When you want to say 'because' or 'so' in Korean, you can use -어서/-아서. This grammar point attaches to the end of the first verb or adjective in a sentence.
You use -아서 if the last vowel of the verb stem is ㅏ or ㅗ. For example, 가다 (to go) becomes 가서 (because I go/went).
You use -어서 if the last vowel is anything else. For instance, 먹다 (to eat) becomes 먹어서 (because I eat/ate).
This structure helps you explain the reason for something or the sequence of events. The action in the second part of the sentence happens as a result of the first part.
Remember, the tense is usually expressed in the final verb of the sentence, not with -어서/-아서 itself.
The Korean grammatical construction -어서/-아서 is used to connect two clauses where the first clause provides the reason or cause for the second clause. It can be translated as 'because,' 'so,' or 'therefore' in English.
You attach -아서 to verb or adjective stems ending in a bright vowel (ㅏ, ㅗ), and -어서 to stems ending in a dark vowel (ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ, ㅣ) or a consonant. For example, if you want to say 'Because it's cold, I'll wear a jacket,' you would use 춥다 (to be cold), which becomes 추워서.
This structure is very common in everyday Korean conversation and is essential for expressing cause and effect. It's often used with verbs like 가다 (to go), 오다 (to come), and 하다 (to do) to explain why an action is taking place.
Additionally, -어서/-아서 can indicate a sequence of events, where the action in the first clause happens before and leads to the action in the second clause. For example, 집에 와서 밥을 먹었어요 (I came home and ate a meal).
The Korean grammatical construction -어서/-아서 is used to connect two clauses where the first clause provides the reason or cause for the second clause, or indicates a sequence of actions. It translates to 'because,' 'so,' or 'therefore' in English. The choice between -어서 and -아서 depends on the final vowel of the preceding verb or adjective stem. If the stem ends in ㅏ or ㅗ, -아서 is used. For all other vowels, -어서 is used. This form implies a natural consequence or a logical flow of events between the two connected actions or states.
The Korean grammatical construction ‘-어서/아서’ is used to connect two clauses where the first clause provides the reason or cause for the second clause. It can also indicate that the first action occurred before the second action, and the second action is a direct result or consequence of the first.
When the preceding verb or adjective stem ends in a vowel or 'ㄹ' (and ‘ㄹ’ is dropped), '-아서' is used. For example, '가다' (to go) becomes '가서' (because/so I went). If the stem ends in a consonant other than 'ㄹ', '-어서' is used. For instance, '먹다' (to eat) becomes '먹어서' (because/so I ate).
It's important to note that ‘-어서/아서’ cannot be used with past tense markers (았/었). If you need to express a past reason, you would use other grammatical forms like ‘-기 때문에’ or ‘-느라고’.
Additionally, when ‘-어서/아서’ indicates a sequence of events, it often implies a close connection between the two actions, where the second action directly follows and is influenced by the first. For example, ‘학교에 가서 공부했어요’ (I went to school and studied) implies that studying happened at school after going there.
The connective ending ‘-어서/아서’ is versatile, indicating either a reason/cause or a sequential relationship between clauses. When expressing reason, it implies that the action or state in the first clause directly leads to the action or state in the second clause. For example, if you say “비가 와서 집에 있었어요” (Because it rained, I stayed home), the rain is the direct reason for staying home.
In terms of sequence, ‘-어서/아서’ shows that the action in the first clause must happen before the action in the second clause, and often that the first action enables or is necessary for the second. An example of this is “문을 열어서 들어가세요” (Open the door and go in). You must open the door before you can go in.
It’s important to note that ‘-어서/아서’ cannot be used with the past tense marker ‘-었/았-‘ in the first clause. Instead, the past tense is expressed in the second clause. So, instead of “비가 왔어서 집에 있었어요,” you would use “비가 와서 집에 있었어요.”
While often interchangeable with ‘-(으)니까’ in expressing reason, ‘-어서/아서’ generally implies a more direct and immediate cause-and-effect relationship, or a necessary sequence, without the speaker’s personal opinion or suggestion that ‘-(으)니까’ can sometimes carry. Understanding these nuances will help you choose the appropriate connective for more precise communication in Korean.
The Korean conjunction ‘-어서/-아서’ serves to connect two clauses, indicating either a reason or a sequential action. When used to express a reason, the first clause provides the cause for the action or state described in the second clause. For example, if you say “비가 와서 집에 있었어요” (Because it rained, I stayed home), ‘비가 와서’ is the reason for staying home.
Conversely, ‘-어서/-아서’ can also denote a sequence of events, where the action in the first clause logically precedes and often facilitates the action in the second clause. An example would be “밥을 먹어서 힘이 났어요” (I ate and so I gained strength), where eating precedes and leads to gaining strength. It's crucial to remember that ‘-어서/-아서’ cannot be used with past tense markers (았/었) or future tense markers (겠) on the preceding verb.
어서/아서 em 30 segundos
- Links clauses to show cause or reason.
- Indicates the first action/state leads to the second.
- Essential for connecting sentences logically.
§ What does 어서/아서 mean and when do people use it?
The Korean grammar pattern 어서/아서 is extremely common and useful. It connects two clauses, and its meaning can be understood in two main ways: indicating a reason or indicating a sequence of actions. Think of it as 'because, so' or 'and then' depending on the context. Mastering 어서/아서 will significantly improve your ability to form more complex and natural-sounding sentences in Korean.
Let's break down the two primary uses:
- Reason/Cause: This is perhaps the most frequent use. When 어서/아서 is used to express a reason, the first clause explains why the action in the second clause happens. It implies a cause-and-effect relationship. It's similar to saying 'because...' or 'since...' in English. The action in the first clause directly leads to the situation or action in the second clause.
- Sequential Actions: In this usage, 어서/아서 connects two actions that happen one after the other. The first action must be completed before the second action can occur. There's a clear temporal order. It's like saying 'and then' or 'after doing X, I did Y'. This is often used with verbs of movement or when describing a series of related events.
§ Expressing Reason/Cause with 어서/아서
When using 어서/아서 to express a reason, it's crucial to understand that the first clause provides the justification for the second clause. You cannot use past tense or future tense endings (like -았/었- or -겠-) on the verb/adjective directly before 어서/아서. The tense is determined by the final verb in the second clause.
- Definition
- Connects clauses to show that the first clause is the reason or cause for the second clause.
비가 와서 집에 있었어요.
- Hint
- Because it rained, I stayed at home.
배가 고파서 밥을 먹었어요.
- Hint
- Because I was hungry, I ate a meal.
늦잠을 자서 학교에 늦었어요.
- Hint
- Because I overslept, I was late for school.
§ Expressing Sequential Actions with 어서/아서
When 어서/아서 indicates a sequence, the second action naturally follows the first. There's a logical flow. The completion of the first action is a prerequisite for the second. This is especially common with movement verbs or when describing a routine.
- Definition
- Connects clauses to show that the second action happens after the first action is completed.
집에 가서 숙제를 할 거예요.
- Hint
- I will go home and then do my homework.
마트에 가서 과일을 샀어요.
- Hint
- I went to the supermarket and then bought fruit.
밥을 먹어서 힘이 났어요.
- Hint
- I ate a meal, and then I gained energy.
The context usually makes it clear whether 어서/아서 is indicating a reason or a sequence. If the two actions are closely related and one logically follows the other, it's likely a sequence. If one action directly causes the other's state or action, it's a reason.
Hello learners! Today, we're diving into a super practical Korean connector: 어서/아서. You'll hear this all the time, everywhere you go in Korea. It means 'because,' 'so,' or 'as a result of,' and it's essential for connecting your thoughts smoothly. Let's break it down.
- Definition
- 어서/아서 connects two clauses. The first clause is the reason or cause for the second clause. It also implies a sequence of events. For example, 'I did X, so I did Y' or 'Because I did X, I did Y.'
§ At Work: Explaining and Requesting
In a professional setting, 어서/아서 is used constantly to explain why something happened or why a request is being made. It makes your communication clear and to the point.
회의가 길어서 점심을 늦게 먹었어요.
- Hint
- The meeting was long, so I ate lunch late.
서류를 작성해야 해서 야근했어요.
- Hint
- I had to write documents, so I worked overtime.
급한 일이 생겼어서 먼저 퇴근해도 될까요?
- Hint
- An urgent matter came up, so may I leave work early?
§ At School: Giving Reasons and Explaining Actions
Whether you're a student or a teacher, you'll use 어서/아서 to talk about assignments, attendance, and study habits.
숙제가 너무 많아서 잠을 못 잤어요.
- Hint
- Because I had too much homework, I couldn't sleep.
아파서 학교에 못 갔어요.
- Hint
- Because I was sick, I couldn't go to school.
시험 공부를 열심히 해서 좋은 성적을 받았어요.
- Hint
- I studied hard for the exam, so I got good grades.
§ In the News: Reporting Causes and Effects
News reports often use 어서/아서 to explain the reasons behind events, keeping the information concise and clear for the public.
비가 많이 와서 교통 체증이 심했어요.
- Hint
- Because it rained a lot, traffic congestion was severe.
사고가 발생해서 도로가 통제되었습니다.
- Hint
- An accident occurred, so the road was closed.
새로운 정책이 시행돼서 많은 변화가 예상됩니다.
- Hint
- A new policy is being implemented, so many changes are expected.
§ General Conversations: Daily Reasons
You'll hear and use 어서/아서 constantly in everyday conversations to explain why you did something or why something is the way it is.
- Why are you tired? 할 일이 많아서 피곤해요. (Because I have a lot to do, I'm tired.)
- Why are you late? 차가 막혔어서 늦었어요. (Because traffic was bad, I was late.)
- Why are you happy? 선물을 받아서 기뻐요. (Because I received a present, I'm happy.)
As you can see, 어서/아서 is a super versatile and crucial part of Korean communication. Keep practicing these examples, and try to make your own! The more you use it, the more natural it will become. Keep up the great work!
§ Don't confuse it with -(으)니까
Many learners get 어서/아서 mixed up with -(으)니까. Both mean 'because' or 'so', but they have different uses. The biggest difference is that 어서/아서 cannot be used with commands or suggestions, while -(으)니까 can.
§ Using past tense with 어서/아서
Another common error is trying to put the past tense ending directly before 어서/아서. You don't do that. The past tense is expressed in the main clause, not the clause connected by 어서/아서.
§ Forgetting the sequence of actions
While 어서/아서 often shows a reason, it can also show a sequence of actions. Many learners focus only on 'because' and forget the 'then' meaning. The action in the first clause must happen before the action in the second clause.
Here, 'going home' happens before 'eating'. If the actions don't happen in that order, or if they happen at the same time, you shouldn't use 어서/아서 for sequence.
§ Using 어서/아서 with future tense or intention
You cannot use future tense or expressions of intention (like -ㄹ 거예요 or -겠어요) with the first clause connected by 어서/아서. The reason or first action must be something that is happening or has happened.
§ Not applying the correct form of 어서/아서
Remember the rules for attaching 어서/아서:
- If the stem ends in ㅏ or ㅗ, use -아서.
- If the stem ends in any other vowel, use -어서.
- If the stem ends in 하다, it changes to 해서.
Don't accidentally attach the wrong form, like using -어서 with a ㅏ/ㅗ ending or vice versa.
Paying attention to these common mistakes will help you use 어서/아서 correctly and naturally in your Korean conversations.
§ Understanding 어서/아서
The Korean grammatical connector 어서/아서 is extremely common. It attaches to the end of a verb or adjective stem to indicate a reason or sequence of events. Think of it as 'because' or 'so' in English. It's used when the first clause is the reason or cause for the second clause, or when the first action naturally leads to the second.
- Definition
- Because, so; connects clauses indicating reason or sequence.
Let's look at some examples to make this clear.
비가 와서 집에 있었어요.
Translation hint: Because it rained, I stayed home.
피곤해서 일찍 잤어요.
Translation hint: Because I was tired, I slept early.
§ 어서/아서 vs. (으)니까 and 때문에
While 어서/아서 means 'because' or 'so,' Korean has other ways to express cause and effect. It's important to know the differences to use them correctly.
- (으)니까 (eunigga): This also means 'because' or 'since.' The main difference is that (으)니까 can be used with imperative (commands) or propositive (suggestions) sentences, while 어서/아서 cannot. It also often implies that the reason is something the speaker just realized or is emphasizing.
배고프니까 밥 먹으러 가요.
Translation hint: Because I'm hungry, let's go eat.
- 때문에 (ttaemune): This word means 'because of' and is typically attached to nouns. It can also be attached to verb/adjective stems in the form -기 때문에 (-gi ttaemune). 때문에 often carries a stronger sense of cause and can sometimes imply a negative consequence, though not always.
날씨 때문에 기분이 안 좋아요.
Translation hint: Because of the weather, my mood isn't good.
바쁘기 때문에 못 만나요.
Translation hint: Because I'm busy, I can't meet.
§ When to use 어서/아서
Use 어서/아서 when:
- The first clause is the direct reason or cause for the second, and there's a natural flow between them.
- You are expressing a reason for something that happened or is happening.
- You are not making a command or suggestion in the second clause.
- You want to express a sequence of events where the first action enables the second (e.g., 집에 가서 밥을 먹었어요 - I went home and then ate).
How Formal Is It?
"교통 체증으로 인하여 회의에 늦었습니다. (Due to traffic congestion, I was late for the meeting.)"
"비가 와서 실내에서 놀았어요. (Because it rained, we played indoors.)"
"배고프니까 밥 먹자. (Since I'm hungry, let's eat.)"
"피곤하기 때문에 잠을 잘 거예요. (Because I'm tired, I'm going to sleep.)"
"너 땜에 망했잖아. (It's ruined because of you.)"
Curiosidade
This ending is versatile and can be used with both verbs and adjectives to show cause and effect or a sequential action. It's often shortened in casual speech, but the core meaning remains the same.
Nível de dificuldade
Straightforward as it's a common grammatical form.
Requires remembering the vowel harmony rule (아서/어서) but otherwise simple to apply.
Frequently used in conversation, easy to integrate once the rule is internalized.
Very common, so it will be heard often and is usually clear in context.
O que aprender depois
Pré-requisitos
Aprenda a seguir
Avançado
Gramática essencial
Use -어서/-아서 after verbs and adjectives to indicate reason or cause. If the verb or adjective stem ends in a vowel ㅏ or ㅗ, use -아서. Otherwise, use -어서.
날씨가 좋아서 산책했어요. (The weather was good, so I took a walk.)
If the verb or adjective stem ends in 하다, it changes to 해서.
공부해서 똑똑해졌어요. (I studied, so I became smart.)
-어서/-아서 can also connect actions in a sequential order, where the first action must happen before the second. In this case, there's no causal relationship, just a chronological one.
집에 와서 밥을 먹었어요. (I came home and then ate dinner.)
When expressing a request, command, or suggestion, -어서/-아서 is used for the reason clause. You cannot use it to express an intention or a future action in the main clause.
피곤해서 일찍 자요. (I'm tired, so I'm going to bed early.)
It cannot be used with past tense markers (었/았) directly. If the preceding action happened in the past, the past tense is implied by the context or the following clause.
배고파서 밥을 먹었어요. (I was hungry, so I ate.)
Exemplos por nível
비가 와서 집에 있어요.
Because it's raining, I am at home.
피곤해서 잠을 자고 싶어요.
Because I am tired, I want to sleep.
배고파서 밥을 먹어요.
Because I am hungry, I eat food.
친구가 와서 기뻐요.
Because my friend came, I am happy.
추워서 문을 닫았어요.
Because it was cold, I closed the door.
늦어서 죄송합니다.
Because I am late, I am sorry.
바빠서 못 갔어요.
Because I was busy, I couldn't go.
졸려서 커피를 마셔요.
Because I am sleepy, I drink coffee.
비가 와서 집에 있었어요.
Because it rained, I stayed home.
와서 (from 오다 'to come') + -아서. '비가 와서' indicates the reason for staying home.
배가 고파서 밥을 먹었어요.
Because I was hungry, I ate rice.
고파서 (from 고프다 'to be hungry') + -아서. '배가 고파서' explains why the speaker ate.
피곤해서 일찍 잤어요.
Because I was tired, I slept early.
피곤해서 (from 피곤하다 'to be tired') + -해서. '피곤해서' gives the reason for sleeping early.
한국어를 배워서 한국에 갈 거예요.
Because I am learning Korean, I will go to Korea.
배워서 (from 배우다 'to learn') + -아서. This shows a reason for a future action.
친구가 와서 같이 놀았어요.
My friend came, so we played together.
와서 (from 오다 'to come') + -아서. This can also show a sequence of events: friend came, THEN we played.
날씨가 좋아서 산책했어요.
Because the weather was good, I took a walk.
좋아서 (from 좋다 'to be good') + -아서. '날씨가 좋아서' is the reason for the walk.
숙제를 다 해서 영화를 봤어요.
Because I finished my homework, I watched a movie.
해서 (from 하다 'to do') + -해서. This shows a completed action as a reason or a preceding action.
아파서 병원에 갔어요.
Because I was sick, I went to the hospital.
아파서 (from 아프다 'to be sick') + -아서. '아파서' is the reason for visiting the hospital.
비가 와서 영화를 못 봤어요.
Because it rained, I couldn't see the movie.
피곤해서 일찍 잤어요.
Because I was tired, I slept early.
배고파서 밥을 먹었어요.
Because I was hungry, I ate rice.
친구가 와서 같이 숙제를 했어요.
My friend came so we did homework together.
날씨가 좋아서 산책했어요.
Because the weather was good, I took a walk.
바빠서 연락을 못 했어요.
Because I was busy, I couldn't contact you.
돈이 없어서 못 샀어요.
Because I didn't have money, I couldn't buy it.
길이 막혀서 늦었어요.
Because the road was blocked, I was late.
비가 와서 영화를 못 봤어요.
Because it rained, I couldn't see the movie.
'와서' shows the reason for '못 봤어요'.
피곤해서 일찍 집에 가고 싶어요.
Because I'm tired, I want to go home early.
'피곤해서' explains why the speaker wants to go home.
배가 고파서 밥을 먹었어요.
Because I was hungry, I ate a meal.
'고파서' indicates the reason for eating.
도서관에 가서 책을 빌렸어요.
I went to the library and borrowed a book.
'가서' shows a sequence of actions: going then borrowing.
친구가 와서 같이 놀았어요.
My friend came, so we played together.
'와서' connects the two actions in chronological order.
너무 바빠서 연락을 못 했어요.
Because I was too busy, I couldn't contact you.
'바빠서' gives the reason for not making contact.
날씨가 좋아서 산책을 갔어요.
Because the weather was good, I went for a walk.
'좋아서' provides the reason for the walk.
숙제를 다 해서 게임을 할 수 있어요.
Because I finished my homework, I can play games.
'다 해서' indicates the completion of homework as the reason for being able to play.
오늘은 날씨가 좋아서 기분이 좋아요.
Today, because the weather is good, my mood is good.
Used with '좋다' (to be good) to explain the reason for a good mood.
늦어서 죄송합니다.
Because I'm late, I'm sorry.
A common polite expression using '늦다' (to be late) to state the reason for an apology.
배가 고파서 밥을 많이 먹었어요.
Because I was hungry, I ate a lot of rice.
Used with '배고프다' (to be hungry) to explain the reason for eating a lot.
피곤해서 일찍 잠자리에 들었어요.
Because I was tired, I went to bed early.
Connects '피곤하다' (to be tired) with the action of going to bed early.
비가 와서 집에 있었어요.
Because it rained, I stayed at home.
Used with '비가 오다' (to rain) to explain the reason for staying home.
감기에 걸려서 학교에 못 갔어요.
Because I caught a cold, I couldn't go to school.
Connects '감기에 걸리다' (to catch a cold) with the inability to go to school.
길을 잃어서 친구에게 전화했어요.
Because I got lost, I called my friend.
Used with '길을 잃다' (to get lost) to explain the reason for calling a friend.
날씨가 추워서 따뜻한 옷을 입었어요.
Because the weather is cold, I wore warm clothes.
Connects '날씨가 춥다' (the weather is cold) with the action of wearing warm clothes.
그는 자신의 꿈을 이루기 위해서 열심히 공부하고 연습했어요. 그래서 결국에는 훌륭한 음악가가 되었어요.
He studied and practiced hard to achieve his dream. Because of that, he eventually became a great musician.
This sentence uses '그래서' to indicate a strong causal relationship between 'studying/practicing hard' and 'becoming a great musician'. It's more emphatic than just '-아서/어서'.
환경 보호의 중요성을 깨달아서, 많은 사람들이 일상생활에서 플라스틱 사용을 줄이려고 노력하고 있어요.
Realizing the importance of environmental protection, many people are trying to reduce plastic use in their daily lives.
Here, '깨달아서' (from 깨닫다 - to realize) shows the reason for the subsequent action. It implies a direct cause-and-effect.
복잡한 사회 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 단순히 개인의 노력만으로는 부족하고, 정부와 시민 사회의 적극적인 협력이 필요하다고 생각했어요.
To solve complex social problems, individual efforts alone are not enough, so I thought active cooperation between the government and civil society was necessary.
This example uses '부족하고' which, while not directly an -아서/어서 form, leads into the reasoning for the next clause. It demonstrates how a preceding condition can naturally set up the need for a solution.
데이터 분석 기술이 발달해서, 이제는 방대한 양의 정보를 효율적으로 처리하고 유의미한 패턴을 찾아낼 수 있게 되었어요.
As data analysis technology developed, we are now able to efficiently process vast amounts of information and find meaningful patterns.
'발달해서' (from 발달하다 - to develop) indicates that the development of technology is the reason for the current capability.
문화 교류를 통해 서로 다른 가치관을 이해하고 존중하게 되어서, 세계 평화에 기여할 수 있다고 믿어요.
By understanding and respecting different values through cultural exchange, we can contribute to world peace, I believe.
'존중하게 되어서' (from 존중하다 - to respect) signifies that 'understanding and respecting' is the reason for the belief in contributing to world peace.
급변하는 정보화 시대에 적응하기 위해서 끊임없이 새로운 지식을 습득하고 기술을 연마해야 해서, 자기 계발의 중요성이 더욱 커지고 있어요.
To adapt to the rapidly changing information age, we have to constantly acquire new knowledge and hone skills, so the importance of self-development is growing even more.
The phrase '연마해야 해서' (from 연마하다 - to hone) indicates 'having to hone skills' as the reason for the increased importance of self-development.
인공지능 기술의 발전으로 인해 많은 산업 분야에서 혁신적인 변화가 일어나고 있어서, 미래 사회의 모습이 크게 달라질 것으로 예상돼요.
Due to the development of AI technology, innovative changes are occurring in many industrial sectors, so the future of society is expected to change greatly.
'일어나고 있어서' (from 일어나다 - to occur) shows that the ongoing changes are the reason for the expectation of a different future society.
지구 온난화 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 국제 사회의 공동 노력이 절실하고, 각국의 책임감 있는 행동이 요구되어서, 단순한 경제적 이득을 넘어선 접근이 필요하다고 봐요.
To solve global warming, the international community's joint efforts are urgent, and responsible actions from each country are required, so an approach beyond simple economic gain is needed.
'요구되어서' (from 요구되다 - to be required) emphasizes that 'being required' is the reason for needing an approach beyond economic gain.
Colocações comuns
Frases Comuns
시간이 없어서 못 가요.
I can't go because I don't have time.
너무 피곤해서 자고 싶어요.
I'm so tired, so I want to sleep.
이 식당은 음식이 맛있어서 인기가 많아요.
This restaurant is popular because the food is delicious.
비가 와서 집에 있었어요.
It rained, so I stayed home.
친구가 와서 같이 저녁을 먹었어요.
My friend came, so we ate dinner together.
책을 읽어서 한국어를 공부했어요.
I read a book, so I studied Korean.
길이 막혀서 늦었어요.
The road was blocked, so I was late.
배고파서 밥을 먹으러 갔어요.
I was hungry, so I went to eat.
날씨가 좋아서 산책했어요.
The weather was good, so I took a walk.
궁금해서 물어봤어요.
I was curious, so I asked.
Frequentemente confundido com
While '어서/아서' connects two clauses, '그래서' is a conjunction that starts a new sentence or clause, emphasizing the result.
Similar to '어서/아서' for 'because', but '때문에' often follows a noun or a verb in its nominalized form (-기 때문에) and can sometimes imply a stronger or more negative reason.
Also means 'because' or 'so', but implies a stronger reason or a more direct consequence, often used with commands, suggestions, or when the speaker is giving their opinion.
Padrões gramaticais
Expressões idiomáticas
"비가 와서 못 갔어요."
I couldn't go because it rained.
비가 와서 못 갔어요. (It rained, so I couldn't go.)
neutral"바빠서 연락 못 했어요."
I couldn't contact you because I was busy.
바빠서 연락 못 했어요. (I was busy, so I couldn't contact you.)
neutral"피곤해서 일찍 잤어요."
I went to bed early because I was tired.
피곤해서 일찍 잤어요. (I was tired, so I went to bed early.)
neutral"한국어를 배워서 한국에 가고 싶어요."
I want to go to Korea because I am learning Korean.
한국어를 배워서 한국에 가고 싶어요. (I am learning Korean, so I want to go to Korea.)
neutral"배고파서 밥을 먹었어요."
I ate because I was hungry.
배고파서 밥을 먹었어요. (I was hungry, so I ate.)
neutral"늦어서 죄송합니다."
I'm sorry for being late.
늦어서 죄송합니다. (I am late, so I am sorry.)
formal"친구가 와서 기뻐요."
I'm happy because my friend came.
친구가 와서 기뻐요. (My friend came, so I am happy.)
neutral"날씨가 좋아서 산책했어요."
I took a walk because the weather was good.
날씨가 좋아서 산책했어요. (The weather was good, so I took a walk.)
neutral"책이 재미있어서 다 읽었어요."
I read the whole book because it was interesting.
책이 재미있어서 다 읽었어요. (The book was interesting, so I read it all.)
neutral"돈이 없어서 못 샀어요."
I couldn't buy it because I had no money.
돈이 없어서 못 샀어요. (I had no money, so I couldn't buy it.)
neutralFácil de confundir
Sounds similar to other words and can be tricky to distinguish based on sound alone.
Means 'to be young' or 'to be immature'.
아이가 너무 어서요. (The child is too young.)
Often confused with similar-sounding negative expressions.
Means 'to not be' or 'is not'.
이것은 내 책이 아니에요. (This is not my book.)
Homophone with the first part of the '어서/아서' grammar point, leading to confusion when heard.
This '어서' is an adverb meaning 'quickly' or 'come in'.
어서 오세요! (Welcome! / Come in quickly!)
Can be confused with '슬프다' (to be sad) due to similar emotional contexts.
Means 'to be sick' or 'to hurt'.
배가 아파서 병원에 갔어요. (My stomach hurt, so I went to the hospital.)
Often difficult for learners to correctly conjugate and use in different politeness levels.
Means 'to know' or 'to understand'.
한국말을 알아요? (Do you know Korean?)
Padrões de frases
[Clause 1] -아서/어서 [Clause 2].
날씨가 좋아서 산책했어요. (Because the weather was good, I took a walk.)
[Verb stem ending in ㅏ/ㅗ] + -아서 [Clause 2].
앉아서 이야기해요. (Sit down and talk.)
[Verb stem ending in other vowels/consonants] + -어서 [Clause 2].
읽어서 이해했어요. (I read it and then understood.)
[Noun]이/가 [Adjective] + -아서/어서 [Clause 2].
날씨가 추워서 옷을 입었어요. (Because the weather is cold, I put on clothes.)
A + -아서/어서 B (meaning A is the reason for B).
피곤해서 일찍 잤어요. (Because I was tired, I slept early.)
A + -아서/어서 B (meaning A happened, and then B happened).
백화점에 가서 옷을 샀어요. (I went to the department store and then bought clothes.)
Família de palavras
Substantivos
Verbos
Adjetivos
Como usar
The connective endings -어서/아서 are used to indicate that the first clause is the reason or cause for the second clause, or that the first action occurred before the second. They are attached to the stem of verbs and adjectives. Use -아서 after stems ending in ㅏ or ㅗ (e.g., 가다 → 가서, 오다 → 와서), and -어서 after stems ending in other vowels (e.g., 먹다 → 먹어서, 하다 → 해서). There is no past tense marker with -어서/아서; the tense is indicated in the final verb of the sentence. These endings can also express a sequential relationship, meaning ‘and then’ or ‘after doing something’.
A common mistake is using -어서/아서 with commands (imperatives) or suggestions (propositives). For example, you cannot say *비가 와서 집에 가자* (Because it's raining, let's go home) – you should use -(으)니까 for such cases. Also, learners often confuse it with -(으)니까. While both express reason, -어서/아서 often indicates a more direct or natural consequence, and cannot be used with imperatives/propositives. For example, 배고파서 밥을 먹어요 (Because I'm hungry, I eat) is natural, but 배고프니까 밥을 먹자 (Since I'm hungry, let's eat) uses -(으)니까 for a suggestion.
Dicas
Reason and Result
어서/아서 connects a reason or cause to a result or consequence. The action in the first clause is the reason for the action in the second.
No Tense in First Clause
The first clause (the reason) with 어서/아서 does not use past or future tense markers. The tense is indicated only in the final verb of the sentence.
Vowel/Consonant Ending Rule
Use -아서 after a verb or adjective stem ending in a ㅏ or ㅗ vowel. Use -어서 after stems ending in other vowels. If the stem ends in 하다, it becomes -해서.
Sequence of Actions
어서/아서 can also indicate a sequence of actions, where the first action must happen before the second. There is no choice involved in the order.
Common Greetings
You'll often hear 어서/아서 in common greetings like '만나서 반가워요' (Nice to meet you, lit. 'because I met you, I'm glad'). Here, meeting someone is the reason for feeling glad.
Cannot Be Used with Commands/Suggestions
A key rule: you cannot use 어서/아서 with commands (으세요) or suggestions (을까요?) in the second clause. Use (으)니까 for those.
No Interruption
When used for a sequence, the actions connected by 어서/아서 usually happen in close succession without a significant time gap or interruption.
Difference from (으)니까
While both mean 'because,' (으)니까 emphasizes the speaker's subjective reason or discovery, while 어서/아서 is more for objective or generally accepted reasons.
Practical Examples
Practice with sentences like: '배고파서 밥을 먹어요' (I'm eating because I'm hungry). '학교에 가서 공부해요' (I go to school and then study).
Sentence Flow
Using 어서/아서 creates a smooth and natural flow in your sentences when expressing cause and effect or a direct sequence of events.
Memorize
Mnemônico
Imagine a child excitedly saying, 'Uh-Seo, uh-Seo!' (어서어서), which sounds like 'Because, because!' This helps you remember that 어서/아서 means 'because' or 'so.'
Associação visual
Picture two dominoes falling. The first domino is the 'reason' (어서/아서), and it knocks over the second domino, which is the 'result' or 'consequence.'
Word Web
Desafio
Try to say why you're doing something using 어서/아서. For example, 'I'm studying Korean because it's interesting.' (한국어는 재미있어서 공부해요.)
Origem da palavra
Native Korean
Significado original: Indicates reason or sequence
KoreanicContexto cultural
The '어서/아서' ending is fundamental in Korean communication for expressing causality or a sequence of events. Understanding its use is key to forming more complex and natural-sounding sentences, reflecting how Koreans logically connect ideas in conversation. It's a very common grammatical connector used in everyday speech.
Perguntas frequentes
10 perguntasBoth 어서 and 아서 mean 'because' or 'so', but the choice depends on the preceding verb or adjective stem. If the stem ends in a vowel other than ㅏ or ㅗ, you use 어서. If it ends in ㅏ or ㅗ, you use 아서. If the stem ends in 하다, it becomes 해서.
No, you cannot directly attach 어서/아서 to a past tense verb ending (았/었). The reason for something is usually already in the past, so the tense is expressed in the main clause. For example, 'It rained, so I stayed home' would be 비가 와서 집에 있었어요 (Bi-ga waseo jib-e isseosseoyo), not 비가 왔어서.
If the verb stem ends in a consonant, you still follow the ㅏ/ㅗ rule for choosing between 어서 and 아서. For example, 먹다 (to eat) becomes 먹어서 (meog-eoseo) because the last vowel is ㅓ. 찾다 (to find) becomes 찾아서 (chaj-aseo) because the last vowel is ㅏ.
Yes, common irregular verbs like 듣다 (to listen) and 돕다 (to help) follow their usual irregular conjugations before adding 어서/아서. 듣다 becomes 들어서 (deur-eoseo), and 돕다 becomes 도와서 (dowaseo).
Absolutely! 어서/아서 is often used to show a sequence of actions where the first action leads to or is completed before the second. For example, 'I ate dinner and then studied' would be 저녁을 먹어서 공부했어요 (Jeonyeog-eul meogeoseo gongbuhaesseoyo).
Yes, 어서/아서 is a very common and natural way to express cause and effect or sequence in both formal and informal situations. You'll hear it in everyday conversations and see it in written materials.
Both express reason, but (으)니까 (eu-ni-kka) often implies the speaker's subjective judgment or a discovery, and it can be used with imperative or propositive sentences. 어서/아서 focuses more on a direct, objective cause and effect or a sequence of actions. You cannot use 어서/아서 with imperative or propositive sentences.
No, 어서/아서 is a connective ending, meaning it always connects two clauses. It cannot be used to end a sentence. The sentence must continue with a main clause after the 어서/아서 clause.
While 어서/아서 clearly states a reason, if you want to put stronger emphasis on the cause, you might use other expressions like 기 때문에 (gi ttaemun-e). However, 어서/아서 is perfectly sufficient for most everyday explanations.
For verb stems ending in vowels like ㅔ (e.g., 보내다 - to send) or ㅐ (e.g., 내다 - to put out), you generally use 어서. So, 보내다 becomes 보내서 (bonaeseo) and 내다 becomes 내서 (naeseo).
Teste-se 162 perguntas
저는 피곤해요. 그래서 집에 ___ 가요.
To say 'I am tired, so I go home,' you need to connect the two clauses with '어서/아서'. Since '가다' (to go) ends with 'ㅏ', you use '가서'.
친구가 ___ 기분이 좋아요.
To say 'My friend came, so I'm happy,' you use '와서' (from '오다' - to come) to connect the reason and result.
저는 한국어를 ___ 한국 드라마를 이해해요.
To say 'I learned Korean, so I understand Korean dramas,' you use '배워서' (from '배우다' - to learn) to show the reason.
날씨가 ___ 우리는 산책을 해요.
To say 'The weather is good, so we take a walk,' you use '좋아서' (from '좋다' - to be good) as the reason.
숙제가 ___ 지금 공부해요.
To say 'There is a lot of homework, so I am studying now,' you use '많아서' (from '많다' - to be a lot) to explain the reason.
저는 배가 ___ 밥을 먹어요.
To say 'I am hungry, so I eat rice,' you use '고파서' (from '고프다' - to be hungry) to state the reason.
Choose the correct ending: 비가 오다, 집에 있다.
'~아서/어서' connects the reason (비가 오다 - it rains) to the result (집에 있다 - stay at home).
Which sentence uses '~아서/어서' correctly?
'~아서/어서' indicates that being hungry is the reason for eating.
Complete the sentence: 저는 학생이___ 한국어를 공부해요. (I am a student, so I study Korean.)
When the preceding verb or adjective ends with '하다' or a vowel, '아서' is used. When it ends with a consonant, '어서' is used. Here, '학생이다' becomes '학생이어서'.
'~아서/어서' can connect two actions that happen in sequence.
Besides indicating reason, '~아서/어서' can also show a sequence of events, like '밥을 먹어서 힘이 나요' (I ate and then I have energy).
The sentence '피곤해서 잠을 잤어요.' means 'I slept because I was tired.'
'피곤해서' (because I was tired) provides the reason for '잠을 잤어요' (I slept).
In the sentence '날씨가 좋아서 산책했어요.', '날씨가 좋아서' is the result.
'날씨가 좋아서' (because the weather was good) is the reason, and '산책했어요' (I took a walk) is the result.
It's raining, so I'm home.
I'm hungry, so I'm eating.
I'll meet a friend and watch a movie.
Read this aloud:
피곤해서 자고 싶어요.
Focus: 피곤해서 (pigonhaeseo)
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
바빠서 시간이 없어요.
Focus: 바빠서 (bappaseo)
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
기분이 좋아서 노래해요.
Focus: 기분이 좋아서 (gibuni joaseo)
Você disse:
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The correct order is '비가 와서 집에 있어요.' which means 'Because it's raining, I'm at home.'
The correct order is '배고파서 밥을 먹어요.' which means 'Because I'm hungry, I'm eating rice.'
The correct order is '피곤해서 쉬고 싶어요.' which means 'Because I'm tired, I want to rest.'
저는 한국어를 배우고 싶어서 한국에 왔어요. (I came to Korea ___ I want to learn Korean.)
The particle '어서/아서' connects the reason for coming to Korea (wanting to learn Korean) with the action (coming to Korea). '그래서' means 'so/therefore', fitting the context of cause and effect.
비가 ___ 집에 일찍 갔어요. (It rained, so I went home early.)
'와서' is the correct form of '오다' (to come) with the '어서/아서' ending, indicating the reason for going home early. The other options are grammatically incorrect in this context.
배가 ___ 밥을 많이 먹었어요. (I was hungry, so I ate a lot of rice.)
'고파서' (from '고프다' - to be hungry) with '어서/아서' correctly expresses the reason for eating a lot. The other options do not fit the meaning.
숙제가 많아서 ___ 못 놀았어요. (I had a lot of homework, so I couldn't play.)
'그래서' correctly introduces the consequence of having a lot of homework. The other options create different meanings.
친구가 ___ 기뻤어요. (My friend came, so I was happy.)
'와서' indicates the reason for being happy (the friend coming). The '어서/아서' form is used to connect the cause and effect.
날씨가 좋아서 ___ 산책했어요. (The weather was good, so I took a walk.)
'그래서' acts as a connective that shows the result or consequence of the good weather, which is taking a walk.
Choose the correct ending: 비가 오다, 집에 있었다.
'~아서/어서' connects the reason (비가 오다 - it rained) to the result (집에 있었다 - I stayed home).
Which sentence uses '어서/아서' correctly?
'피곤해서 잠을 잤어요.' correctly uses '어서/아서' to link being tired (reason) with sleeping (result).
Select the sentence where '어서/아서' indicates a sequence of actions.
'아침에 일어나서 운동했어요.' shows a sequence: first, waking up, then exercising. The other options show a reason/result relationship.
The sentence '배고파서 밥을 먹었어요.' means 'I was hungry, so I ate rice.'
'배고프다' (to be hungry) is the reason for '밥을 먹었어요' (ate rice). This is a correct use of '~아서/어서'.
You can use '어서/아서' with a command or a suggestion.
'어서/아서' cannot be used with commands (e.g., ~으세요) or suggestions (e.g., ~ㅂ시다, ~을까요). It indicates a reason or sequence.
The phrase '서울에 가서 친구를 만났어요.' means 'I went to Seoul and met a friend.'
This sentence correctly uses '어서/아서' to show a sequence of actions: first going to Seoul, then meeting a friend.
What did they do because it rained?
Why did they go to sleep early?
What did they do because they were hungry?
Read this aloud:
바빠서 못 가요.
Focus: 바빠서
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
공부해서 똑똑해요.
Focus: 공부해서
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
늦어서 죄송합니다.
Focus: 늦어서
Você disse:
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The particles '-아/어서' connects the reason (비가 오다 - it rains) to the result (집에 있다 - staying at home).
Here, '배고파서' (because I was hungry) is the reason for '밥을 먹었어요' (I ate a meal).
'피곤해서' (because I was tired) is the reason for '일찍 잤어요' (I went to bed early).
저는 피곤___, 집에 일찍 갔어요.
The correct form is '해서' to connect the reason (being tired) with the action (going home early). '해서는' is not a common conjunctive ending. '하니까' also means 'because', but '아서/어서' is generally used for a more direct cause-and-effect or sequential action. '하지만' means 'but'.
날씨가 좋___, 산책했어요.
'아서' is used here to indicate that the good weather is the reason for going for a walk. '으니' also indicates a reason, but '아서/어서' is more commonly used in this context. '으면' means 'if', and '아도' means 'even if'.
배가 고프___, 밥을 먹었어요.
'아서' is the correct conjunctive ending to express that being hungry is the reason for eating. '면' means 'if', '니까' means 'because' but often implies the speaker's knowledge or suggestion, and '어도' means 'even if'.
친구가 와___, 같이 영화를 봤어요.
'서' is used to show a sequence of events: the friend came, and then they watched a movie together. '서도' is not a standard conjunctive ending. '는데' provides background information, and '면' means 'if'.
숙제가 많___, 밤늦게까지 공부했어요.
'아서' correctly expresses that having a lot of homework was the reason for studying until late at night. '지만' means 'but', '거나' means 'or', and '어도' means 'even if'.
문이 닫혀 있___, 들어갈 수 없었어요.
'아서' indicates that the door being closed was the reason they couldn't enter. '으니' also expresses a reason but '아서/어서' is a more direct cause. '으면' means 'if', and '을 때' means 'when'.
Choose the correct ending: 비가 오다, 저는 집에 가다.
'~아서/어서' indicates a reason for the following action. It rained, so I went home.
Which sentence correctly uses '어서/아서' to show a sequence of events?
'~아서/어서' can also indicate a sequential relationship where the first action leads directly to the second. I ate, then watched a movie.
Complete the sentence: 저는 피곤하다, 그래서 일찍 자다.
The first clause is the reason for the second clause. I was tired, so I slept early.
The sentence '배고파서 밥을 먹었어요' means 'Because I was hungry, I ate.'
'~아서/어서' is used to express the reason or cause for an action.
You can use '어서/아서' with past tense verbs directly, like '갔어서'.
You attach '어서/아서' to the stem of the verb. If the stem ends in a vowel, you use '아서' or '어서' depending on the vowel. If it ends in a consonant, you use '어서'. To express past tense, the past tense marker (-았/었-) comes before -서. So, it would be '갔으니' or '가서' in a sequential context, not '갔어서'.
'공부해서 시험에 합격했어요' means 'I studied and passed the exam.'
'~아서/어서' can indicate a sequence of events where the first action is completed before the second, and there's a natural connection between them.
It rained, so I stayed home.
I was tired, so I slept early.
I was hungry, so I ate.
Read this aloud:
날씨가 좋아서 산책했어요.
Focus: 좋아서 (jo-a-seo)
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친구가 와서 기뻤어요.
Focus: 와서 (wa-seo)
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숙제가 많아서 바빴어요.
Focus: 많아서 (ma-na-seo)
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You missed your bus. Explain why you were late using 어서/아서.
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Sample answer
제가 버스를 놓쳐서 학교에 늦었어요. (I missed the bus, so I was late for school.)
You are tired. Explain what you want to do using 어서/아서.
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Sample answer
저는 너무 피곤해서 집에 가서 쉬고 싶어요. (I'm very tired, so I want to go home and rest.)
You like a particular food. Explain why you like it using 어서/아서.
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Sample answer
이 음식은 너무 맛있어서 제가 정말 좋아해요. (This food is very delicious, so I really like it.)
친구가 지금 괜찮은 이유는 무엇입니까?
Read this passage:
친구가 아파서 병원에 갔어요. 의사가 약을 줘서 지금은 괜찮아요. 그래서 내일 학교에 올 수 있어요.
친구가 지금 괜찮은 이유는 무엇입니까?
The passage states that the friend is fine now because the doctor gave medicine (의사가 약을 줘서).
The passage states that the friend is fine now because the doctor gave medicine (의사가 약을 줘서).
사람들이 공원에 간 이유는 무엇입니까?
Read this passage:
날씨가 좋아서 우리는 공원에 갔습니다. 많은 사람들이 운동하고 있었어요. 우리는 사진도 많이 찍어서 즐거웠습니다.
사람들이 공원에 간 이유는 무엇입니까?
The passage begins by saying '날씨가 좋아서 우리는 공원에 갔습니다' (The weather was good, so we went to the park).
The passage begins by saying '날씨가 좋아서 우리는 공원에 갔습니다' (The weather was good, so we went to the park).
화자는 왜 선생님께 전화할 예정입니까?
Read this passage:
저는 숙제를 다 못해서 걱정하고 있어요. 그래서 선생님께 전화해서 도움을 요청할 거예요. 내일은 숙제를 꼭 끝낼 거예요.
화자는 왜 선생님께 전화할 예정입니까?
The speaker says '선생님께 전화해서 도움을 요청할 거예요' (I will call the teacher to ask for help) because they couldn't finish their homework and are worried.
The speaker says '선생님께 전화해서 도움을 요청할 거예요' (I will call the teacher to ask for help) because they couldn't finish their homework and are worried.
This sentence means 'Because it rained, I stayed home.' The '어서/아서' ending connects the reason (rain) to the action (staying home).
This sentence means 'Because I was hungry, I ate.' '배고프다' (to be hungry) conjugates to '배고파서' when combined with '어서/아서'.
This sentence means 'Because I was busy, I couldn't do my homework.' '바쁘다' (to be busy) conjugates to '바빠서'.
저는 비빔밥을 좋아___, 일주일에 두 번 먹어요. (I like bibimbap, so I eat it twice a week.)
'-아서/어서' connects clauses to show reason or sequence. '좋아서' (because I like it) is the correct form here. '-니까' is also for reason but can't be used with adjectives in this context without '았/었'.
날씨가 좋___, 공원에 산책하러 갔어요. (The weather was good, so I went for a walk in the park.)
For adjectives like '좋다', '-아서/어서' is used to indicate reason. '좋아서' (because it was good) is the natural fit. '-으니까' would be '좋으니까'.
버스를 놓쳤___, 지하철을 탔어요. (I missed the bus, so I took the subway.)
When the preceding clause is a past tense verb, we use '-아서/어서' with the past tense marker '았/었'. So, '놓쳤어서' (because I missed) correctly connects the clauses.
배가 고프___, 뭐든지 먹을 수 있어요. (I'm hungry, so I can eat anything.)
For adjectives ending in a vowel like '고프다', we attach '-아서'. '고파서' (because I'm hungry) is the correct form.
친구를 만났___, 같이 저녁을 먹었어요. (I met a friend, so we had dinner together.)
When the preceding clause describes an action that leads to the next action, '-아서/어서' indicates a sequential connection, often with a causal nuance. '만나서' (met and then) is appropriate.
날씨가 춥___, 따뜻한 옷을 입었어요. (The weather was cold, so I wore warm clothes.)
For adjectives like '춥다', '-아서/어서' is used to indicate reason. '추워서' (because it was cold) is the correct form, with the 'ㅂ' irregular changing to 'ㅜ'.
저는 피곤___ 일찍 잠자리에 들었어요.
The '아/어서' ending is used to connect two clauses where the first clause is the reason or cause for the second clause. '피곤하다' (to be tired) combines with '아서' to become '피곤해서'.
날씨가 춥___ 옷을 따뜻하게 입으세요.
'춥다' (to be cold) is an adjective. When connecting with '아/어서', the 'ㅂ' irregular verb changes to '우' before the vowel, so '춥다' becomes '추워서'.
버스 정류장이 멀___ 택시를 타야 했어요.
'멀다' (to be far) is an adjective. When connecting with '아/어서', the 'ㄹ' is dropped before the '으' vowel, so '멀다' becomes '멀어서'.
'저는 배고파서 밥을 먹었어요.' is a grammatically correct sentence.
'배고프다' (to be hungry) combines with '아서' to form '배고파서', correctly indicating the reason for eating.
The '아/어서' ending can be used with imperative or propositive sentences.
The '아/어서' ending typically cannot be used with imperative (commands) or propositive (suggestions) sentences. For those, '-(으)니까' is usually used.
'비가 왔어서 우산을 가져갔어요.' is a natural and common way to express 'I took an umbrella because it rained.'
While '비가 와서' is correct, using '왔어서' (past tense + 아/어서) is generally grammatically awkward and less natural. The simpler '비가 와서' (present tense verb stem + 아/어서) implies the past cause if the main clause is past tense.
The friend was late, so we missed the movie.
It rained a lot, so the road is slippery. Be careful.
I was hungry, so I ate quickly.
Read this aloud:
감기에 걸려서 학교에 못 갔어요.
Focus: 걸려서
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너무 피곤해서 아무것도 하고 싶지 않아요.
Focus: 피곤해서
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날씨가 좋아서 공원에 산책하러 갔어요.
Focus: 좋아서
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You missed an important event. Explain why using 어서/아서, focusing on a personal commitment. Write at least two sentences.
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Sample answer
친구 생일 파티에 가야 해서, 중요한 회의에 참석하지 못했습니다. 정말 죄송합니다.
Describe a positive consequence that occurred because of a specific action. Use 어서/아서 in your explanation. Write at least two sentences.
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Sample answer
제가 매일 열심히 공부해서, 시험에서 좋은 성적을 받을 수 있었습니다. 덕분에 부모님도 아주 기뻐하셨습니다.
You are explaining a change in your plans. Use 어서/아서 to state the reason for this change. Write at least two sentences.
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Sample answer
비가 많이 와서, 우리는 소풍 계획을 취소해야 했습니다. 그래서 대신 집에서 영화를 보았습니다.
왜 저는 책을 빌릴 수 없었습니까?
Read this passage:
저는 어제 도서관에 갔습니다. 책을 빌리려고 했지만, 마감 시간이 지나서 빌릴 수 없었습니다. 그래서 그냥 집에 돌아왔습니다.
왜 저는 책을 빌릴 수 없었습니까?
The passage states '마감 시간이 지나서 빌릴 수 없었습니다' (because the closing time had passed, I couldn't borrow).
The passage states '마감 시간이 지나서 빌릴 수 없었습니다' (because the closing time had passed, I couldn't borrow).
이 사람은 왜 계획을 바꾸려고 합니까?
Read this passage:
이번 주말에 친구들과 캠핑을 가기로 했어요. 그런데 일기예보를 보니 비가 올 것 같아요. 그래서 캠핑 대신 실내 활동을 찾아봐야 할 것 같아요.
이 사람은 왜 계획을 바꾸려고 합니까?
The passage says '일기예보를 보니 비가 올 것 같아요. 그래서 캠핑 대신 실내 활동을 찾아봐야 할 것 같아요.' (Looking at the weather forecast, it seems it will rain. So, I think I need to look for an indoor activity instead of camping).
The passage says '일기예보를 보니 비가 올 것 같아요. 그래서 캠핑 대신 실내 활동을 찾아봐야 할 것 같아요.' (Looking at the weather forecast, it seems it will rain. So, I think I need to look for an indoor activity instead of camping).
이 사람은 왜 한국어를 배우기 시작했습니까?
Read this passage:
저는 한국어를 배우기 시작했습니다. 한국 드라마를 좋아해서 더 잘 이해하고 싶었기 때문입니다. 처음에는 어려웠지만, 지금은 조금씩 들리기 시작해서 재미있습니다.
이 사람은 왜 한국어를 배우기 시작했습니까?
The passage states '한국 드라마를 좋아해서 더 잘 이해하고 싶었기 때문입니다.' (It's because I like Korean dramas and wanted to understand them better).
The passage states '한국 드라마를 좋아해서 더 잘 이해하고 싶었기 때문입니다.' (It's because I like Korean dramas and wanted to understand them better).
'비가 많이 와서' means 'Because it rained a lot'. '취소되었어요' means 'it was canceled'. Putting them together forms a complete sentence: 'It was canceled because it rained a lot.'
'늦게 도착해서' means 'Because I arrived late'. '영화의 시작을 놓쳤어요' means 'I missed the beginning of the movie'. Together, it means: 'Because I arrived late, I missed the beginning of the movie.'
'피곤해서' means 'Because I'm tired'. '집에 일찍 가고 싶어요' means 'I want to go home early'. The sentence translates to: 'Because I'm tired, I want to go home early.'
저는 너무 피곤해서, ___ 집에서 쉬고 싶어요.
The speaker is tired, so they want to rest at home. '그래서' means 'therefore' or 'so', fitting the causal relationship.
날씨가 좋아서, 우리는 ___ 공원에 갔어요.
'덕분에' means 'thanks to' or 'because of', implying a positive result from the good weather. '때문에' is also possible but '덕분에' implies a more direct and positive cause-effect.
회의가 길어져서, ___ 점심을 늦게 먹었어요.
The meeting was long, and as a result, they ate lunch late. '결국' means 'eventually' or 'in the end', indicating the outcome of the extended meeting.
길이 미끄러워서, ___ 천천히 운전해야 했어요.
The road was slippery, so they had to drive slowly. '따라서' means 'therefore' or 'consequently', clearly showing the cause and effect.
갑자기 비가 와서, ___ 계획을 변경했어요.
It suddenly rained, so they changed their plans urgently. '급히' means 'urgently' or 'hastily', describing how the plan change was made due to the unexpected rain.
시간이 부족해서, ___ 모든 것을 다 할 수는 없었어요.
There was not enough time, so they could 'never' do everything. '결코' means 'never' and fits the negative consequence of insufficient time.
다음 중 '시험에 떨어져서 기분이 안 좋다'의 가장 적절한 해석은?
'시험에 떨어져서'는 시험에 떨어졌기 때문에(reason)를 의미하며, '기분이 안 좋다'는 그 결과(consequence)를 나타냅니다.
'비가 와서 집에 일찍 갔다' 문장에서 '와서'의 기능은?
'비가 와서'는 비가 왔기 때문에(reason) 집에 일찍 갔다는 것을 나타냅니다.
다음 대화에서 어색한 표현은? A: 왜 늦었어요? B: 차가 막혀서 왔어요.
'차가 막혀서 왔어요'는 문법적으로 어색합니다. '차가 막혀서 늦었어요' 또는 '차가 막혀서 왔습니다 (그리고 그 결과 늦었습니다)'와 같이 사용해야 합니다.
'배가 고파서 밥을 먹었다'는 배가 고팠기 때문에 밥을 먹었다는 의미이다.
'배가 고파서'는 배가 고픈 것이 밥을 먹은 이유임을 명확히 나타냅니다.
'공부해서 시험에 합격했다'는 '공부를 했지만 시험에 합격했다'와 같은 의미이다.
'공부해서'는 공부를 했기 때문에 합격했다는 인과 관계를 나타내는 반면, '공부를 했지만'은 대조적인 의미를 가집니다.
'피곤해서 잠들었다'에서 '어서'는 이유를 나타낸다.
'피곤해서'는 피곤함이 잠이 든 이유임을 나타내는 표현입니다.
The speaker is describing a situation where someone's words were very persuasive.
The speaker is praising someone's ability to explain a complex issue clearly.
The speaker is explaining why a plan had to be completely revised.
Read this aloud:
최근 경제 상황이 불안정해서, 투자에 신중을 기해야 할 것 같습니다.
Focus: 불안정해서 (buhl-an-jeong-hae-seo)
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그녀의 제안이 너무 파격적이어서, 회의실은 잠시 침묵에 잠겼습니다.
Focus: 파격적이어서 (pa-gyeok-jeok-i-eo-seo)
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갑작스러운 폭우로 인해 도로가 침수돼서, 출근길이 많이 지연되었습니다.
Focus: 침수돼서 (chim-su-dwae-seo)
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You are organizing a community event but face unexpected challenges. Write a short paragraph explaining three different problems you encountered and how each problem affected your plans, using '-어서/아서' for each explanation.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
행사 준비 중에 예상치 못한 문제가 많이 생겼습니다. 갑자기 날씨가 안 좋아서 야외 활동을 모두 취소해야 했습니다. 또, 주요 연사 중 한 분이 아프셔서 강연 일정을 급하게 변경해야 했어요. 마지막으로, 필요한 물품이 제때 도착하지 않아서 계획했던 대로 진행하기 어려웠습니다.
Imagine you are writing a letter to a friend, explaining why you couldn't attend a recent gathering. Describe three specific reasons, using '-어서/아서' at least once for each reason to link it to the consequence of not being able to go.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
지난번 모임에 못 가서 정말 미안해. 갑자기 출장을 가게 되어서 참석할 수 없었어. 그리고 그날 너무 피곤해서 집에 일찍 들어와야 했어. 마지막으로, 중요한 가족 행사가 겹쳐서 어쩔 수 없이 빠지게 되었어. 다음번에는 꼭 갈게.
Write a short blog post entry (around 50-70 words) about a recent positive experience, explaining three different reasons why it was so enjoyable or memorable. Use '-어서/아서' to connect each reason to the positive outcome.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
지난 주말에 친구들과 여행을 가서 정말 즐거운 시간을 보냈습니다. 날씨가 너무 좋아서 아름다운 풍경을 많이 볼 수 있었어요. 맛있는 현지 음식을 잔뜩 먹어서 기분도 최고였습니다. 무엇보다 좋은 사람들과 함께여서 더욱 기억에 남는 여행이었습니다.
사람들이 친환경 제품을 선호하는 주된 이유 중 하나는 무엇입니까?
Read this passage:
요즘 환경 문제에 대한 인식이 높아지면서 많은 사람들이 친환경 제품을 선호하고 있습니다. 플라스틱 사용을 줄여서 환경 보호에 기여하고 싶어 하는 소비자들이 늘고 있기 때문입니다. 또한, 건강에 대한 관심이 커져서 유기농 식품이나 무첨가 제품을 찾는 경향도 강해지고 있습니다.
사람들이 친환경 제품을 선호하는 주된 이유 중 하나는 무엇입니까?
지문에 '플라스틱 사용을 줄여서 환경 보호에 기여하고 싶어 하는 소비자들이 늘고 있기 때문입니다.'라고 명시되어 있습니다.
지문에 '플라스틱 사용을 줄여서 환경 보호에 기여하고 싶어 하는 소비자들이 늘고 있기 때문입니다.'라고 명시되어 있습니다.
사람들이 디지털 디톡스에 관심을 갖는 주된 이유는 무엇입니까?
Read this passage:
최근 스마트폰 사용이 보편화되면서 디지털 디톡스에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있습니다. 스마트폰에 너무 많은 시간을 할애해서 정신적 피로를 느끼는 사람들이 많기 때문입니다. 그래서 많은 이들이 디지털 기기 사용을 잠시 멈추고 자연 속에서 휴식을 취하는 것을 선호합니다.
사람들이 디지털 디톡스에 관심을 갖는 주된 이유는 무엇입니까?
지문에 '스마트폰에 너무 많은 시간을 할애해서 정신적 피로를 느끼는 사람들이 많기 때문입니다.'라고 설명되어 있습니다.
지문에 '스마트폰에 너무 많은 시간을 할애해서 정신적 피로를 느끼는 사람들이 많기 때문입니다.'라고 설명되어 있습니다.
인공지능 기술의 발전으로 인해 미래 사회에 어떤 변화가 예상됩니까?
Read this passage:
미래 사회는 인공지능 기술의 발전으로 인해 많은 변화를 겪을 것으로 예상됩니다. 인공지능이 반복적인 업무를 대신해서 생산성이 크게 향상될 것입니다. 하지만, 동시에 새로운 직업들이 생겨나고 기존 직업들은 변화해서 우리는 새로운 역량을 키워야 할 필요가 있습니다.
인공지능 기술의 발전으로 인해 미래 사회에 어떤 변화가 예상됩니까?
지문에 '인공지능이 반복적인 업무를 대신해서 생산성이 크게 향상될 것입니다.'라고 언급되어 있습니다.
지문에 '인공지능이 반복적인 업무를 대신해서 생산성이 크게 향상될 것입니다.'라고 언급되어 있습니다.
This sentence correctly uses '았/아서' to show the reason (oversleeping) for being late to the meeting.
The structure '와서' connects the reason (heavy rain) to the result (cancelling the outing).
Here, '해서' indicates the completion of homework as the reason for being able to rest.
그는 너무 피곤해서 ___ 일찍 잠자리에 들었다.
The context implies a direct cause-and-effect relationship between being tired and going to bed early. '그래서' (geuraeseo) is the most natural and common way to express 'so' or 'therefore' in such situations.
날씨가 좋지 ___ 우리는 여행 계획을 취소해야 했다.
This sentence requires a reason or cause for canceling the trip. '때문에' (ttaemune) is appropriate for stating a general reason.
교통 체증이 심해서 ___ 우리는 회의에 늦었다.
'인하여' (in-hayeo) is often used in more formal or written contexts to express 'due to' or 'because of', which fits the C2 level of formality.
숙제가 많아서 ___ 밤새도록 공부해야 했다.
'따라서' (ttaraseo) means 'therefore' or 'consequently' and fits well when expressing a logical outcome of a situation.
그는 열심히 노력했기에 ___ 성공할 수 있었다.
'덕분에' (deokbune) means 'thanks to' or 'owing to', implying that success was a positive result of his hard work.
갑작스러운 사고로 ___ 그의 계획은 모두 무산되었다.
Similar to a previous example, '인하여' (in-hayeo) is a more formal and appropriate choice at C2 level to indicate a cause or reason, especially for an unexpected event.
다음 문장 중 '어서/아서'의 사용이 적절하지 않은 것을 고르세요. (Choose the sentence where '어서/아서' is used inappropriately.)
이 문장에서는 원인과 결과의 시간적 선후 관계가 명확하므로 '-(으)니까'를 사용하는 것이 더 자연스럽습니다. '어서/아서'는 주로 동시적이거나 인과 관계가 강한 경우에 사용됩니다. (In this sentence, because the temporal relationship of cause and effect is clear, using '-(으)니까' is more natural. '어서/아서' is mainly used when the relationship is simultaneous or strongly causal.)
다음 중 '어서/아서'를 사용하여 가장 자연스러운 문장을 고르세요. (Choose the most natural sentence using '어서/아서'.)
'감기에 걸려서 병원에 가야 합니다'는 원인(감기)과 결과(병원에 가야 함)가 직접적인 인과 관계를 나타내므로 '어서/아서' 사용이 적절합니다. 다른 선택지들은 '-(으)니까'나 다른 연결어미가 더 자연스러울 수 있습니다. (The sentence 'I caught a cold, so I have to go to the hospital' appropriately uses '어서/아서' because it shows a direct causal relationship between the cause (cold) and the effect (having to go to the hospital). Other options might be more natural with '-(으)니까' or other connecting endings.)
다음 대화에서 밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 가장 적절한 표현을 고르세요. (Choose the most appropriate expression for the underlined part in the following conversation.) A: 왜 그렇게 표정이 안 좋아요? (Why do you look so down?) B: 어제 밤새도록 일을 __________ 잠을 못 잤어요. (I worked all night yesterday, so I couldn't sleep.)
밤새도록 일을 한 것이 잠을 못 잔 직접적인 원인이 되므로 '어서/아서'를 사용한 '해서'가 가장 자연스럽습니다. (Working all night is the direct cause of not being able to sleep, so '해서' using '어서/아서' is the most natural.)
'어서/아서'는 명령문이나 청유문과 함께 사용할 수 있다.
'어서/아서'는 명령문이나 청유문과 함께 사용할 수 없으며, 이러한 경우에는 주로 '-(으)니까'를 사용합니다. ('어서/아서' cannot be used with imperative or propositive sentences; in such cases, '-(으)니까' is mainly used.)
'아이가 울어서 엄마가 달래주었다'는 문장에서 '울어서'는 아이가 울고 엄마가 달래주는 행위가 동시에 발생했음을 나타낸다.
이 문장은 아이가 울자마자 엄마가 바로 달래주는 상황을 나타내며, 이는 '어서/아서'가 나타내는 선행 행위와 후행 행위의 밀접한 연관성 또는 동시성을 잘 보여줍니다. (This sentence describes a situation where the mother immediately comforts the child as soon as the child cries, which perfectly illustrates the close connection or simultaneity between the preceding and succeeding actions that '어서/아서' signifies.)
'시험에 합격해서 기분이 좋다'에서 '시험에 합격해서'는 '기분이 좋다'의 직접적인 이유가 된다.
시험에 합격한 것이 기분이 좋은 직접적인 원인이자 근거가 되므로 '어서/아서'의 사용이 적절합니다. (Passing the exam is the direct cause and basis for feeling good, so the use of '어서/아서' is appropriate.)
You are explaining a complex cultural phenomenon in Korea that has multiple contributing factors. Write a paragraph detailing these factors using '어서/아서' to link causes and effects.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
한국의 급속한 경제 발전으로 인해서 사회 구조가 크게 변하였고, 이것이 새로운 가족 형태를 만들어냈습니다. 또한, 서구 문화의 유입으로 가치관의 변화가 생겨 전통적인 관습들이 약화되었으므로, 현재 한국 사회는 다양한 문화적 현상들을 겪고 있습니다.
Describe a personal experience where a series of events led to an unexpected outcome. Use '어서/아서' to show the causal relationships between these events.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
대학교 때 전공이 마음에 들지 않아서 다른 분야를 공부하기 시작했습니다. 그렇게 새로운 지식을 얻게 되어서 흥미를 느끼게 되었고, 결국 완전히 다른 직업을 갖게 되었습니다. 이러한 우연한 계기로 제 인생의 방향이 바뀌게 되었습니다.
Imagine you are writing a persuasive essay arguing for a specific policy change in Korea. Use '어서/아서' to logically connect the problem, its root causes, and the proposed solution's benefits.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
현재 높은 청년 실업률이 심각한 사회 문제로 대두되고 있으므로, 정부는 새로운 일자리 창출 정책을 적극적으로 추진해야 합니다. 또한, 교육 시스템이 빠르게 변하는 산업 수요를 따라가지 못하고 있어서, 직업 훈련 프로그램을 강화해야 할 필요가 있습니다. 이러한 정책들이 시행되면 청년들이 더 쉽게 일자리를 찾을 수 있을 것이며, 이는 결국 국가 경제 활성화에 기여할 것입니다.
위 글의 내용으로 미루어 볼 때, 전문가들이 스마트폰 사용 조절을 권고하는 가장 주된 이유는 무엇입니까?
Read this passage:
한국의 한 연구에 따르면, 과도한 스마트폰 사용으로 인해 젊은 세대 사이에서 수면 부족 현상이 심화되고 있다고 합니다. 잠이 부족해서 낮 동안 집중력이 떨어지고 학업 성적에도 부정적인 영향을 미치므로, 전문가들은 스마트폰 사용 습관을 조절할 것을 권고하고 있습니다. 또한, 밤늦게까지 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 뇌 활동을 자극하여 수면의 질을 저하시키기 때문에, 잠자리에 들기 전에는 스마트폰 사용을 자제하는 것이 중요합니다.
위 글의 내용으로 미루어 볼 때, 전문가들이 스마트폰 사용 조절을 권고하는 가장 주된 이유는 무엇입니까?
지문에서 '잠이 부족해서 낮 동안 집중력이 떨어지고 학업 성적에도 부정적인 영향을 미치므로', '밤늦게까지 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 뇌 활동을 자극하여 수면의 질을 저하시키기 때문에'라고 언급하며 수면 부족과 질 저하가 핵심 원인임을 명시하고 있습니다.
지문에서 '잠이 부족해서 낮 동안 집중력이 떨어지고 학업 성적에도 부정적인 영향을 미치므로', '밤늦게까지 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 뇌 활동을 자극하여 수면의 질을 저하시키기 때문에'라고 언급하며 수면 부족과 질 저하가 핵심 원인임을 명시하고 있습니다.
이 글에 따르면, 반려동물 관련 산업이 급성장하는 가장 큰 원인은 무엇입니까?
Read this passage:
최근 몇 년간 한국 사회에서는 반려동물을 가족처럼 여기는 인식이 확산되면서, 반려동물 관련 산업이 급성장하고 있습니다. 많은 사람들이 외로움을 느껴서 반려동물을 입양하고 있으며, 이로 인해 반려동물 용품, 사료, 병원 등 관련 시장의 규모가 크게 확대되었습니다. 반려동물을 기르는 가구가 늘어나면서, 반려동물 관련 법규와 문화적 인식 또한 변화하고 있는 추세입니다.
이 글에 따르면, 반려동물 관련 산업이 급성장하는 가장 큰 원인은 무엇입니까?
글의 첫 문장에서 '반려동물을 가족처럼 여기는 인식이 확산되면서, 반려동물 관련 산업이 급성장하고 있습니다'라고 명시되어 있습니다. 이는 산업 성장의 주된 원인입니다.
글의 첫 문장에서 '반려동물을 가족처럼 여기는 인식이 확산되면서, 반려동물 관련 산업이 급성장하고 있습니다'라고 명시되어 있습니다. 이는 산업 성장의 주된 원인입니다.
이 글에서 언급된 기후 변화의 영향 중, '어서/아서'를 통해 직접적으로 설명된 한국의 상황은 무엇입니까?
Read this passage:
기후 변화는 전 세계적으로 심각한 문제로 대두되고 있으며, 그 영향은 한국에서도 명확하게 나타나고 있습니다. 해수면이 상승하고 있어서 해안 지역의 침수 위험이 증가하고 있으며, 극단적인 기상 현상으로 인해 농작물 피해가 심각해지고 있습니다. 이러한 문제들을 해결하기 위해서는 국제적인 협력과 더불어 각 국가의 적극적인 탄소 배출 감소 노력이 필수적입니다.
이 글에서 언급된 기후 변화의 영향 중, '어서/아서'를 통해 직접적으로 설명된 한국의 상황은 무엇입니까?
지문에서 '해수면이 상승하고 있어서 해안 지역의 침수 위험이 증가하고 있으며'라고 언급하여 '어서/아서' 구문을 통해 해수면 상승과 침수 위험 증가의 인과 관계를 직접적으로 설명하고 있습니다.
지문에서 '해수면이 상승하고 있어서 해안 지역의 침수 위험이 증가하고 있으며'라고 언급하여 '어서/아서' 구문을 통해 해수면 상승과 침수 위험 증가의 인과 관계를 직접적으로 설명하고 있습니다.
This sentence means 'Because he suddenly got angry, everyone was flustered.' The 어서/아서 connector links the cause (his anger) to the effect (everyone being flustered).
This sentence means 'Because the plan was unrealistic, its execution was impossible.' 어서/아서 clearly states the reason for the impossibility.
This sentence means 'After a long period of deliberation, he eventually submitted his resignation.' While not using 어서/아서 directly, the structure implies a consequence or sequence, a common use case for understanding how Koreans link ideas. (Self-correction: The prompt specifically asks for '어서/아서' examples. I need to ensure the sentence directly uses the target grammar point. Let's adjust this one.) Corrected sentence for '어서/아서': '오랜 시간 고심해서 그는 결국 사직서를 제출했다.' (Because he deliberated for a long time, he eventually submitted his resignation.) This fits the 'reason' aspect of 어서/아서.
/ 162 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Use '-어서/아서' to show 'because' or 'so' relationships between sentences in Korean.
- Links clauses to show cause or reason.
- Indicates the first action/state leads to the second.
- Essential for connecting sentences logically.
Reason and Result
어서/아서 connects a reason or cause to a result or consequence. The action in the first clause is the reason for the action in the second.
No Tense in First Clause
The first clause (the reason) with 어서/아서 does not use past or future tense markers. The tense is indicated only in the final verb of the sentence.
Vowel/Consonant Ending Rule
Use -아서 after a verb or adjective stem ending in a ㅏ or ㅗ vowel. Use -어서 after stems ending in other vowels. If the stem ends in 하다, it becomes -해서.
Sequence of Actions
어서/아서 can also indicate a sequence of actions, where the first action must happen before the second. There is no choice involved in the order.
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입체적
B2Having a three-dimensional effect or examining something from multiple perspectives rather than a single flat view. It implies a comprehensive and detailed analysis.
~에 관해
B1About, concerning.
~에 대하여
A2Concerning or regarding a particular subject; about.
~대해
A2About; concerning; regarding.
~에 관하여
A2Regarding, concerning, about (a topic).
~에 대해(서)
A1Indicates the topic or subject of discussion, meaning 'about' or 'regarding'.
무엇보다
A2More than anything else; above all.
결석생
A2A student who is absent from class.
추상화하다
B2To consider something theoretically or separately from its physical reality. It involves extracting general principles from specific examples.
추상
A2Abstraction; the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events.
