...no zehi' or 'zehi o...'. If these particles are present, it's the noun meaning 'pros and cons.' This is the quickest way to avoid confusion with the adverbial 'by all means.'

Listen to the News

Japanese news programs are the best place to hear 'zehi' used as a noun. Pay attention during segments about new government policies or social controversies.

The Scale Metaphor

Think of 'zehi' as a balancing scale. 'Ze' is the right side, 'Hi' is the wrong side. Using the word means you are looking at the whole scale, not just one side.

Formal vs. Casual

Reserve 'zehi' for topics that deserve a 'debate.' If the topic is small (like what to eat), 'zehi' is too heavy. Use it for 'big' topics like laws, ethics, and company strategy.

Essay Structure

In a Japanese essay, using '...no zehi o ronjiru' (discuss the propriety of...) in your opening sentence immediately signals that you are an advanced writer.

Kanji Breakdown

Remembering that 'Hi' (非) is the same 'hi' in 'hijō' (emergency/unusual) and 'hinin' (denial) helps you remember that it represents the 'negative' or 'wrong' side.

Avoid 'Zehi o kite'

Never say 'zehi o kite kudasai.' It's a common 'brain fart' for learners. If you want them to come, just say 'zehi kite kudasai' (no 'o').

Nobunaga's Stoicism

Understanding 'zehi mo nai' as a historical reference will help you appreciate it when it appears in books or movies. it's about accepting the inevitable.

Zehi vs. Sanpi

If you are talking about a vote where people are 'for' or 'against,' 'sanpi' is usually more accurate. Use 'zehi' for the abstract idea of whether the thing is right.

Objective Stance

Using 'zehi' makes you sound objective. It shows you aren't just saying 'I don't like this,' but rather 'I am evaluating the merits and demerits of this.'

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'Ze' as 'Yes' (correct) and 'Hi' as 'Hiss' (wrong). Together they ask: 'Yes or Hiss?'

Visual Association

Imagine a judge holding a scale. On one side is 'Ze' (a checkmark) and on the other is 'Hi' (an X). The judge is weighing the 'Zehi'.

Word Web

Right Wrong Pros Cons Debate Judgment Ethics Propriety

Challenge

Try to write a sentence using 'zehi' as a noun (with 'no' and 'o') and another using it as an adverb in the same paragraph.

Word Origin

The word comes from Middle Chinese roots. 'Ze' (是) originally meant 'this' or 'correct/yes,' and 'Hi' (非) meant 'not' or 'wrong/no.'

Original meaning: The binary distinction between what is correct/true and what is incorrect/false.

Sino-Japanese (Kango).

Cultural Context

No specific sensitivities, but using the noun form in casual conversation can make you sound stiff or 'stuck up'.

Similar to 'merits and demerits' or 'the propriety of,' though 'zehi' is used more broadly in news.

Oda Nobunaga's final words: '是非に及ばず' (Zehi ni oyobazu). NHK News headlines regarding policy debates. Legal textbooks discussing 'Zehi-kyokuchoku'.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Political Debates

政策の是非
是非を問う
国民の判断
議論を尽くす

Legal Proceedings

行為の是非
違法性の判断
是非を正す
証拠に基づく

Corporate Strategy

投資の是非
採算性
是非を検討
リスク管理

Ethics Committees

倫理的是非
社会的な影響
是非を論じる
ガイドライン

Historical Analysis

人物の評価
是非が分かれる
歴史的背景
後世の判断

Conversation Starters

"この新しい政策の是非について、どう思われますか？"

"最近話題の技術の是非をめぐって、意見を聞かせてください。"

"その決断の是非を判断するのは、まだ早いかもしれませんね。"

"私たちはこのプロジェクトの是非を再検討すべきではないでしょうか？"

"是非を問わず、まずはやってみるという考え方もありますが、いかがですか？"

Journal Prompts

SNSの普及によるコミュニケーションの変化の是非について、自分の考えを書きなさい。

歴史上の人物一人を選び、その人物が行った大きな決断の是非を論じなさい。

AI技術の急速な発展の是非について、倫理的な観点から考察しなさい。

「是非もない」という状況に直面した時の自分の感情や対処法について書きなさい。

社会における「是非をわきまえる」ことの重要性について、具体的な例を挙げて説明しなさい。

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

Linguistically, they share the same roots, but in modern Japanese, they function as two different parts of speech. The adverb means 'by all means' and is used in invitations or to show desire. The noun means 'right and wrong' and is used in formal debates or judgments. You can tell them apart by the particles: the noun usually has 'o' or 'no' after or before it.

It's best to avoid it in casual conversation. It sounds very stiff and 'news-like.' If you want to talk about pros and cons with friends, use 'ii ten to warui ten' or 'yoshi-ashi.' Using 'zehi' might make it sound like you're giving a lecture.

It literally means 'there is no right or wrong to discuss.' It is used when a situation is so inevitable or final that there is no point in arguing about whether it should have happened. It's often translated as 'it can't be helped' or 'no choice but to accept it.'

Use 'zehi' when the debate is about ethics, logic, or social propriety (e.g., a new law). Use 'kahi' when the question is about administrative approval or technical possibility (e.g., whether a computer system can perform a task).

Yes, 'zehi' as an adverb is common at N5/N4, but 'zehi' as a noun is a common feature of N2 and N1 reading and listening sections, as it appears frequently in formal essays and news reports.

Yes, the kanji 'hi' (非) explicitly means 'wrong' or 'mistake.' So 'zehi' always implies looking at both the positive ('ze') and negative ('hi') aspects of a situation.

'是非' is excellent for a formal report. Another common business term is 'メリットとデメリット' (merits and demerits), which is slightly less formal but very common in presentations.

'Zen'aku' is about moral 'Good and Evil.' 'Zehi' is about 'Right and Wrong' in a situational or logical sense. You might judge the 'zehi' of a business decision, but you judge the 'zen'aku' of a person's character.

Technically, you might see 'zehi-suru' in very old or specialized texts meaning 'to argue right and wrong,' but in modern Japanese, it is almost exclusively a noun or an adverb.

He said it when he realized he was trapped by a traitor. It was a stoic way of saying 'There's no point in complaining or questioning how this happened; it's over.' It has since become a famous cultural reference.