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B1 adjective #7,000 am häufigsten 9 Min. Lesezeit

گلدوزی شده

goldoozi shode
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At the A1 level, you can think of 'گلدوزی شده' (goldoozi shodeh) as a special word for 'beautiful clothes' or 'decorated fabric'. The word starts with 'gol', which you might already know means 'flower'. Many embroidered things have flowers on them, so that's an easy way to remember it! You can use this word when you see a shirt or a bag that has pretty designs sewn onto it with colorful threads. Just remember to say the name of the thing first, then 'e', then 'goldoozi shodeh'. For example, 'lebas-e goldoozi shodeh' means 'embroidered dress'. It's a great word to use when you are shopping in a market and want to point at something pretty. You don't need to worry about the complicated grammar yet; just think of it as a long adjective that means 'has pretty sewing on it'. If you see a tablecloth with flowers, you can say 'In ghashange!' (This is beautiful!) and point to the 'goldoozi' parts. It's a very positive word that people use to talk about things they like or gifts they want to buy.
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At the A2 level, you should start to notice how 'گلدوزی شده' is built. It's made of 'gol' (flower), 'dooz' (from the verb for sewing), and 'shodeh' (which means 'become' or 'done'). So it literally means 'made with flower-sewing'. In Persian, we often use 'shodeh' at the end of words to show that something was done to an object. You can use this word to describe your hobbies or things in your house. For example, you can say 'Man yek kif-e goldoozi shodeh daram' (I have an embroidered bag). This is more specific than just saying 'kif-e ghashang' (beautiful bag). It shows you know what kind of decoration it is. You might also hear this word in simple questions when you are shopping, like 'Aya in ba dast goldoozi shodeh?' (Is this embroidered by hand?). This is a very useful question in Iran because hand-made things are more special. Try to practice linking it to different nouns like 'parde' (curtain), 'roomizi' (tablecloth), or 'kif' (bag).
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As a B1 learner, you can now appreciate 'گلدوزی شده' as a passive adjective. The 'shodeh' part is the past participle of 'shodan', which is used here to create a resultative state. This word is essential for discussing Iranian culture and handicrafts. You should be able to distinguish between 'goldoozi' (the noun/activity of embroidery) and 'goldoozi shodeh' (the adjective describing the object). For example, 'Goldoozi honar-e ghashangi ast' (Embroidery is a beautiful art) vs. 'In mantoy-e goldoozi shodeh ghashang ast' (This embroidered manto is beautiful). At this level, you can also start using it in more complex sentences with conjunctions. 'Man in lebas ra doost daram chon ba dast goldoozi shodeh ast' (I like this dress because it has been embroidered by hand). You should also be aware that while 'gol' means flower, the term covers all types of decorative needlework. You will encounter this word frequently in travel guides about Iran or when visiting historical houses where traditional textiles are displayed.
At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'گلدوزی شده' in various registers. In formal contexts, it describes the artistic merit of a textile, while in informal contexts, it might be used to discuss fashion trends. You should also be able to recognize related words like 'soozandoozi' or 'sormeh-doozi' and understand that 'goldoozi shodeh' is the broader category. You can use it to explain the cultural significance of gifts. For instance, you might explain that a 'Janamaz' (prayer mat) is often 'goldoozi shodeh' to show respect and beauty in prayer. You should also be able to use the word in the passive voice in different tenses. 'In parcheh dar hal-e goldoozi shodan ast' (This fabric is being embroidered). At this stage, you should also pay attention to the quality of the 'goldoozi'. Is it 'zarif' (delicate) or 'por-kar' (heavily worked)? Adding these descriptive adverbs will make your Persian sound much more advanced and precise when discussing art and crafts.
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For C1 learners, 'گلدوزی شده' is a gateway to discussing the technical and historical aspects of Persian textile arts. You should be able to discuss the regional variations of 'goldoozi' across Iran, such as the difference between the 'Pateh' of Kerman and the 'Baluchi' needlework, all while using 'goldoozi shodeh' as a foundational term. You can analyze the word's structure as a perfect passive participle used attributively. In your writing, you might use it to describe the 'aesthetic of the garden' in Persian domestic life, where 'goldoozi shodeh' fabrics bring the outdoors inside. You should also be able to use it in metaphorical or literary senses, or in technical discussions about the textile industry's shift from hand-work to machine-work. 'In asar ba deghat-e faravani goldoozi shodeh ast' (This work has been embroidered with immense precision). Your vocabulary should also include the specific tools (soozan, kargah) and materials (abrisham, nakh) associated with 'goldoozi shodeh' items.
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At the C2 level, you possess a near-native understanding of 'گلدوزی شده' and its place within the vast lexicon of Persian art history. You can engage in deep critiques of textile works, discussing the 'zarafat' (refinement) and 'asalat' (authenticity) of an embroidered piece. You understand the socio-economic implications of 'goldoozi shodeh' products in rural development and women's empowerment projects in Iran. You can use the term in academic writing about the Safavid or Qajar era textiles, where 'goldoozi shodeh' garments were symbols of status and power. You are also aware of the subtle linguistic shifts—how the term might be used in modern branding to evoke a sense of 'nostalgia' (nostalzhi) or 'luxury' (loox). You can effortlessly navigate between the technical jargon of a master embroiderer and the everyday usage of a consumer, understanding the emotional and cultural resonance that an 'embroidered' item holds in the collective Persian memory.
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گلدوزی شده in 30 Sekunden

  • Means 'embroidered' in Persian, used for textiles and fashion.
  • Literally 'flower-sewn', though it covers all decorative needlework patterns.
  • A compound adjective formed from 'gol' (flower) + 'dooz' (sew) + 'shodeh' (become).
  • Highly associated with Iranian handicrafts, tradition, and high-quality artisanal work.

The term گلدوزی شده (pronounced 'gol-doo-zee sho-deh') is a compound adjective in Persian that translates directly to 'embroidered' in English. Etymologically, it is composed of three distinct parts: گل (gol) meaning 'flower', دوز (dooz) which is the present stem of the verb dukhtan (to sew), and the suffix ی (-ee) which transforms the action into a noun (needlework or embroidery). Finally, شده (shodeh) is the past participle of the verb 'to become', used here to form a passive adjective. While the literal translation is 'flower-sewn', in modern Persian, it refers to any form of decorative needlework on fabric, regardless of whether the pattern involves flowers or geometric shapes.

Literal Essence
The word evokes the image of nature being meticulously replicated by hand onto textiles, reflecting the historical Persian obsession with gardens and floral aesthetics.

In the context of Iranian culture, this word carries a weight of craftsmanship and tradition. When you describe a garment or a piece of home decor as گلدوزی شده, you are often implying a higher value, a sense of artistry, and a connection to domestic heritage. It is frequently used in the bustling bazaars of Isfahan or Shiraz to distinguish between mass-produced, printed fabrics and those that have been painstakingly decorated by hand. You will hear this term in fashion boutiques, interior design discussions, and when admiring family heirlooms passed down through generations.

مادربزرگم یک رومیزی گلدوزی شده بسیار قدیمی دارد که آن را در صندوقچه‌اش نگه می‌دارد.

(My grandmother has a very old embroidered tablecloth that she keeps in her chest.)

From a linguistic perspective, the word is versatile. It can describe a wide array of items: from a پیراهن گلدوزی شده (embroidered shirt) to کفش‌های گلدوزی شده (embroidered shoes). It is a passive construction, which is common in Persian adjectives derived from verbs. This structure emphasizes the state of the object rather than the person who performed the action. In a world increasingly dominated by fast fashion, using the word گلدوزی شده often signals an appreciation for 'slow fashion' and artisanal skill.

Furthermore, the word is not limited to high-end art. It is used in everyday conversation when shopping for gifts or describing one's hobbies. If someone says 'من به کارهای گلدوزی شده علاقه دارم' (I am interested in embroidered works), they are expressing a taste for detail and texture. The tactile nature of the word is important; it suggests something you can feel with your fingers—the raised threads and the intricate knots. It is a word of beauty, patience, and tradition.

Using گلدوزی شده correctly requires understanding its role as an adjective that follows the noun it describes, linked by the 'Ezafe' (the short 'e' sound). For instance, to say 'embroidered dress', you say lebas-e goldoozi shodeh. Because it is a compound adjective ending in the past participle 'shodeh', it remains stable regardless of the gender or number of the noun in most standard contexts, though pluralization of the noun itself follows standard Persian rules.

Grammar Focus: The Ezafe
Always remember the 'e' link: [Noun] + -e + گلدوزی شده. Example: شالِ گلدوزی شده (shāl-e goldoozi shodeh).

In formal writing, you might see this word used to describe historical artifacts in museums. For example: 'این پارچه ابریشمی با طرح‌های اسلیمی گلدوزی شده است' (This silk fabric is embroidered with arabesque patterns). Here, the 'shodeh' functions as part of a passive verb phrase (is embroidered). In casual speech, the 'shodeh' is often shortened or the entire phrase is used as a standalone descriptor. You might point at a bag and simply say, 'چقدر قشنگه، گلدوزی شده‌ست!' (How beautiful, it's embroidered!).

آیا این طرح‌ها با دست گلدوزی شدهاند یا با ماشین؟

(Are these designs embroidered by hand or by machine?)

When comparing items, you can use the word to highlight quality. 'این پیراهن گلدوزی شده گران‌تر از آن یکی است' (This embroidered shirt is more expensive than that one). It is also common to see it paired with adverbs of manner, such as ظریف (delicately) or بسیار (very). 'یک رومیزی بسیار ظریف گلدوزی شده' (A very delicately embroidered tablecloth). This level of detail helps convey the specific aesthetic being discussed.

In creative writing or poetry, گلدوزی شده can be used metaphorically. One might describe a meadow as being 'embroidered with flowers' by nature itself, though this is more of a literary flourish. In everyday modern Persian, however, keep it focused on textiles. Whether you are describing a جانماز (prayer mat) or a پرده (curtain), this adjective adds a layer of descriptive richness that simple color or material words cannot provide.

If you find yourself wandering through the Grand Bazaar of Tehran or the Vakil Bazaar in Shiraz, the word گلدوزی شده will be a constant companion. Merchants will use it as a primary selling point. They might call out to you, 'بفرمایید تماشا کنید، شال‌های گلدوزی شده اعلا!' (Please come and see, high-quality embroidered shawls!). In these commercial settings, the word is synonymous with 'handcrafted' and 'premium'. It’s a word that invites you to touch the fabric and appreciate the labor involved.

Marketplace Lingo
When a seller says 'کارِ دست، گلدوزی شده', they are emphasizing that the work was done by hand, which significantly increases the price and prestige.

Another common place to hear this word is within the domestic sphere, particularly among older generations. Persian grandmothers (Maman-bozorgs) are famous for their needlework skills. You might hear them critiquing a piece of work: 'این گلدوزی شده اما تمیز نیست' (This is embroidered, but it's not clean/neat). Here, 'clean' refers to the precision of the stitches. The word is central to the 'Sismooni' (preparing the baby's room) and 'Jahiziyeh' (the bride's dowry) traditions, where embroidered towels, sheets, and clothes are highly prized.

در نمایشگاه صنایع دستی، غرفه‌ای فقط لباس‌های سنتی گلدوزی شده می‌فروخت.

(At the handicrafts exhibition, one booth was selling only traditional embroidered clothes.)

In the world of modern Iranian fashion, designers are increasingly incorporating traditional elements into contemporary styles. You will see گلدوزی شده in the descriptions of 'Manto' (the long coats worn by women in Iran). A 'مانتوی گلدوزی شده' is a popular choice for formal events or weddings. It represents a fusion of modern silhouettes with ancient decorative techniques. Television programs about art, culture, and traditional crafts also use this term extensively when documenting the lives of rural artisans.

Lastly, you'll encounter this word in online shopping platforms and social media pages of Iranian artists. Instagram is a huge hub for Persian embroidery (often called #goldoozi). When scrolling through these pages, you will see captions like 'سفارش مشتری عزیزم، دیوارکوب گلدوزی شده' (My dear customer's order, an embroidered wall hanging). This reflects the modern revival of the craft among the younger generation in Iran, who are taking گلدوزی شده items and making them trendy again.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing گلدوزی شده (embroidered) with بافته شده (woven or knitted). While both involve thread and fabric, they are fundamentally different processes. Bafteh shodeh refers to the actual creation of the fabric or a sweater, whereas goldoozi shodeh refers to the decoration added onto an existing piece of fabric. Using them interchangeably will confuse a native speaker, especially if you are describing the texture of the item.

Confusion Alert
گلدوزی شده: Embroidery (added on top).
بافته شده: Woven/Knitted (the structure itself).

Another common error is omitting the 'shodeh' when it is needed to function as an adjective. Some learners might simply say 'لباس گلدوزی' (lebas-e goldoozi). While this is understandable and sometimes used in very casual shorthand, it technically means 'embroidery dress' (a dress made of embroidery) rather than 'embroidered dress'. Adding the شده clarifies that the action of embroidery has been performed upon the dress. It's the difference between a noun-noun compound and a noun-adjective phrase.

اشتباه: این پارچه گلدوزی است. درست: این پارچه گلدوزی شده است.

(Mistake: This fabric is embroidery. Correct: This fabric is embroidered.)

Learners also sometimes struggle with the 'Ezafe' connection. Because گلدوزی ends in a 'y' sound (ی), the Ezafe is usually represented by a small 'ye' (ی) or a 'hamzeh' over the final letter in formal writing, but it's often just pronounced as a long 'ye' sound. Forgetting this link makes the sentence sound disjointed. It should be goldoozi-ye shodeh. Also, avoid confusing it with چاپ شده (printed). If you call a cheap printed t-shirt 'goldoozi shodeh', you are giving it way too much credit!

Finally, be careful with the word خیاطی (tailoring/sewing). While goldoozi is a type of sewing, it is specifically decorative. If you want to say a dress was 'sewn' (as in constructed), use 'دوخته شده' (dukhteh shodeh). If you want to say it was 'decorated with needlework', use 'گلدوزی شده'. Using the wrong term might lead a tailor to think you want the dress repaired rather than decorated.

While گلدوزی شده is the most general term for embroidered items, Persian has a rich vocabulary for specific types of needlework. Understanding these can help you sound more like a native and appreciate the nuances of the craft. One common alternative is سوزن‌دوزی شده (soozan-doozee shodeh). While 'goldoozi' implies floral or general decorative patterns, 'soozan-doozee' (literally 'needle-sewing') is often used for the more geometric and traditional ethnic styles, particularly those from the Baluchistan region.

Comparison: Goldoozi vs. Soozan-doozee
گلدوزی شده: General term, often associated with flowers and modern styles.
سوزن‌دوزی شده: More traditional, often refers to specific regional handiwork.

Another term you might encounter is ملیله‌دوزی شده (malileh-doozee shodeh), which refers to embroidery done with fine wire (usually silver or gold) or beads. This is a much more ornate and expensive style. If you are looking at a luxurious wedding garment, it is more likely to be malileh-doozee شده than just simple goldoozi شده. Similarly, سرمه‌دوزی شده (sormeh-doozee shodeh) refers to a specific type of Iranian embroidery using metallic threads, commonly seen on 'Termeh' fabrics.

این بقچه پولک‌دوزی شده است، نه فقط گلدوزی ساده.

(This bundle is sequined, not just simple embroidery.)

If you want to describe something that is simply 'decorated' without specifying the method, you could use تزئین شده (taz'een shodeh). This is a broader term that could include embroidery, printing, or even attached jewels. However, it lacks the specific 'handmade' connotation that گلدوزی شده carries. For something that is 'patterned' (like a print), use طرح‌دار (tarh-dar). This is the word you would use for a t-shirt with a printed logo, which is definitely not goldoozi شده.

Finally, there is قلاب‌بافی شده (ghollab-bafee shodeh), which means 'crocheted'. This is often confused with embroidery by beginners, but crochet involves creating the entire fabric with a hook, whereas embroidery is done on top of fabric with a needle. Knowing these distinctions—goldoozi (embroidery), baftani (knitting/weaving), and ghollab-bafee (crochet)—is essential for anyone interested in Persian textiles and handicrafts.

How Formal Is It?

Wusstest du?

In ancient Persia, embroidery was not just a craft but a way of storytelling. Some 'goldoozi shodeh' pieces were used as maps or to record family lineages through specific floral symbols.

Aussprachehilfe

UK /ɡol.duː.ziː ʃo.de/
US /ɡoʊl.duː.ziː ʃoʊ.deɪ/
The primary stress is on the last syllable of 'goldoozi' (the 'zi' part) and a secondary stress on the 'shoh' of 'shodeh'.
Reimt sich auf
دوزی شده (doozi shodeh) سوزی شده (soozi shodeh) روزی شده (roozi shodeh) پوزی شده (poozi shodeh) دوخته شده (dukhteh shodeh) ساخته شده (sakhteh shodeh) بافته شده (bafteh shodeh) پرداخته شده (pardakhteh shodeh)
Häufige Fehler
  • Pronouncing 'gol' like the English 'goal' (it should be a shorter 'o').
  • Omitting the 'shodeh' when using it as an adjective.
  • Misplacing the stress on the first syllable 'gol'.
  • Mixing up the 'z' and 'j' sounds (it is 'doozi', not 'dooji').
  • Forgetting the Ezafe 'e' sound between the noun and the adjective.

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 3/5

Easy to recognize because of 'Gol' (flower) and the common 'shodeh' ending.

Schreiben 4/5

Requires remembering the spelling of 'doozi' with 'z' and the compound structure.

Sprechen 3/5

Fluid pronunciation of the 'z' and 'sh' sounds is key.

Hören 3/5

Easily identified in market contexts or fashion discussions.

Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest

Voraussetzungen

گل (flower) دوختن (to sew) شدن (to become) لباس (clothes) قشنگ (beautiful)

Als Nächstes lernen

سوزن‌دوزی (needlework) ابریشم (silk) صنایع دستی (handicrafts) بافتن (to weave) تزیین (decoration)

Fortgeschritten

اسلیمی (arabesque patterns) ترمه (termeh fabric) بته‌جقه (paisley pattern) ظرافت (delicacy) اصالت (authenticity)

Wichtige Grammatik

Passive Adjective Construction

Past Stem + 'eh' + shodeh (e.g., گلدوزی شده)

Ezafe Linkage

Noun + -e + Adjective (e.g., لباسِ گلدوزی شده)

Compound Noun Formation

Noun + Present Stem + 'ee' (e.g., گل + دوز + ی = گلدوزی)

Adjective Placement

Adjectives always follow the noun in Persian (except for some superlatives).

Using 'ba' for Instruments

Use 'ba' (with) to specify how it was embroidered (e.g., با دست).

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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

این لباس گلدوزی شده است.

This dress is embroidered.

Simple [Noun] + [Adjective] + [Verb] structure.

2

من رومیزی گلدوزی شده را دوست دارم.

I like the embroidered tablecloth.

Use of 'ra' as a direct object marker.

3

آن کیف گلدوزی شده است؟

Is that bag embroidered?

Question form using intonation.

4

مادرم پیراهن گلدوزی شده می‌خرد.

My mother buys an embroidered shirt.

Present continuous tense usage.

5

گل‌های گلدوزی شده خیلی زیبا هستند.

The embroidered flowers are very beautiful.

Plural noun with adjective.

6

این یک هدیه گلدوزی شده است.

This is an embroidered gift.

Indefinite 'yek' with adjective.

7

رنگ‌های گلدوزی شده شاد هستند.

The embroidered colors are happy (bright).

Describing qualities of the embroidery.

8

او شال گلدوزی شده دارد.

She has an embroidered shawl.

Verb 'dashtan' (to have).

1

آیا این پارچه با دست گلدوزی شده است؟

Is this fabric embroidered by hand?

Using 'ba dast' (by hand) as an adverbial phrase.

2

من می‌خواهم یک کوسن گلدوزی شده بخرم.

I want to buy an embroidered cushion.

Subjunctive mood after 'mikham' (I want).

3

او برای من یک دستمال گلدوزی شده آورد.

He brought an embroidered handkerchief for me.

Simple past tense.

4

این کفش‌های گلدوزی شده خیلی گران هستند.

These embroidered shoes are very expensive.

Plural demonstrative 'in-ha'.

5

کارهای گلدوزی شده در ایران معروف هستند.

Embroidered works are famous in Iran.

General statement about a category.

6

خواهرم لباسش را گلدوزی شده می‌پسندد.

My sister prefers her dress embroidered.

Verb 'pasandidan' (to prefer/like).

7

ما در بازار رومیزی‌های گلدوزی شده دیدیم.

We saw embroidered tablecloths in the bazaar.

Plural object with 'ra'.

8

این طرح گلدوزی شده قدیمی است.

This embroidered design is old.

Adjective describing a noun phrase.

1

هنر گلدوزی شده بخش مهمی از فرهنگ ماست.

Embroidered art is an important part of our culture.

Abstract noun phrase as subject.

2

لباس‌های سنتی معمولاً با دقت گلدوزی شده‌اند.

Traditional clothes are usually carefully embroidered.

Passive voice in the third person plural.

3

او ساعت‌ها وقت صرف کرد تا این پرده گلدوزی شده را تمام کند.

She spent hours to finish this embroidered curtain.

Complex sentence with 'ta' (to/so that).

4

بسیاری از گردشگران محصولات گلدوزی شده می‌خرند.

Many tourists buy embroidered products.

Quantifier 'basiyari az'.

5

این تابلو با نخ‌های ابریشمی گلدوزی شده است.

This framed picture is embroidered with silk threads.

Specifying materials with 'ba'.

6

طرح‌های گلدوزی شده روی این پارچه بسیار ظریف هستند.

The embroidered designs on this fabric are very delicate.

Prepositional phrase 'rooye' (on).

7

او ترجیح می‌دهد از رومیزی‌های گلدوزی شده استفاده کند.

She prefers to use embroidered tablecloths.

Compound verb 'estefadeh kardan'.

8

آیا این پیراهن با ماشین گلدوزی شده است یا با دست؟

Is this shirt embroidered by machine or by hand?

Alternative question using 'ya' (or).

1

صادرات کالاهای گلدوزی شده به اقتصاد روستایی کمک می‌کند.

Exporting embroidered goods helps the rural economy.

Gerund/Noun phrase as subject.

2

این لباس گلدوزی شده نشان‌دهنده هویت منطقه‌ای است.

This embroidered dress represents regional identity.

Compound adjective 'neshan-dahandeh'.

3

هنرمندان معاصر از تکنیک‌های گلدوزی شده در آثار خود استفاده می‌کنند.

Contemporary artists use embroidered techniques in their works.

Plural possessive 'asar-e khod'.

4

ظرافت به کار رفته در این پارچه گلدوزی شده بی‌نظیر است.

The delicacy used in this embroidered fabric is unique.

Relative clause 'beh kar rafteh'.

5

او در حال تحقیق روی الگوهای گلدوزی شده قدیمی است.

She is researching old embroidered patterns.

Continuous present tense 'dar hal-e'.

6

محصولات گلدوزی شده دستی ارزش بیشتری نسبت به ماشینی دارند.

Hand-embroidered products have more value than machine-made ones.

Comparative 'bishtar nesbat beh'.

7

این سجاده به زیبایی گلدوزی شده و برای هدیه مناسب است.

This prayer rug is beautifully embroidered and suitable for a gift.

Adverbial use of 'beh zibayi'.

8

او همواره از لباس‌های گلدوزی شده با طرح‌های سنتی حمایت می‌کند.

He always supports embroidered clothes with traditional designs.

Adverb 'hamvareh' (always).

1

تحلیل نقوش گلدوزی شده در دوران صفویه نشان از شکوه هنر آن زمان دارد.

Analyzing embroidered motifs in the Safavid era indicates the grandeur of art at that time.

Academic sentence structure.

2

تلفیق مد مدرن با عناصر گلدوزی شده سنتی، جریانی نو در طراحی لباس ایجاد کرده است.

The fusion of modern fashion with traditional embroidered elements has created a new trend in clothing design.

Complex noun phrases.

3

این قطعه گلدوزی شده، گویای تاریخ شفاهی زنانی است که آن را دوخته‌اند.

This embroidered piece tells the oral history of the women who sewed it.

Metaphorical use of 'gooya' (telling/expressive).

4

حفظ و احیای روش‌های گلدوزی شده قدیمی برای میراث فرهنگی ضروری است.

Preserving and reviving old embroidered methods is essential for cultural heritage.

Infinitive nouns as subjects.

5

تنوع رنگی در پارچه‌های گلدوزی شده سیستان و بلوچستان شگفت‌انگیز است.

The color diversity in the embroidered fabrics of Sistan and Baluchestan is amazing.

Specific regional reference.

6

او با مهارت تمام، منظره‌ای را روی پارچه گلدوزی شده خلق کرده است.

With total skill, he has created a landscape on an embroidered fabric.

Preterite perfect tense 'khalgh kardeh ast'.

7

ارزش هنری یک اثر گلدوزی شده به تعداد گره‌ها و دقت بخیه‌ها بستگی دارد.

The artistic value of an embroidered work depends on the number of knots and the precision of the stitches.

Conditional phrase 'bastagi darad'.

8

در این مقاله، به بررسی نمادشناسی در پارچه‌های گلدوزی شده پرداخته شده است.

In this article, the semiotics in embroidered fabrics has been examined.

Passive academic construction.

1

پارادایم‌های زیبایی‌شناختی در منسوجات گلدوزی شده قاجاری با دوره‌های پیشین تفاوت ساختاری دارد.

Aesthetic paradigms in Qajar embroidered textiles have structural differences from previous periods.

High-level academic vocabulary.

2

ظرافت‌های میکروسکوپی در بافت‌های گلدوزی شده قدیمی، گواهی بر مهارت خارق‌العاده استادکاران است.

Microscopic delicacies in old embroidered textures bear witness to the extraordinary skill of the master craftsmen.

Complex descriptive adjectives.

3

تجاری‌سازی بی‌رویه ممکن است به اصالت هنرهای گلدوزی شده دستی آسیب جدی وارد کند.

Excessive commercialization may cause serious damage to the authenticity of hand-embroidered arts.

Modal verb 'momken ast' with subjunctive.

4

بازنمایی هویت جنسیتی در الگوهای گلدوزی شده جوامع عشایری، موضوعی درخور پژوهش است.

The representation of gender identity in the embroidered patterns of nomadic societies is a subject worthy of research.

Sociological terminology.

5

این رومیزی گلدوزی شده، سنتز پیچیده‌ای از فرهنگ‌های مختلف جاده ابریشم است.

This embroidered tablecloth is a complex synthesis of different Silk Road cultures.

Philosophical/Historical synthesis.

6

درک هرمنوتیک نقوش گلدوزی شده مستلزم آشنایی با اسطوره‌های کهن پارسی است.

A hermeneutic understanding of embroidered motifs requires familiarity with ancient Persian myths.

Advanced philosophical terminology.

7

تقابل میان تکنولوژی دیجیتال و هنرهای گلدوزی شده دستی، چالش‌های جدیدی را پیش روی هنرمندان قرار داده است.

The confrontation between digital technology and hand-embroidered arts has placed new challenges before artists.

Abstract dialectical structure.

8

استحاله فرم در آثار گلدوزی شده مدرن، نشان‌دهنده گسست از سنت‌های کلاسیک است.

The transformation of form in modern embroidered works indicates a break from classical traditions.

Art criticism vocabulary.

Häufige Kollokationen

با دست گلدوزی شده
با ماشین گلدوزی شده
ظریف گلدوزی شده
به زیبایی گلدوزی شده
پیراهن گلدوزی شده
رومیزی گلدوزی شده
طرح‌های گلدوزی شده
ابریشم گلدوزی شده
سنتی گلدوزی شده
رنگی گلدوزی شده

Häufige Phrasen

کارِ گلدوزی شده

— A piece of embroidered work or an item featuring embroidery.

این یک کارِ گلدوزی شده دستی است.

تماماً گلدوزی شده

— Fully embroidered; covered in needlework.

این پارچه تماماً گلدوزی شده است.

گلدوزی شده با طلا

— Embroidered with gold thread.

لباس پادشاه گلدوزی شده با طلا بود.

تابلوی گلدوزی شده

— An embroidered picture, often framed.

یک تابلوی گلدوزی شده روی دیوار است.

کوسن گلدوزی شده

— An embroidered decorative pillow.

کوسن گلدوزی شده به مبل می‌آید.

شال گلدوزی شده

— An embroidered shawl or scarf.

او شال گلدوزی شده‌اش را سر کرد.

جانماز گلدوزی شده

— An embroidered prayer mat.

مادربزرگ یک جانماز گلدوزی شده به من داد.

یقه گلدوزی شده

— An embroidered collar.

این پیراهن یقه گلدوزی شده دارد.

کیف گلدوزی شده

— An embroidered bag.

کیف گلدوزی شده با کفش‌هایم ست است.

روتختی گلدوزی شده

— An embroidered bedspread.

روتختی گلدوزی شده اتاق را زیبا می‌کند.

Wird oft verwechselt mit

گلدوزی شده vs بافته شده

Means 'woven' or 'knitted'. Embroidery is decoration ON fabric, weaving is the fabric itself.

گلدوزی شده vs چاپ شده

Means 'printed'. Print is flat; embroidery has texture and thread.

گلدوزی شده vs دوخته شده

Means 'sewn' or 'stitched' (usually referring to the construction of the garment, not decoration).

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"مثل گل گلدوزی شده"

— To be extremely beautiful and delicate, like a perfect piece of embroidery.

صورتش مثل گل گلدوزی شده زیبا بود.

Poetic
"نقشِ گلدوزی شده بر دل"

— Something deeply imprinted on the heart or memory.

خاطرات آن روز مثل نقشِ گلدوزی شده بر دلم ماند.

Literary
"گلدوزی شده با عشق"

— Made with great care and affection.

این هدیه گلدوزی شده با عشق است.

Informal/Sentimental
"هفت‌رنگ گلدوزی شده"

— Extremely colorful and diverse (referring to the seven classic colors).

باغ در بهار هفت‌رنگ گلدوزی شده به نظر می‌رسد.

Literary
"طرح گلدوزی شده زندگی"

— The complex and beautiful patterns of one's life experiences.

هر سختی، بخشی از طرح گلدوزی شده زندگی ماست.

Philosophical
"سوزن زدن بر طرح گلدوزی شده"

— To add detail to something already beautiful or established.

او با حرف‌هایش فقط بر طرح گلدوزی شده داستان سوزن می‌زد.

Metaphorical
"گلدوزی شده بر حریر"

— Something very precious on a delicate background.

اشک‌هایش مثل مروارید گلدوزی شده بر حریر بود.

Poetic
"با رنج گلدوزی شده"

— Something beautiful that was achieved through great hardship.

آزادی ما با رنج گلدوزی شده است.

Political/Literary
"نقشِ غلط گلدوزی شده"

— A mistake that is permanent or hard to fix.

این تصمیم مثل نقشِ غلط گلدوزی شده روی پارچه است.

Proverbial
"گلدوزی شده با صبر"

— Refers to a task that requires immense patience.

تربیت فرزند مثل یک کارِ گلدوزی شده با صبر است.

Common Wisdom

Leicht verwechselbar

گلدوزی شده vs خیاطی

Both involve needles and thread.

Khayyati is general tailoring/sewing clothes; Goldoozi is specifically decorative embroidery.

او خیاطی بلد است اما گلدوزی نمی‌کند.

گلدوزی شده vs بافتنی

Both are textile arts.

Baftani is knitting (making a sweater from yarn); Goldoozi is adding patterns to existing cloth.

این ژاکت بافتنی است، اما یقه آن گلدوزی شده است.

گلدوزی شده vs تزیین

Both mean decoration.

Taz'een is a broad category; Goldoozi is a specific type of decoration using needlework.

تزیین این اتاق با رومیزی‌های گلدوزی شده انجام شد.

گلدوزی شده vs سوزن‌دوزی

They are nearly synonyms.

Soozandoozi is often used for traditional/ethnic styles, while Goldoozi is the general/modern term.

سوزن‌دوزی‌های سیستان بسیار مشهورتر از گلدوزی‌های معمولی هستند.

گلدوزی شده vs قلاب‌بافی

Beginners confuse crochet and embroidery.

Gholab-bafee uses a hook to create lace or fabric; Goldoozi uses a needle on fabric.

این رومیزی قلاب‌بافی شده است، نه گلدوزی شده.

Satzmuster

A1

این [Noun] گلدوزی شده است.

این کیف گلدوزی شده است.

A2

من [Noun] گلدوزی شده دارم.

من یک شال گلدوزی شده دارم.

B1

[Noun] گلدوزی شده [Adjective] است.

رومیزی گلدوزی شده خیلی گران است.

B2

این [Noun] با [Material] گلدوزی شده است.

این پارچه با ابریشم گلدوزی شده است.

C1

طرح‌های گلدوزی شده روی [Noun] نشان‌دهنده [Concept] است.

طرح‌های گلدوزی شده روی این لباس نشان‌دهنده هویت ملی است.

C2

استفاده از عناصر گلدوزی شده در [Field] باعث [Result] شده است.

استفاده از عناصر گلدوزی شده در معماری داخلی باعث زیبایی فضا شده است.

Mixed

آیا [Noun] گلدوزی شده را دیدی؟

آیا آن پرده گلدوزی شده را دیدی؟

Mixed

به نظر من [Noun] گلدوزی شده بهتر است.

به نظر من پیراهن گلدوزی شده بهتر است.

Wortfamilie

Substantive

گلدوزی (embroidery)
گل (flower)
دوخت (stitch/sewing)
سوزن (needle)
نخ (thread)

Verben

گلدوزی کردن (to embroider)
دوختن (to sew)
شدن (to become)

Adjektive

گلدوزی شده (embroidered)
دوخته شده (sewn)
گل‌دار (floral)
سوزن‌دوزی شده (needle-worked)

Verwandt

پارچه (fabric)
کارگاه (embroidery hoop/workshop)
ابریشم (silk)
نقش (pattern)
طرح (design)
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frequency

Very common in the context of fashion, home decor, and arts.

Häufige Fehler
  • Using 'goldoozi' instead of 'goldoozi shodeh' as an adjective. → لباس گلدوزی شده

    The 'shodeh' is necessary to describe the object's state.

  • Confusing 'goldoozi' with 'baftani' (knitting). → گلدوزی شده (embroidered)

    Embroidery is surface decoration; knitting is fabric construction.

  • Pronouncing 'gol' as 'gool'. → gol (short o)

    The 'o' in 'gol' is short, like 'gold' in English.

  • Forgetting the Ezafe sound. → Roomizi-ye goldoozi shodeh

    Persian adjectives need the 'e' or 'ye' link to the noun.

  • Calling a printed shirt 'goldoozi shodeh'. → پیراهن طرح‌دار یا چاپ شده

    Goldoozi must involve actual thread and needlework.

Tipps

Roots

Remember 'Gol' (flower) to easily identify this word in a list of crafts.

The Link

Don't forget the Ezafe (short 'e' sound) when connecting the noun to 'goldoozi shodeh'.

Handmade vs Machine

Always check if something is 'ba dast' (by hand) in an Iranian bazaar; it changes the value significantly.

Stress

Put the stress on the 'zi' of 'goldoozi' for a natural sound.

Fashion

Use this word to describe 'Manto' (coats) to sound like a fashion-savvy Persian speaker.

Bargaining

Mentioning that you appreciate the 'goldoozi' can sometimes help in bargaining by showing you value the work.

Spelling

The word 'doozi' is always spelled with 'z' (ز), not 'zh' (ژ) or 's' (س).

Passive State

The 'shodeh' part makes it an adjective describing a state. Without it, the meaning changes.

Not Printed

Use 'goldoozi shodeh' only for thread work, never for printed patterns.

Mental Image

Visualize a garden being sewn onto a piece of cloth whenever you hear this word.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of a 'GOL' (Goal) in a soccer match where the net is 'DOOZI' (Sewn) with flowers. The result? A 'SHODEH' (Finished) beautiful embroidered net.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a bright red 'Gol' (flower) being 'Doozi' (sewn) by a golden needle onto a white silk shirt until it is 'Shodeh' (completed).

Word Web

Flower Needle Thread Art Handmade Fabric Pattern Tradition

Herausforderung

Go around your house and find three things that are 'goldoozi shodeh'. If you can't find any, imagine how your favorite t-shirt would look if it were 'goldoozi shodeh' with your name.

Wortherkunft

The word is a Persian compound. 'Gol' comes from Middle Persian 'gul', meaning flower. 'Doozi' comes from 'dukhtan' (to sew), which traces back to Proto-Indo-European roots for fitting or joining together.

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: Literally 'flower-sewn'. Historically, flowers were the most common motifs in Persian needlework, leading the term for floral sewing to become the general term for all embroidery.

Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> Persian.

Kultureller Kontext

Be respectful of the labor involved; calling a machine-made item 'goldoozi shodeh' in front of a master artisan might be seen as ignorant of the craft's difficulty.

Similar to the 'Arts and Crafts' movement or the modern 'Etsy' culture of handmade goods.

The termeh fabrics of Yazd The traditional costumes of Baluchi women The embroidered covers of the Quran in museums

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Shopping at a Bazaar

  • این گلدوزی شده است؟
  • قیمت این کار گلدوزی شده چند است؟
  • آیا گلدوزی‌اش با دست است؟
  • طرح‌های دیگری هم دارید؟

Discussing Fashion

  • من لباس‌های گلدوزی شده را ترجیح می‌دهم.
  • این مانتو خیلی زیبا گلدوزی شده.
  • گلدوزی روی یقه خیلی مد شده است.
  • رنگ‌های این گلدوزی خیلی شاد است.

Home Decor

  • این رومیزی گلدوزی شده قدیمی است.
  • می‌خواهم پرده‌ها را گلدوزی شده سفارش بدهم.
  • این کوسن‌های گلدوزی شده به مبل می‌آیند.
  • هنر گلدوزی خانه را گرم می‌کند.

Art & Crafts Class

  • چطور این طرح را گلدوزی شده در بیاوریم؟
  • نخ مناسب برای این کار گلدوزی شده چیست؟
  • باید خیلی با دقت گلدوزی شده باشد.
  • این یک نمونه عالی از کار گلدوزی شده است.

Museum Visit

  • این پارچه با طلا گلدوزی شده است.
  • دوره تاریخی این اثر گلدوزی شده چیست؟
  • نقوش گلدوزی شده نماد چه هستند؟
  • این ظریف‌ترین کار گلدوزی شده‌ای است که دیده‌ام.

Gesprächseinstiege

"آیا شما به لباس‌های گلدوزی شده علاقه دارید یا طرح‌های ساده را می‌پسندید؟"

"در فرهنگ شما، آیا محصولات گلدوزی شده ارزش خاصی دارند؟"

"بهترین جایی که می‌توان یک رومیزی گلدوزی شده با کیفیت خرید کجاست؟"

"آیا تا به حال سعی کرده‌اید چیزی را خودتان گلدوزی کنید؟"

"به نظر شما چرا کارهای گلدوزی شده دستی اینقدر گران هستند؟"

Tagebuch-Impulse

توصیف کنید که یک پیراهن گلدوزی شده قدیمی که از مادربزرگتان به ارث رسیده چه شکلی است و چه خاطراتی را زنده می‌کند.

درباره تفاوت بین یک کالای تولید انبوه و یک اثر هنری گلدوزی شده دستی بنویسید.

اگر می‌توانستید یک طرح برای گلدوزی روی کیف خود انتخاب کنید، آن طرح چه بود و چرا؟

اهمیت حفظ هنرهای سنتی مانند گلدوزی در دنیای مدرن امروز چیست؟

یک روز در بازار اصفهان را تصور کنید و تجربه خود را از دیدن پارچه‌های گلدوزی شده بنویسید.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

No, while 'gol' means flower, the term 'goldoozi' is used for all types of decorative embroidery, including geometric and animal patterns.

Yes, it can be. However, people usually specify 'ba dast' (by hand) or 'ba mashin' (by machine) to clarify the quality.

You say 'ba dast goldoozi shodeh' (با دست گلدوزی شده).

It is neutral and can be used in both formal academic papers and casual shopping trips.

They are very similar, but 'soozandoozi' is often associated with traditional, regional handiwork, while 'goldoozi' is more general.

No, that would be 'gol-dar' (floral) or 'chap-shodeh' (printed). 'Goldoozi shodeh' must involve actual thread work.

Yes, it is a very popular traditional craft and has seen a modern revival among young artists on social media.

You pluralize the noun: 'pirahan-ha-ye goldoozi shodeh' (پیراهن‌های گلدوزی شده).

Commonly silk (abrisham), cotton (nakh-e pambeh), and sometimes metallic threads (sormeh).

Hand-embroidered items are usually quite expensive due to the labor involved, while machine-embroidered items are affordable.

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writing

Write a sentence describing an embroidered bag you have.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'This silk tablecloth is embroidered by hand.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Describe the difference between 'goldoozi' and 'baftani' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a short paragraph about the importance of embroidery in Persian culture.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Create an advertisement for a shop selling 'goldoozi shodeh' products.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'The delicate embroidered patterns on her dress were stunning.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a dialogue between a buyer and a seller in a bazaar about an embroidered shawl.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Explain how 'goldoozi shodeh' is formed grammatically.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a sentence using 'goldoozi shodeh' and 'ghashang'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'I am looking for an old embroidered picture for my room.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Describe the colors of an embroidered piece you like.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a formal sentence about Safavid embroidered textiles.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

How would you ask if a curtain is machine-embroidered in Persian?

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a sentence about a gift that is 'goldoozi shodeh'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'Traditional Iranian clothes are often embroidered with beautiful motifs.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Use the word 'goldoozi shodeh' in a sentence about a pillow.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a metaphorical sentence using 'goldoozi shodeh'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'She spent many days on this embroidered work.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Ask a friend if they like embroidered shoes.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a sentence about an embroidered prayer mat.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'This is an embroidered shirt' in Persian.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Ask a shopkeeper: 'Is this hand-embroidered?'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Describe your favorite embroidered item in 3 sentences.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Explain why hand-embroidered things are more expensive.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Talk about the role of embroidery in Iranian culture.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say: 'I want to buy an embroidered gift for my mother.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Compare an embroidered dress with a printed one.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Describe the patterns on a 'goldoozi shodeh' tablecloth.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say: 'This embroidery is very delicate and beautiful.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Ask: 'Do you have any embroidered bags?'

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Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Explain the etymology of 'goldoozi'.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say: 'I am interested in learning embroidery.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Discuss the regional styles of Persian embroidery you know.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say: 'My grandmother used to embroider all our clothes.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Ask about the price of an embroidered cushion.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say: 'This embroidered picture would look great on that wall.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Describe the colors of a Baluchi embroidered dress.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say: 'I prefer traditional embroidered patterns.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Ask: 'Is this silk or cotton embroidery?'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say: 'Look at these beautiful embroidered flowers!'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to the word 'goldoozi'. Does it mean sewing or painting?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to 'lebas-e goldoozi shodeh'. Is it a noun or an adjective phrase?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to the stress in 'goldoozi'. Is it on 'gol' or 'zi'?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen for 'ba dast'. Does it mean by hand or by machine?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to the sentence: 'In roomizi goldoozi shodeh ast.' What is the object?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Identify the word 'shodeh' in a sentence about a bag.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to a description of a 'manto'. Is it embroidered?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to the difference between 'goldoozi' and 'soozandoozi'.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen for 'zarif'. Does it mean delicate or thick?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to a bazaar scene. What is the seller promoting?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen for the material: 'abrisham' or 'nakh'?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Identify if the sentence is formal or informal.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to a poem. Is 'goldoozi' used metaphorically?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to a question about price. How much is the item?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to the plural form 'goldoozi shodeh-ha'.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:

/ 200 correct

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