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A1 adjective #2,400 am häufigsten 5 Min. Lesezeit

کهنه

kohne
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Erklärung کهنه in your Level:
At the A1 level, you just need to know that کهنه (kohne) means 'old' for things like clothes, shoes, and books. It is the opposite of نو (no) which means 'new'. You use it to describe your belongings. For example, 'My shirt is old' is Pirahan-e man kohne ast. Remember: don't use it for people! If you see a person who is old, say pir. At this stage, focus on simple sentences using 'is' (ast) and 'become' (shodan). You might hear it when talking about shopping or cleaning your room. It's a very common word for everyday objects that are no longer new.
At the A2 level, you start using کهنه to describe more than just clothes. You can use it for stale bread (nan-e kohne) or an old house that needs repair. You should be able to use it in the comparative form: kohne-tar. For example, 'This book is older than that one' (In ketāb az ān kohne-tar ast). You also learn that kohne shodan is a compound verb meaning 'to get old' or 'to wear out'. You can use it in past and present tenses. You'll also begin to distinguish it from ghadimi, noticing that kohne often implies the object isn't in great condition anymore.
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At the B1 level, you can use کهنه in more complex sentence structures and understand its metaphorical uses. You might talk about a dard-e kohne (a chronic pain) or zakhm-e kohne (an old wound/grudge). You understand that in certain contexts, like wine or carpets, kohne can actually be a positive attribute, implying quality through age. You are comfortable using it in relative clauses and can explain why an object is kohne using connectors like chon (because) or be hamin dalil (for this reason). You also start to recognize it in simple Persian poetry or proverbs.
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At the B2 level, you understand the nuances between کهنه and its synonyms like farsoodeh (worn out/dilapidated) or mosta'mal (used). You can use kohne to describe outdated ideas or social systems (afkār-e kohne). You are aware of the cultural context, such as the 'Amanat-foroushi' (second-hand stores) where 'kohne' is a standard descriptor. Your vocabulary includes idioms like 'kohne-kar' (an experienced person/veteran). You can participate in discussions about consumerism vs. keeping 'kohne' items and express opinions on the value of old versus new in modern Iranian society.
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At the C1 level, you appreciate the stylistic choices between کهنه, derineh, and bāstāni. You can analyze literary texts where kohne is used to symbolize the material world's decay (the 'Old Tavern' or 'Old World' motifs). You understand the historical evolution of the word from Middle Persian 'kuhan'. You can use the word in academic or journalistic writing to describe 'chronic' socio-economic issues (moshkelāt-e kohne-ye eqtesādi). You can detect subtle sarcasm or irony when someone uses 'kohne' to describe something that is supposed to be 'new' but is actually outdated in style.
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At the C2 level, you have a near-native grasp of کهنه. You can use it in all its shades, from the grit of a 'kohne-foroush' (junk dealer) to the elegance of classical Sufi poetry where the 'old' is discarded for the 'new' spiritual life. You can navigate complex puns and wordplay involving 'kohne'. You understand its role in Persian etymology and its cognates in other Indo-European languages. You can write sophisticated essays on the concept of 'ageing' in Persian culture, using kohne to distinguish between physical decay, historical value, and the timeless nature of the soul.
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کهنه in 30 Sekunden

  • Used for old objects, not people.
  • Means 'worn out' or 'stale' (for bread).
  • Opposite of 'No' (New) or 'Tazeh' (Fresh).
  • Can mean 'chronic' for pain or 'aged' for wine.

The Persian word کهنه (pronounced /kohne/) primarily functions as an adjective to describe objects that have been used for a long time, are worn out, or have lost their original freshness. Unlike the English word 'old', which can be applied to people, buildings, or ideas, kohne is most frequently associated with physical items like clothing, shoes, or household goods that show signs of age and wear. It carries a connotation of being 'used' or 'second-hand'.

Physical Degradation
It describes the state of materials that have frayed, faded, or weakened over time. For example, a shirt that has been washed hundreds of times is لباس کهنه.
Staleness
In the context of food, particularly bread, it refers to items that are no longer fresh. نان کهنه is stale bread, the opposite of nan-e tazeh (fresh bread).
Metaphorical Persistence
When applied to abstract concepts like pain or grudges, it signifies something that has existed for a long duration. A درد کهنه is a chronic or long-standing pain that refuses to go away.

این کفش‌ها خیلی کهنه شده‌اند؛ باید یک جفت نو بخرم.

Translation: These shoes have become very worn out; I must buy a new pair.

او همیشه لباس‌های کهنه می‌پوشد اما قلبی مهربان دارد.

Translation: He always wears old clothes but has a kind heart.

In classical Persian literature, 'kohne' often contrasts with the ephemeral nature of the world. Poets might refer to the 'old world' (این دیر کهنه) to emphasize its age and the many generations it has seen pass. However, in modern daily speech, it remains grounded in the physical reality of objects needing replacement. Interestingly, in the context of wine (شراب کهنه), it takes on a positive, prestigious meaning, implying 'aged' and 'refined', much like the English concept of a vintage wine.

Using کهنه correctly requires understanding the Persian Ezafe construction. As an adjective, it typically follows the noun it modifies, connected by a short 'e' sound. For example, 'old book' becomes ketāb-e kohne (کتابِ کهنه).

  • With Verbs: It is frequently paired with the verb shodan (to become). Kohne shodan means to wear out or grow old. 'My car is getting old' -> Māshin-am dārad kohne mishavad.
  • In Comparison: The comparative form is کهنه‌تر (kohne-tar - older/more worn) and the superlative is کهنه‌ترین (kohne-tarin - oldest/most worn).
  • Opposites: The primary antonym is نو (no - new) or تازه (tāzeh - fresh).

Grammar Pattern: Noun + Ezafe + کهنه

Example: پیرهنِ کهنه (pirahan-e kohne) - The worn-out shirt.

When discussing chronic conditions in medical or psychological contexts, 'kohne' precedes the noun less often than it follows it, maintaining the standard adjective position. For instance, zakhm-e kohne (an old wound) can refer to a physical scar or a psychological trauma from the past that still hurts. In the plural, if you are referring to 'old things' as a category, you might say کهنه‌ها (kohne-hā), though it is more common to specify the object.

این روزنامه دیگر کهنه شده است؛ اخبار جدید را بخوان.

Translation: This newspaper has already become old (stale); read the new news.

You will encounter کهنه in various social and commercial settings in Iran. It is a staple word in the vocabulary of thrift, maintenance, and history.

The Bazaar and Junk Shops
Street vendors or 'Amanat-foroushi' (second-hand shops) often use this word. You might hear a vendor shouting about buying samavar-e kohne (old samovars) or farsh-e kohne (old carpets). In the carpet trade, 'kohne' isn't always bad; a 'kohne' carpet might be a valuable antique.
Household Cleaning (Khaneh-tekani)
During the Persian New Year (Nowruz) preparations, families sort through their belongings. You'll hear: 'این‌ها کهنه هستند، بریزیم دور' (These are worn out, let's throw them away).
In the Kitchen
If you ask for bread and it's from yesterday, the response might be: 'ببخشید، نان کمی کهنه است' (Sorry, the bread is a bit stale).

Learners of Persian often struggle with the three different words for 'old'. Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Persian sound much more natural.

  • Mistaking 'Kohne' for 'Pir': This is the most common error. Pir is exclusively for living beings (people, animals). If you call your grandfather kohne, you are essentially calling him a 'worn-out object'.
    Incorrect: پدربزرگ من کهنه است. (My grandfather is worn out/stale).
    Correct: پدربزرگ من پیر است.
  • Mistaking 'Kohne' for 'Ghadimi': While often interchangeable, Ghadimi usually refers to things that are 'ancient', 'historical', or 'from a long time ago' without necessarily being 'worn out'. A 'Ghadimi' friend is a long-time friend (positive), but a 'Kohne' friend is rarely said. A 'Ghadimi' building is historic; a 'Kohne' building is dilapidated.
  • Using it for Freshness: While 'kohne' means stale for bread, don't use it for 'spoiled' milk or meat. For those, use kharāb (spoiled/broken) or fāsed (rotten).

Pro Tip: If you want to say 'old' in a respectful or neutral way for an object that is an antique, prefer قدیمی (ghadimi). Use کهنه (kohne) when you want to emphasize that the object is at the end of its useful life.

Persian has a rich palette of words to describe the passage of time and the state of objects. Here are the most important synonyms and related terms:

قدیمی (Ghadimi)
The most general word for 'old'. It refers to time passed. Doost-e ghadimi (old friend), mashin-e ghadimi (classic/old car).
فرسوده (Farsoodeh)
A more formal and technical term for 'worn out' or 'eroded'. Used for machinery, infrastructure, or tired bodies. Bāft-e farsoodeh refers to the dilapidated parts of a city.
دیرینه (Derineh)
A literary and poetic term meaning 'ancient' or 'long-standing'. Arezoo-ye derineh (a long-held wish).
مستعمل (Mosta'mal)
An Arabic-rooted formal term meaning 'used' or 'second-hand'. Often seen in legal or official documents regarding property.
باستانی (Bāstāni)
Specifically means 'ancient' in an archaeological or historical sense. Irān-e bāstāni (Ancient Iran).

Choosing between these depends on the register (formal vs. informal) and the intent (describing beauty vs. describing decay). 'Kohne' sits firmly in the 'decay/utility' category in everyday speech.

How Formal Is It?

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Wichtige Grammatik

Ezafe construction

Adjective-Noun agreement

Comparative and Superlative suffixes

Compound verb formation with 'shodan'

Direct object marker 'rā'

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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

این لباس کهنه است.

This clothing is old/worn out.

Simple Noun + Adjective + Verb 'to be'.

2

کفش‌های من کهنه هستند.

My shoes are old.

Plural subject with plural verb.

3

من یک کتاب کهنه دارم.

I have an old book.

Indefinite noun with Ezafe.

4

این نان کهنه است؟

Is this bread stale?

Question form.

5

مداد من کهنه شده است.

My pencil has become old/worn.

Present perfect of 'shodan'.

6

آن ماشین کهنه است.

That car is old.

Demonstrative 'ān' (that).

7

جوراب کهنه را دور بینداز.

Throw away the old sock.

Imperative verb with direct object marker 'rā'.

8

کیف او کهنه نیست.

Her bag is not old.

Negative form of 'ast'.

1

این صندلی خیلی کهنه و شکسته است.

This chair is very old and broken.

Using two adjectives with 'va' (and).

2

او همیشه لباس‌های کهنه می‌پوشد.

He always wears old clothes.

Present habitual tense.

3

آیا این روزنامه کهنه است؟

Is this newspaper old (outdated)?

Using 'kohne' for outdated information.

4

ما وسایل کهنه را فروختیم.

We sold the old items.

Past tense with plural object.

5

این حوله دیگر کهنه شده است.

This towel has already become worn out.

Using 'digar' (anymore/already) for change of state.

6

چرا نان کهنه خریدی؟

Why did you buy stale bread?

Interrogative 'cherā' (why).

7

این پرده‌ها خیلی کهنه به نظر می‌رسند.

These curtains look very old.

Compound verb 'be nazar residan' (to seem).

8

کفش کهنه‌تر را بپوش.

Wear the older shoe.

Comparative adjective.

1

او از یک درد کهنه در کمرش رنج می‌برد.

He suffers from a chronic pain in his back.

Metaphorical use for chronic physical states.

2

این شراب کهنه و بسیار گران‌قیمت است.

This wine is aged and very expensive.

Positive connotation of 'kohne' (aged).

3

زخم‌های کهنه دوباره باز شدند.

The old wounds opened again.

Metaphorical use for emotional trauma.

4

او یک کلکسیون از تمبرهای کهنه دارد.

He has a collection of old stamps.

Use in the context of collecting.

5

دیوارهای این خانه کهنه و نم‌زده هستند.

The walls of this house are old and damp.

Descriptive adjectives for buildings.

6

او با افکار کهنه‌اش مخالفت کرد.

He opposed his (someone's) outdated thoughts.

Abstract use for ideas.

7

این فرش کهنه ارزش زیادی دارد.

This old carpet is worth a lot.

Context of antique value.

8

او پارچه‌های کهنه را برای تمیز کردن استفاده می‌کند.

She uses old rags for cleaning.

Functional use of worn items.

1

او یک روزنامه‌نگار کهنه‌کار و باسابقه است.

He is an experienced and veteran journalist.

Compound adjective 'kohne-kār' (veteran/experienced).

2

نباید اجازه دهیم کینه‌های کهنه زندگی ما را خراب کنند.

We shouldn't let old grudges ruin our lives.

Abstract noun 'kineh' (grudge).

3

این محله پر از ساختمان‌های کهنه و فرسوده است.

This neighborhood is full of old and dilapidated buildings.

Synonym pairing for emphasis.

4

او همیشه به دنبال کتاب‌های کهنه در کتابفروشی‌های قدیمی می‌گردد.

He is always looking for old books in antique bookstores.

Habitual action in a specific context.

5

این یک بحث کهنه است که سال‌ها ادامه دارد.

This is an old debate that has continued for years.

Describing a long-standing situation.

6

لباس‌های کهنه را به خیریه بخشیدیم.

We donated the old clothes to charity.

Social context of recycling/donating.

7

او با یک کت کهنه اما تمیز به مهمانی آمد.

He came to the party with an old but clean coat.

Contrast using 'ammā' (but).

8

بوی کاغذهای کهنه او را به یاد گذشته می‌انداخت.

The smell of old papers reminded him of the past.

Sensory description.

1

ساختار کهنه اداری مانع پیشرفت پروژه‌ها می‌شود.

The outdated administrative structure hinders the progress of projects.

Formal/Academic usage for systems.

2

او در میان خروارها کاغذ کهنه، سند گمشده را پیدا کرد.

Among heaps of old papers, he found the lost document.

Literary phrasing 'khravār-hā' (heaps).

3

این نظریه اکنون کهنه و منسوخ شده است.

This theory is now old and obsolete.

Synonym 'mansookh' (obsolete).

4

شاعر در این بیت، جهان را به کاروانسرایی کهنه تشبیه کرده است.

In this verse, the poet has likened the world to an old caravanserai.

Literary analysis context.

5

او با مهارتی کهنه‌کارانه توانست بحران را مدیریت کند.

With veteran-like skill, he was able to manage the crisis.

Adverbial use of 'kohne-kārāne'.

6

تضاد میان نوگرایی و سنت‌های کهنه در آثار او مشهود است.

The contrast between modernism and old traditions is evident in his works.

Sociological/Artistic analysis.

7

او از یک بیماری کهنه رنج می‌برد که ریشه در کودکی‌اش دارد.

He suffers from a chronic illness that is rooted in his childhood.

Medical/Psychological context.

8

این شهر بر روی ویرانه‌های یک تمدن کهنه بنا شده است.

This city is built upon the ruins of an old civilization.

Historical/Archaeological context.

1

او خرقه‌ی کهنه‌ی خویش را به هیچ قبای زربفتی نمی‌فروخت.

He would not trade his old dervish cloak for any gold-woven robe.

Classical/Sufi literary style.

2

در پس این ظاهر مدرن، ذهنیتی کهنه و استبدادی نهفته است.

Behind this modern appearance lies an old and autocratic mindset.

Political/Philosophical critique.

3

او با تورق کتاب‌های کهنه، در پی یافتن حقیقتی فراموش‌شده بود.

By flipping through old books, he was in search of a forgotten truth.

Advanced vocabulary 'tavaroq' (flipping pages).

4

این زخم کهنه را با نمک ملامت تازه مکن.

Do not freshen this old wound with the salt of reproach.

Idiomatic/Poetic expression.

5

چرخه‌ی کهنه و تکراری فقر در این منطقه باید شکسته شود.

The old and repetitive cycle of poverty in this region must be broken.

Socio-economic analysis.

6

او چون پیری کهنه‌اندیش، به هر تغییری با سوءظن می‌نگریست.

Like an old-thinking elder, he looked upon every change with suspicion.

Compound 'kohne-andish' (old-fashioned thinker).

7

غبار کهنه بر روی خاطراتش نشسته بود.

Old dust had settled upon his memories.

Metaphorical use of 'ghobār' (dust).

8

او در میان اشیاء کهنه، روح تاریخ را جستجو می‌کرد.

Among old objects, he sought the spirit of history.

Abstract/Existential context.

Häufige Kollokationen

لباس کهنه
کفش کهنه
نان کهنه
درد کهنه
شراب کهنه
افکار کهنه
ساختمان کهنه
کتاب کهنه
زخم کهنه
رفیق کهنه

Häufige Phrasen

کهنه شدن
کهنه کردن
کهنه‌کار
لباس‌های کهنه
وسایل کهنه
عادت کهنه
سنت کهنه
درد کهنه
کینه کهنه
روزنامه کهنه

Wird oft verwechselt mit

کهنه vs پیر (Pir)

کهنه vs قدیمی (Ghadimi)

کهنه vs باستانی (Bāstāni)

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"کهنه‌کار"

— A veteran or highly experienced person in a field.

"زخم کهنه را تازه کردن"

— To reopen old wounds or bring up past painful memories.

"نو که آمد به بازار، کهنه شود دل‌آزار"

— When something new arrives, the old becomes annoying (out with the old, in with the new).

"درد کهنه"

— A chronic problem or long-standing issue.

"افکار کهنه"

— Outdated or regressive ways of thinking.

"شراب کهنه"

— Something that improves with age (often used for wisdom or friendship).

"لباس کهنه پوشیدن"

— To live humbly or be in a state of poverty.

"کهنه کردن"

— To use something until it wears out.

"نام کهنه"

— An old, established name or reputation.

"بوی کهنگی"

— The smell of age or mustiness.

Leicht verwechselbar

کهنه vs

کهنه vs

کهنه vs

کهنه vs

کهنه vs

Satzmuster

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Food

Only used for bread/grains. For fruit, use 'pajmordeh' (wilted).

Wine

Highly positive connotation.

People

Strictly prohibited.

Carpets

Can be positive (antique) or negative (worn out) depending on context.

Häufige Fehler
  • Using 'kohne' for elderly people.
  • Using 'kohne' for spoiled milk (use 'kharāb').
  • Forgetting the Ezafe between the noun and 'kohne'.
  • Confusing 'kohne' with 'ghadimi' in the context of 'old friends'.
  • Using 'kohne' for a 'new' but 'antique' looking item (use 'tarh-e ghadim').

Tipps

Clothing Check

When cleaning your closet, use 'kohne' for the items you want to donate or throw away.

Ezafe Connection

Always remember the 'e' sound: 'Pirahan-e kohne'. Without it, the sentence breaks.

Wine Wisdom

If you see 'kohne' in a poem about wine, it's a compliment, not a complaint!

People Rule

Never, ever call a person 'kohne'. It is a major social faux pas.

Bazaar Bargaining

Use 'kohne' to point out flaws in an item to try and get a lower price.

Abstract Use

Use 'kohne' for old habits (ādat-e kohne) to sound more like a native speaker.

Stale vs Fresh

In a bakery, listen for 'tāzeh' (fresh) and avoid anything called 'kohne'.

Root Recognition

Recognizing the 'k-h-n' root helps you understand related words like 'kohan' (ancient).

Comparative Practice

Practice saying 'In az ān kohne-tar ast' to master comparisons.

Visual Link

Visualize a 'Kohne' carpet in a museum to remember its antique value.

Einprägen

Wortherkunft

Middle Persian (Pahlavi)

Kultureller Kontext

Discarding old things is a ritual of renewal.

A 'kohne' carpet is often more valuable than a 'no' (new) one.

Serving 'nan-e kohne' (stale bread) to a guest is considered very poor etiquette.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Gesprächseinstiege

"آیا این کتاب کهنه است؟"

"چرا این لباس‌ها را کهنه کردی؟"

"بهترین راه برای تعمیر کفش کهنه چیست؟"

"آیا شراب کهنه دوست داری؟"

"چطور می‌توانیم از وسایل کهنه دوباره استفاده کنیم؟"

Tagebuch-Impulse

Describe an old object you own that you refuse to throw away.

Write about a 'chronic' (kohne) problem in your city.

Compare your newest possession with your oldest (kohne) one.

How do you feel when you wear old clothes?

Write a story about an old (kohne) book found in an attic.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

No, use 'doost-e ghadimi'. 'Doost-e kohne' sounds like the friend is a worn-out object.

Not always. For wine (sharāb-e kohne) or sometimes carpets, it implies value and quality through age.

Use 'nan-e kohne'.

The opposite is 'no' (new) or 'tāzeh' (fresh).

Yes, but it implies the building is in bad condition. For a historic building, use 'ghadimi' or 'tārikhi'.

It means someone who is very experienced or a veteran in their job.

It is a standard word used in both formal and informal Persian.

Yes, 'khabar-e kohne' means news that is no longer relevant.

No, but old things are often dirty, so they are associated, but the literal meaning is 'old/worn'.

Yes, 'kohne kardan'.

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