B1 Sentence Structure 1 min read Leicht

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the 'di-' prefix on verbs to shift focus from the person doing the action to the object receiving it.

  • Add 'di-' to the base verb: 'baca' (read) becomes 'dibaca' (is read).
  • The object moves to the front of the sentence.
  • Use 'oleh' to introduce the agent (the person doing the action).
Object + di-Verb + (oleh + Agent)

Meanings

The 'di-' prefix creates a passive construction where the focus is on the object undergoing the action rather than the actor.

1

Standard Passive

Focus on the receiver of the action.

“Surat itu ditulis kemarin.”

“Makanan ini dimasak oleh ibu.”

2

Instructional Passive

Used in manuals or recipes.

“Tomat dipotong kecil-kecil.”

“Tombol ditekan dua kali.”

Passive Voice Formation

Active Verb Passive Verb Meaning
baca dibaca is read
tulis ditulis is written
makan dimakan is eaten
beli dibeli is bought
buka dibuka is opened
buat dibuat is made

Reference Table

Reference table for Standard Grammar
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Object + di-Verb + oleh + Agent Buku dibaca oleh saya.
Negative Object + tidak + di-Verb + oleh + Agent Buku tidak dibaca oleh saya.
Question Apakah + Object + di-Verb + oleh + Agent? Apakah buku dibaca oleh saya?
Future Object + akan + di-Verb + oleh + Agent Buku akan dibaca oleh saya.
Past Object + sudah + di-Verb + oleh + Agent Buku sudah dibaca oleh saya.

Formalitätsspektrum

Formell
Surat itu ditulis oleh saya.

Surat itu ditulis oleh saya. (Writing a letter)

Neutral
Surat itu ditulis saya.

Surat itu ditulis saya. (Writing a letter)

Informell
Suratnya ditulis sama saya.

Suratnya ditulis sama saya. (Writing a letter)

Umgangssprache
Suratnya gue tulis.

Suratnya gue tulis. (Writing a letter)

The Passive Flow

di-Verb

Focus

  • Objek Object

Agent

  • oleh by

Examples by Level

1

Buku dibaca.

The book is read.

2

Surat ditulis.

The letter is written.

3

Pintu dibuka.

The door is opened.

4

Makanan dimakan.

The food is eaten.

1

Buku dibaca oleh saya.

The book is read by me.

2

Surat ditulis oleh ibu.

The letter is written by mother.

3

Pintu dibuka oleh dia.

The door is opened by him/her.

4

Makanan dimakan oleh kucing.

The food is eaten by the cat.

1

Laporan itu diselesaikan oleh tim kemarin.

The report was finished by the team yesterday.

2

Apakah tugas ini dikerjakan olehmu?

Is this task done by you?

3

Rumah itu tidak dibeli oleh mereka.

That house was not bought by them.

4

Kue ini dibuat dengan bahan alami.

This cake is made with natural ingredients.

1

Keputusan tersebut telah diambil oleh direktur.

The decision has been taken by the director.

2

Data tersebut akan dianalisis oleh para ahli.

The data will be analyzed by the experts.

3

Masalah ini harus segera diselesaikan.

This problem must be solved immediately.

4

Banyak gedung dibangun di kota ini.

Many buildings are built in this city.

1

Kebijakan baru tersebut diimplementasikan guna meningkatkan efisiensi.

The new policy is implemented to increase efficiency.

2

Hasil penelitian ini dipublikasikan dalam jurnal internasional.

The results of this research are published in an international journal.

3

Proyek ini didanai oleh pemerintah pusat.

This project is funded by the central government.

4

Setiap detail diperhatikan oleh arsitek tersebut.

Every detail is paid attention to by the architect.

1

Perubahan iklim yang ekstrem dipicu oleh aktivitas manusia.

Extreme climate change is triggered by human activity.

2

Narasi tersebut dikonstruksi untuk memengaruhi opini publik.

The narrative is constructed to influence public opinion.

3

Karya sastra ini diterjemahkan ke dalam berbagai bahasa.

This literary work is translated into various languages.

4

Sistem ini dirancang agar dapat diakses oleh semua orang.

This system is designed to be accessible by everyone.

Easily Confused

Standard Grammar vs. Di- (prefix) vs Di (preposition)

Learners mix up the passive prefix with the location preposition.

Standard Grammar vs. Me- vs Di-

Learners don't know when to use active or passive.

Standard Grammar vs. Ter- vs Di-

Both can sound passive.

Häufige Fehler

Saya dibaca buku.

Buku dibaca oleh saya.

Passive voice requires the object at the start.

Buku di baca.

Buku dibaca.

The prefix 'di-' must be attached to the verb.

Dia dibaca buku.

Buku dibaca oleh dia.

The person doing the action is the agent, not the subject.

Buku dibaca Budi.

Buku dibaca oleh Budi.

Need 'oleh' to introduce the agent.

Dia ditidur di kamar.

Dia tidur di kamar.

Intransitive verbs cannot be passive.

Buku itu di beli.

Buku itu dibeli.

Prefix 'di-' is always attached.

Buku dibaca saya.

Buku dibaca oleh saya.

Missing 'oleh' makes the sentence ungrammatical.

Surat itu di-tulis.

Surat itu ditulis.

No hyphen needed.

Buku dibaca oleh dia kemarin.

Buku dibaca dia kemarin.

In colloquial speech, 'oleh' is often dropped, but learners should stick to formal rules first.

Dia didengar oleh saya.

Dia saya dengar.

When the agent is a pronoun, the structure changes (di-verb + pronoun).

Keputusan itu di-ambil oleh kami.

Keputusan itu diambil oleh kami.

Avoid unnecessary hyphens.

Buku itu dibaca oleh saya dan dia.

Buku itu dibaca oleh kami.

Use correct pronoun grouping.

Proyek itu didanai pemerintah.

Proyek itu didanai oleh pemerintah.

Formal writing requires 'oleh'.

Sentence Patterns

___ dibaca oleh ___.

Apakah ___ sudah ___ oleh ___?

Laporan ini ___ oleh ___ kemarin.

Kebijakan tersebut ___ oleh ___ untuk ___.

Real World Usage

Recipes constant

Bawang dipotong tipis.

News Reports very common

Gedung itu diresmikan oleh presiden.

User Manuals common

Tombol ditekan selama 5 detik.

Social Media occasional

Foto ini diambil oleh saya.

Job Interviews common

Proyek ini dipimpin oleh saya.

Travel common

Tiket dipesan secara online.

💡

Check Transitivity

Only use 'di-' with verbs that have an object. If you can't do it 'to' something, don't use 'di-'.
⚠️

Don't use hyphens

Always write 'di-' as one word with the verb. 'Di-baca' is wrong; 'dibaca' is correct.
🎯

Use 'oleh' for clarity

If you need to mention the agent, 'oleh' is your best friend. It makes the sentence clear and professional.
💬

Passive is polite

In formal Indonesian, passive voice is often seen as more polite and objective than active voice.

Smart Tips

Use passive voice to sound more objective and professional.

Saya menyelesaikan laporan ini. Laporan ini diselesaikan oleh saya.

Passive voice is perfect when the actor is unknown or unimportant.

Seseorang membuka pintu. Pintu dibuka.

Use passive voice for clear, step-by-step instructions.

Anda harus menekan tombol. Tombol ditekan.

Place the object at the start of the sentence to highlight it.

Budi membeli buku itu. Buku itu dibeli oleh Budi.

Aussprache

di-BA-ca

Prefix stress

The 'di-' prefix is unstressed; stress falls on the base verb.

Declarative

Buku dibaca oleh saya ↘

Falling intonation for statements.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Di- is for 'Done'. If the action is done to something, use di-.

Visual Association

Imagine a giant letter 'D' acting like a shield in front of an object, protecting it from the active verb.

Rhyme

When the object is the star, put di- on the verb from afar.

Story

Budi wrote a letter. The letter felt lonely. It wanted to be the star. So, it put on a 'di-' hat. Now it is 'ditulis' (written) and everyone looks at the letter first.

Word Web

dibacaditulisdimakandibelidibuatdibuka

Herausforderung

Look at 3 objects in your room and write a passive sentence for each (e.g., 'Buku ini dibaca oleh saya').

Kulturelle Hinweise

Passive voice is preferred in formal settings to sound polite and objective.

The word 'sama' is often used instead of 'oleh' in casual speech.

Passive voice is the standard for research and official documents.

The 'di-' prefix is an ancient Austronesian passive marker.

Conversation Starters

Apa yang sedang dibaca olehmu?

Apakah tugas ini sudah dikerjakan?

Bagaimana laporan itu disusun?

Apakah kebijakan ini didukung oleh masyarakat?

Journal Prompts

Describe a meal you ate using passive voice.
Write a short report about a project you finished.
Explain how a product you use is made.
Discuss a recent news event using passive voice.

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct passive form.

Buku itu ___ (baca) oleh saya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dibaca
The passive form of 'baca' is 'dibaca'.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Surat ditulis oleh saya.
The object comes first in passive voice.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Buku di baca oleh Budi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku dibaca oleh Budi.
Prefix 'di-' must be attached.
Transform the active sentence to passive. Sentence Transformation

Ibu memasak nasi. (Passive:)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nasi dimasak oleh ibu.
Object moves to front, verb gets 'di-'.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Can you use 'di-' with 'tidur' (sleep)?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Intransitive verbs cannot be passive.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Siapa yang membuat kue ini? B: Kue ini ___ oleh ibu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dibuat
Passive voice is needed.
Order the words to make a passive sentence. Sentence Building

oleh / dibaca / buku / saya

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku dibaca oleh saya.
Correct order: Object + di-verb + oleh + agent.
What is the passive of 'tulis'? Conjugation Drill

Passive of 'tulis':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ditulis
Prefix 'di-' + 'tulis' = 'ditulis'.

Score: /8

Ubungsaufgaben

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct passive form.

Buku itu ___ (baca) oleh saya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dibaca
The passive form of 'baca' is 'dibaca'.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Surat ditulis oleh saya.
The object comes first in passive voice.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Buku di baca oleh Budi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku dibaca oleh Budi.
Prefix 'di-' must be attached.
Transform the active sentence to passive. Sentence Transformation

Ibu memasak nasi. (Passive:)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nasi dimasak oleh ibu.
Object moves to front, verb gets 'di-'.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Can you use 'di-' with 'tidur' (sleep)?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Intransitive verbs cannot be passive.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Siapa yang membuat kue ini? B: Kue ini ___ oleh ibu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dibuat
Passive voice is needed.
Order the words to make a passive sentence. Sentence Building

oleh / dibaca / buku / saya

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku dibaca oleh saya.
Correct order: Object + di-verb + oleh + agent.
What is the passive of 'tulis'? Conjugation Drill

Passive of 'tulis':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ditulis
Prefix 'di-' + 'tulis' = 'ditulis'.

Score: /8

FAQ (8)

It is a natural way to focus on the object and maintain topic continuity in formal writing.

No, only for transitive verbs (verbs that take an object).

No. 'Di-' is a prefix for verbs; 'di' is a preposition for location.

Use 'oleh' when you need to specify who performed the action.

Yes, in informal speech, you can drop it, but keep it for formal writing.

'Di-' is intentional; 'ter-' often implies an accident or a state.

Absolutely not. It is standard and often preferred in formal contexts.

Add 'tidak' before the passive verb: 'Buku tidak dibaca oleh saya'.

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

Ser + participio

Indonesian uses a prefix; Spanish uses a separate verb.

French moderate

Être + participe passé

French requires agreement in gender/number; Indonesian does not.

German moderate

Werden + Partizip II

German passive is complex due to case and conjugation.

Japanese high

-reru/-rareru suffix

Indonesian is prefix-based; Japanese is suffix-based.

Chinese high

Bei (被) construction

Chinese 'bei' is a separate word; Indonesian 'di-' is a prefix.

Arabic low

Internal vowel change

Arabic is morphologically internal; Indonesian is affix-based.

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