ならびに
When you want to say "and" in Japanese to connect nouns, you have a few options. One common and polite way is to use 「と」 (to). For example, 「犬と猫」 (inu to neko) means "dog and cat."
Another common way to connect nouns is 「そして」 (soshite), which can also mean "and" or "and then." It often connects sentences or clauses, but can sometimes connect nouns as well, especially when you want to show a sequence or emphasize that something else is being added.
However, 「ならびに」 (narabini) is a much more formal way to say "and" or "as well as." You'll typically encounter it in written documents, official announcements, or very formal speeches. It's less common in everyday conversation.
Think of it as a formal equivalent to "and" or "in addition to." While you might not use it often in daily chat, it's good to recognize it when you see it in more official contexts.
When you want to say "and" in Japanese to connect nouns, you have a few options. One very common and versatile word is と (to), which you've probably encountered already. However, if you're looking for a slightly more formal way to connect nouns, especially in writing or more official contexts, ならびに (narabini) is a good choice.
Think of ならびに as meaning "and" or "as well as," but with a touch more formality than と. It's often used when listing items or entities that are on a similar level or being presented together in a comprehensive manner. For example, you might see it in business documents, announcements, or official statements to connect related nouns.
It's a useful word to know for expanding your Japanese vocabulary beyond everyday conversational phrases, and it will help you understand more formal written Japanese.
When you want to connect nouns in a very formal way, you can use ならびに. Think of it as a more elevated version of 「と」 or 「および」. It's often seen in official documents, speeches, or formal writing.
For example, if you're listing various items or parties in a business context, ならびに would be appropriate. While 「と」 and 「および」 are also conjunctions, ならびに adds an extra layer of formality and seriousness to the connection. It's a useful word to know for understanding more formal Japanese texts.
When connecting multiple nouns in Japanese, you have several options. For instance, you could use 「〜と、〜と、〜」. This is a very common and neutral way to list things. Alternatively, you might encounter 「ならびに」.
「ならびに」 is similar to 「そして」 (and) or 「および」 (and/as well as), but it carries a more formal and somewhat older nuance. You'll often see it in written documents, official announcements, or very polite speech. It emphasizes that the items being connected are of equal importance and are being presented exhaustively.
While you might not use it in everyday conversation with friends, it's a good word to recognize, especially when reading formal texts or watching news. It adds a touch of sophistication to your Japanese when used appropriately, but remember it's generally reserved for more formal contexts.
When we encounter ならびに (nara-bi-ni), we're looking at a conjunction that means "and" or "as well as."
It's used to connect nouns, and it carries a more formal and somewhat older nuance compared to simply using と (to) or そして (soshite).
Think of it as adding a touch of sophistication or officialdom to your sentence. You'll often see ならびに in written documents, official statements, or formal speeches where precision and formality are key.
It emphasizes that the items being connected are of equal importance or are being presented together in a comprehensive manner.
When studying Japanese, you'll encounter various ways to connect nouns. While や (ya) and と (to) are common, ならびに (narabini) offers a more formal and comprehensive connection.
Think of it as meaning "and" or "as well as," but with a nuance of including everything in a list. It's often used in official documents, legal texts, or very polite speech where you want to ensure all items are explicitly mentioned.
For example, if you're listing regulations, you might see something like 「会員規約ならびに利用条件」 (kaiin kiyaku narabini riyō jōken), meaning "membership rules as well as terms of use." This emphasizes that both sets of conditions apply.
While you won't use ならびに in everyday conversations, understanding its function is crucial for comprehending formal Japanese and appreciating the subtle differences in conjunction usage. It highlights the thoroughness and precision often found in formal Japanese writing.
ならびに in 30 Sekunden
- conjunction
- formal
- and/as well as
ならびに (nara_bi_ni) is a useful conjunction to connect nouns in a formal way. Think of it as a more formal version of 「と」(to) or 「そして」(soshite). While 「と」is often used for listing items casually, and 「そして」connects clauses or sentences, ならびに specifically links nouns, giving your speech or writing a more polished and official feel. It's especially common in written documents, announcements, and formal speeches.
§ Basic Usage: Connecting Nouns
The most straightforward way to use ならびに is to connect two or more nouns. It acts as 'and' or 'as well as'.
部長ならびに課長が会議に出席します。
Hint: The department head and the section chief will attend the meeting.
応募書類ならびに履歴書を提出してください。
Hint: Please submit your application documents and resume.
§ Indicating Groups or Categories
ならびに can also be used to connect broader categories or groups of people/things, emphasizing that all mentioned groups are included.
役員一同ならびに従業員一同、心より感謝申し上げます。
Hint: The entire board of directors, as well as all employees, express our sincere gratitude.
本製品は、個人利用ならびに法人利用が可能です。
Hint: This product can be used for personal as well as corporate purposes.
§ Usage in Official Documents and Announcements
You will frequently encounter ならびに in formal written contexts. It lends a sense of officialdom and completeness.
利用規約ならびにプライバシーポリシーにご同意の上、ご利用ください。
Hint: Please agree to the terms of service and privacy policy before use.
皆様のご理解ならびにご協力をお願い申し上げます。
Hint: We kindly ask for your understanding and cooperation.
§ Comparing ならびに with other conjunctions- と (to)
- This is the most common and versatile 'and' for connecting nouns. It's used in all registers, from very casual to moderately formal. Example: 「りんごとバナナを買いました。」 (I bought apples and bananas.)
- そして (soshite)
- Primarily used to connect sentences or clauses, indicating a sequence of events or adding further information. It can sometimes connect nouns, but it implies a slight pause or a more distinct separation than と. Example: 「本を読みました。そして、寝ました。」 (I read a book, and then I slept.)
- および (oyobi)
- Similar to ならびに in its formality, および is also used to connect nouns in formal contexts. While both are formal, ならびに often implies a closer relationship or a sense of 'both A and B are included', whereas および can feel a bit more like simply 'A and B'. In many situations, they are interchangeable. Example: 「費用および期間についてご説明します。」 (I will explain about the cost and the duration.)
In summary, ならびに is your go-to conjunction when you need to connect nouns with a sense of formality and completeness, especially in written documents, official announcements, or polite speeches. Master its usage, and your Japanese will sound much more refined in appropriate situations.
§ What ならびに means
You might already know how to say 'and' in Japanese with words like と (to) or そして (soshite). But ならびに (narabini) is a bit different. It's a formal way to say 'and' or 'as well as,' primarily used to connect nouns.
- DEFINITION
- And, as well as (used to connect nouns, even more formal).
§ Where you actually hear this word — work, school, news
Since ならびに is very formal, you'll most often encounter it in specific situations. Here are the main places:
- Official Announcements and Documents: This is probably the most common place. You'll see it in company policies, school rules, legal documents, and public notices. It gives a very clear and precise connection between the items listed.
- News Reports: Especially in formal news reports, particularly those covering official statements, government announcements, or corporate news, ならびに is used to connect different entities or concepts in a concise and formal way.
- Speeches and Presentations: In formal speeches, especially those given by officials, politicians, or business leaders, ならびに can be used to add gravity and formality when listing items or groups.
- Terms and Conditions: Any official document that outlines terms, conditions, or regulations will likely use ならびに to link various clauses or stipulations.
Let's look at some examples to get a better feel for how it's used.
社員ならびにその家族は、健康診断を受ける義務があります。
Hint: Employees and their families have an obligation to undergo a health check-up.
当社の製品ならびにサービスにご関心をお寄せいただき、誠にありがとうございます。
Hint: Thank you very much for your interest in our products and services.
本会議は、議長ならびに全ての議員が出席して行われます。
Hint: This conference will be held with the presence of the chairman and all members of parliament.
Understanding ならびに will help you navigate more formal Japanese contexts. It's a simple word in concept but its usage is very specific. Keep an eye out for it in official communications and you'll quickly get used to its meaning and nuance.
§ Using ならびに in Casual Settings
One of the most common mistakes learners make with ならびに is using it in everyday, casual conversations. While ならびに means "and" or "as well as," it's a highly formal conjunction. Think of it like using "furthermore" or "moreover" in English in a casual chat with friends. It just sounds out of place and overly stiff. Always remember that ならびに belongs in formal writing, speeches, or official documents.
§ Confusing ならびに with そして or それから
While ならびに connects nouns, other conjunctions like そして (soshite) and それから (sorekara) connect sentences or clauses, indicating a sequence of events or additional information. It's crucial not to interchange them. ならびに focuses on listing items or entities, whereas そして and それから focus on the flow of actions or statements.
- Incorrect Usage
- 今日の会議では、新しいプロジェクトならびに今後の戦略について話し合いました。(Incorrect: implies a direct connection between "new project" and "future strategy" as if they are parallel items in a list, rather than sequential discussion points.)
In this example, it's more natural to say: 今日の会議では、新しいプロジェクトについて話し合い、そして今後の戦略についても話し合いました。 (Today's meeting, we discussed the new project, and then we also discussed future strategies.)
会議には、部長ならびに課長が出席しました。(The department head and also the section chief attended the meeting.)
Here, ならびに is used correctly to connect two nouns (部長 and 課長) in a formal context.
§ Overusing ならびに When a Simpler Conjunction Suffices
Just because you know a formal word doesn't mean you should always use it. Sometimes, a simpler, less formal conjunction is perfectly acceptable even in semi-formal or slightly elevated contexts. Using ならびに unnecessarily can make your Japanese sound overly pretentious or even robotic.
If you're writing a formal email but not an official government document, you might not always need ならびに. Consider the specific context and audience.
Think about the nuance you want to convey. ならびに implies a strong, formal connection between the listed items. If that level of formality isn't required, a different word might be better.
§ Incorrect Placement in a Sentence
ならびに should always be placed between the nouns it's connecting. It's not a sentence-starter or an adverb. Placing it at the beginning of a sentence or in an awkward position can make your Japanese sound unnatural and confusing.
- Correct Placement
- 本書は、歴史ならびに文化について述べています。(This book describes history as well as culture.)
Here, ならびに correctly connects "歴史" (history) and "文化" (culture).
- Incorrect Placement Example
- ならびに、重要な書類を提出してください。(Incorrect: you wouldn't start a sentence like this with ならびに if you mean "and also submit important documents.")
If you intend to add another instruction or point, you'd use a different conjunction or sentence structure. For example, そして重要な書類を提出してください (And, please submit important documents).
§ Not Understanding the Degree of Formality
The biggest pitfall is simply not recognizing how formal ならびに is. It's not just "and"; it's a very specific kind of "and" that elevates the tone significantly. Always consider the context:
Official Documents: Contracts, legal papers, official announcements. ならびに is perfect here.
Formal Speeches/Presentations: When addressing a large or high-status audience.
Academic Writing: Especially in fields requiring precise, formal language.
If your situation doesn't fall into these categories, it's probably best to avoid ならびに. When in doubt, err on the side of caution and choose a less formal alternative. Mastering the appropriate use of ならびに will significantly improve your formal Japanese communication skills.
§ What is ならびに?
ならびに (nara bi ni) is a formal conjunction in Japanese. It means 'and' or 'as well as' and is primarily used to connect nouns or noun phrases. Think of it as a more formal version of と (to) or および (oyobi).
- DEFINITION
- And, as well as (used to connect nouns, even more formal).
§ When to use ならびに
You'll typically encounter ならびに in written documents, official statements, legal texts, and formal speeches. It's not something you'd use in everyday conversation. Its formality makes it suitable for situations where precision and a respectful tone are required.
§ Examples of ならびに in use
この規約は、お客様の権利ならびに義務を定めます。
This agreement sets forth your rights and obligations.
役員ならびに従業員一同、心よりお礼申し上げます。
The officers and all employees sincerely thank you.
本製品の操作方法ならびに注意事項をご確認ください。
Please check the operating instructions and precautions for this product.
§ Similar words and when to use this one vs alternatives
Japanese has several words that mean 'and' or 'as well as'. Choosing the right one depends heavily on the context and the level of formality you need. Let's break down some common alternatives to ならびに:
- と (to): This is the most common and versatile way to connect nouns in Japanese. It's informal and can be used in almost any situation. If you're simply listing items or connecting two nouns in a casual way, と is your go-to.
ペンとノートを持ってきてください。
Please bring a pen and a notebook.
- および (oyobi): This is also a formal conjunction, similar to ならびに, but it tends to be slightly less formal or used in slightly different contexts. While ならびに often emphasizes a sequential or additive relationship, および can sometimes imply a more comprehensive or inclusive connection. However, in many formal situations, they can be interchangeable.
会議室および研修室はご利用いただけます。
The meeting room and training room are available.
- それに (sore ni): This conjunction connects clauses or sentences, meaning 'and also' or 'in addition to that'. It's more casual than ならびに or および and is used to add further information.
彼は背が高い。それに、とても優しい。
He is tall. And also, very kind.
Key takeaway: If you're aiming for a high level of formality, especially in written documents, ならびに is a strong choice for connecting nouns. When in doubt, consider the context and who your audience is. For everyday communication, stick with と. For formal situations where you're connecting ideas or clauses rather than just nouns, you might look at other options like また (mata) or さらに (sara ni) depending on the nuance.
How Formal Is It?
"書面にて、会議開催のお知らせ、ならびに、場所と時間をご確認ください。 Please confirm the meeting notification, as well as the location and time, in writing."
"書面にて、会議開催のお知らせ、および、場所と時間をご確認ください。 Please confirm the meeting notification, and the location and time, in writing."
"会議のお知らせと、場所と時間を確認してください。 Please confirm the meeting notification, and the location and time."
"ママとパパがきてね。 Mama and Papa are coming."
"飲みとか食べとか、色々あるよ。 There's drinking, and eating, and all sorts of stuff."
Wusstest du?
This conjunction has an older, more classical feel to it compared to other 'and' conjunctions.
Aussprachehilfe
- mispronouncing the 'r' as an English 'r'
- lengthening the 'i' sounds
Schwierigkeitsgrad
Short word, hiragana
Short word, hiragana
Easy to pronounce
Clear pronunciation
Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest
Voraussetzungen
Als Nächstes lernen
Fortgeschritten
Wichtige Grammatik
Can connect multiple nouns or noun phrases to list items comprehensively. It implies that the listed items are of equal importance or category.
本日は晴天なり、ならびに波も穏やかです。 (Today is clear, and as well as the waves are calm.)
It's more formal than と or そして, often found in written documents, official statements, or formal speeches. It adds a sense of thoroughness and formality to the enumeration.
契約書には氏名ならびに住所を記入してください。(Please fill in your name and as well as address on the contract.)
While similar to および (oyobi), ならびに often implies a slightly stronger connection or a more exhaustive list. Both are formal, but ならびに can suggest a more integrated connection between the listed elements.
社長ならびに全従業員に感謝申し上げます。(I would like to express my gratitude to the president and as well as all employees.)
Should not be used to connect clauses or sentences. Its primary function is to link nouns or noun phrases within a single sentence structure.
会議の議事録、ならびに配布資料をご確認ください。(Please check the meeting minutes and as well as the distributed materials.)
It can be used in legal or official contexts to ensure that all relevant parties or items are explicitly included.
当社のサービスは、個人のお客様ならびに法人のお客様にご利用いただけます。(Our services are available to individual customers and as well as corporate customers.)
Beispiele nach Niveau
社長ならびに社員は会議に出席します。
The president and the employees will attend the meeting.
鉛筆ならびにノートを買いました。
I bought pencils as well as notebooks.
彼ならびに彼女は学生です。
He and she are students.
本ならびに辞書を読みます。
I read books and dictionaries.
父ならびに母は家にいます。
Father and mother are at home.
コーヒーならびに紅茶を飲みます。
I drink coffee and tea.
夏ならびに冬が好きです。
I like summer and winter.
日本ならびに韓国に行きたいです。
I want to go to Japan and Korea.
図書館には本ならびに雑誌があります。
The library has books as well as magazines.
会議には社長ならびに部長が出席しました。
The president and the manager attended the meeting.
この書類には名前ならびに住所を記入してください。
Please fill in your name as well as your address on this document.
パンならびに牛乳を買ってきてください。
Please buy bread and milk.
彼は歌手ならびに俳優です。
He is a singer as well as an actor.
私たちは健康ならびに安全を願っています。
We wish for health and safety.
このお店では野菜ならびに果物を売っています。
This store sells vegetables and fruits.
来週はテストならびに発表があります。
Next week, there will be a test as well as a presentation.
図書館ならびに体育館は改装工事のため閉鎖されます。
The library and the gymnasium will be closed for renovation work.
Connecting two nouns (図書館 and 体育館) in a formal announcement context.
本日は、新入社員の入社式ならびにオリエンテーションが行われます。
Today, the new employee entrance ceremony and orientation will be held.
Connecting two nouns (入社式 and オリエンテーション) in a formal event description.
この規約は、学生ならびに教職員に適用されます。
These regulations apply to students as well as faculty and staff.
Connecting two groups of people (学生 and 教職員) in a formal rule statement.
商品の返品ならびに交換は、購入後7日以内に限り可能です。
Returns and exchanges of products are only possible within 7 days of purchase.
Connecting two actions (返品 and 交換) in a formal policy.
当ホテルでは、宿泊のお客様ならびにレストランをご利用のお客様に駐車場を提供しております。
Our hotel offers parking to staying guests as well as restaurant customers.
Connecting two types of customers (宿泊のお客様 and レストランをご利用のお客様) in a service description.
会議の資料ならびに議事録は、後日メールにて送付いたします。
The meeting materials and minutes will be sent by email at a later date.
Connecting two types of documents (資料 and 議事録) in a formal notification.
皆様のご協力ならびに温かいご支援に心より感謝申し上げます。
We sincerely thank you for your cooperation and warm support.
Connecting two abstract nouns (ご協力 and ご支援) in a formal expression of gratitude.
このプロジェクトは、経済的成功ならびに社会的貢献を目指します。
This project aims for economic success as well as social contribution.
Connecting two goals (経済的成功 and 社会的貢献) in a project objective.
領収書ならびにレシートは、必ずお持ち帰りください。
Please take your receipt and/as well as the slip with you.
この度は、ご応募ならびにお問い合わせいただき、誠にありがとうございます。
Thank you very much for your application and/as well as your inquiry this time.
本日、A社ならびにB社の代表者が会議に参加しました。
Today, representatives from Company A and/as well as Company B participated in the meeting.
弊社製品ならびにサービスに関するご質問は、お気軽にお尋ねください。
Please feel free to ask any questions regarding our products and/as well as services.
この施設は、宿泊ならびに食事の提供を行っております。
This facility provides accommodation and/as well as meals.
彼のスピーチは、内容ならびに表現の点で優れていました。
His speech was excellent in terms of content and/as well as expression.
会議の資料ならびに議事録は、後日配布いたします。
The meeting materials and/as well as the minutes will be distributed later.
安全運転ならびに交通ルールの遵守をお願いいたします。
Please drive safely and/as well as observe traffic rules.
申込書にご署名ならびに印鑑をお願いいたします。
Please sign and affix your seal to the application form.
Connecting two formal actions: signing and affixing a seal.
この法律は、国民の健康ならびに安全を保護することを目的とする。
This law aims to protect the health and safety of the citizens.
Connecting two related abstract nouns: health and safety.
会議には、社長ならびに各部署の代表者が出席しました。
The president and representatives from each department attended the meeting.
Connecting a high-ranking individual and a group of representatives.
新しいシステムは、コスト削減ならびに業務効率向上に貢献します。
The new system will contribute to cost reduction and improved operational efficiency.
Connecting two beneficial outcomes: cost reduction and efficiency improvement.
商品の返品ならびに交換は、購入後一週間以内に限らせていただきます。
Returns and exchanges of products are limited to within one week of purchase.
Connecting two related actions regarding products: returns and exchanges.
報告書には、事実ならびに考察が詳細に記載されています。
The report details the facts and considerations.
Connecting objective facts and subjective considerations.
この度、弊社は業務拡大ならびに組織再編を実施いたしました。
This time, our company implemented business expansion and organizational restructuring.
Connecting two large-scale corporate changes: expansion and restructuring.
彼の作品は、芸術性ならびに社会性において高く評価されている。
His work is highly regarded for its artistic merit and social relevance.
Connecting two aspects of a work: artistic quality and social impact.
申込書にご記入のうえ、身分証明書ならびに現住所確認書類を添付して提出してください。
Please fill out the application form and submit it with your identification and proof of current address.
本会議では、環境問題ならびに経済発展について議論が行われました。
At this conference, environmental issues as well as economic development were discussed.
社長ならびに役員の皆様には、日頃のご尽力に心より感謝申し上げます。
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the president and all executives for their daily efforts.
本書は、過去の研究成果ならびに今後の展望について述べたものです。
This document describes past research achievements as well as future prospects.
弊社は、お客様の個人情報ならびにプライバシーの保護に努めております。
Our company strives to protect your personal information as well as your privacy.
今回のプロジェクトは、技術的な課題ならびに予算の問題を抱えています。
This project has technical challenges as well as budget issues.
会議の参加者ならびに発表者の皆様、誠にありがとうございました。
Thank you very much to all the participants and presenters at the conference.
新商品の開発ならびに市場投入には、多大な時間と労力が必要です。
The development and market launch of new products require a great deal of time and effort.
Häufige Kollokationen
Häufige Phrasen
添付書類ならびに身分証明書をご提出ください。
Please submit the attached documents and identification.
会議の目的、ならびに議題について説明します。
I will explain the purpose of the meeting, as well as the agenda.
この法律は、国民の権利ならびに自由を保障する。
This law guarantees the rights and freedoms of the citizens.
商品の種類ならびに数量をご確認ください。
Please check the type and quantity of the product.
弊社は、製品の品質ならびに安全性を重視しています。
Our company values the quality and safety of our products.
交通機関の遅延ならびに運休にご注意ください。
Please be aware of transportation delays and cancellations.
ご意見ならびに質問がございましたら、お知らせください。
Please let us know if you have any opinions or questions.
この規則は、学生ならびに教職員に適用されます。
This rule applies to students as well as faculty and staff.
環境保護ならびに資源の有効活用に取り組みます。
We will work on environmental protection and effective use of resources.
契約書ならびに約款をよくお読みください。
Please read the contract and terms carefully.
Wird oft verwechselt mit
Both 'ならびに' and 'および' are formal, but 'ならびに' is often used for items of equal importance in a comprehensive list, while 'および' can connect similar or secondary items.
'と' is a casual particle for connecting nouns and is the most common. 'ならびに' is much more formal.
'そして' connects sentences or clauses, indicating a sequence or additional information, not nouns like 'ならびに'.
Redewendungen & Ausdrücke
"郷に入っては郷に従え (Gō ni itte wa gō ni shitagae)"
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
新しい会社に入ったばかりだから、郷に入っては郷に従えで、まずは周りの人のやり方を学ぶべきだ。(I just joined a new company, so I should follow the local customs and first learn how the people around me do things.)
neutral"一石二鳥 (Isseki nichō)"
Killing two birds with one stone.
買い物ついでに郵便局に寄って、一石二鳥だ。(I'll stop by the post office while I'm out shopping, killing two birds with one stone.)
neutral"花より団子 (Hana yori dango)"
Dumplings rather than flowers; preferring practical things over aesthetics.
彼女は花より団子で、高価な花束よりも実用的なプレゼントを喜ぶタイプだ。(She's the type who prefers practical gifts over expensive bouquets; dumplings rather than flowers.)
neutral"猫の手も借りたい (Neko no te mo karitai)"
So busy you'd even borrow a cat's paw; extremely busy.
引っ越し準備で猫の手も借りたいくらい忙しい。(I'm so busy preparing for the move, I'd even borrow a cat's paw.)
neutral"猿も木から落ちる (Saru mo ki kara ochiru)"
Even monkeys fall from trees; even experts make mistakes.
ベテランの彼でも、たまには猿も木から落ちることもあるよ。(Even an expert like him sometimes makes mistakes; even monkeys fall from trees.)
neutral"出る釘は打たれる (Deru kui wa utareru)"
The nail that sticks out gets hammered down; conformity is valued.
日本では、出る釘は打たれるという考え方があるので、あまり目立たない方が良い場合が多い。(In Japan, there's a saying 'the nail that sticks out gets hammered down,' so it's often better not to stand out too much.)
neutral"焼け石に水 (Yakeishi ni mizu)"
Water on a hot stone; a drop in the ocean, a futile effort.
この問題に対して、私の力は焼け石に水だ。(My efforts for this problem are like water on a hot stone.)
neutral"十人十色 (Jūnin toiro)"
Ten people, ten colors; to each their own, different strokes for different folks.
趣味は十人十色だから、みんなが同じものを好きとは限らない。(Hobbies are to each their own, so not everyone likes the same things.)
neutral"塵も積もれば山となる (Chiri mo tsumoreba yama to naru)"
Even dust, if accumulated, becomes a mountain; small efforts add up.
毎日少しずつ貯金すれば、塵も積もれば山となる。(If you save a little bit every day, even dust will accumulate into a mountain.)
neutral"油を売る (Abura o uru)"
To sell oil; to waste time, to chat idly.
仕事中に油を売っている暇はない。(I don't have time to waste chatting during work.)
informalLeicht verwechselbar
Many English speakers find 'ならびに' confusing because it translates to 'and' or 'as well as,' similar to other Japanese conjunctions like 'と,' 'そして,' and 'および.' The difficulty lies in understanding its specific use cases and level of formality.
While 'と' is a casual particle for connecting nouns, and 'そして' connects sentences or clauses, 'ならびに' is a formal conjunction primarily used to connect nouns or noun phrases in official documents, legal texts, or formal announcements. It implies a comprehensive listing and a strong connection between the items.
申込書にご署名ならびに印鑑をお願いいたします。(Please sign your application form and provide your seal.)
'および' also means 'and' or 'as well as,' leading to confusion with 'ならびに.' Learners often struggle to differentiate when to use one over the other.
Both 'ならびに' and 'および' are formal. However, 'および' is generally used to connect items that are of a similar nature or category, or to add an item that is secondary but related. 'ならびに' often connects items of equal importance or status, creating a more exhaustive list.
弊社はお客様の氏名および住所を記録します。(Our company records the customer's name and address.)
This is a basic particle meaning 'and,' but its simplicity can lead to overgeneralization, causing learners to use it in contexts where more formal options like 'ならびに' or 'および' are appropriate.
'と' is the most common and casual way to connect two or more nouns. It implies an exhaustive list of items. It doesn't carry the same level of formality as 'ならびに' or 'および.'
私と彼が公園に行きました。(He and I went to the park.)
'そして' means 'and then' or 'and' and is used to connect sentences or clauses, often indicating a sequence of events or adding further information. This can be confused with connecting nouns.
Unlike 'ならびに' which connects nouns, 'そして' connects actions or statements. It can also imply a chronological order or simply add another point to a narrative.
ご飯を食べました。そして、テレビを見ました。(I ate a meal. And then, I watched TV.)
'また' can mean 'also,' 'again,' or 'and' in certain contexts, which can be confusing when trying to distinguish it from more formal conjunctions.
'また' is more versatile. When used to connect items, it often means 'also' or 'in addition to,' implying a non-exhaustive list or adding another item to a previously mentioned one. It's less formal than 'ならびに' or 'および.'
コーヒーをください。また、ケーキもください。(Please give me coffee. Also, please give me cake.)
So verwendest du es
ならびに (narabini) is a formal conjunction meaning "and" or "as well as." It's primarily used to connect nouns, and it conveys a sense of adding one thing to another, similar to と (to) or および (oyobi), but with a higher degree of formality. You'll often see it in official documents, legal texts, or formal announcements. Think of it as a more sophisticated way to say "and" when you want to group items together in a dignified manner. It emphasizes a comprehensive inclusion.
A common mistake is using ならびに in casual conversation. Because of its formal nature, using it with friends or in everyday situations would sound stiff and unnatural. For informal contexts, stick to simpler conjunctions like と (to) or just listing items. Another mistake is trying to use it to connect clauses or sentences; its primary function is for connecting nouns or noun phrases.
Tipps
Basic use of ならびに
ならびに (narabini) literally translates to "and" or "as well as." You'll mainly see it connecting nouns, similar to や (ya) or と (to), but it's much more formal.
Use in formal writing
ならびに is often used in formal writing, official documents, legal texts, and speeches. It adds a sense of gravity and completeness to a statement. Don't use it in casual conversation.
Connecting multiple items
You can use ならびに to connect two or more nouns, lists of items, or even phrases that act as nouns. It emphasizes that all listed items are included.
Example: Company policy
Example: 当社は、顧客サービスならびに製品の品質向上に努めます。 (Tōsha wa, kokyaku sābisu narabini seihin no hinshitsu kōjō ni tsutomemasu.)
Hint: Our company strives for customer service and product quality improvement.
Example: Event invitation
Example: ご家族ならびにご友人の皆様、ご参加ください。 (Gokazoku narabini goyūjin no minasama, gosanka kudasai.)
Hint: Family members and friends, please participate.
More formal than および (oyobi)
While および (oyobi) also means "and" and is formal, ならびに is generally considered even more formal and often implies a stronger connection or a complete enumeration of items.
Don't use in casual talk
Using ならびに in casual conversation would sound very unnatural and stiff, almost comical. Stick to と (to), や (ya), or the te-form for connecting verbs in everyday speech.
Legal and official contexts
Pay attention to where you see ならびに. You'll frequently encounter it in legal documents, business contracts, public announcements, and academic papers, reinforcing its formal nature.
Combining with other conjunctions
Sometimes you might see it combined with other formal conjunctions for very complex or exhaustive lists, but this is less common for intermediate learners. Focus on its basic noun-connecting function first.
Practice reading formal texts
The best way to get comfortable with ならびに is to read Japanese official documents, news articles, or formal speeches. This will help you naturally recognize its usage and context.
Einprägen
Eselsbrücke
Imagine 'ならびに' as 'NA-RA-BI-NI' – 'NA' for natural, 'RA' for arrangement, 'BI' for bringing, 'NI' for nouns. It naturally arranges and brings nouns together.
Visuelle Assoziation
Picture two important documents or people standing formally side-by-side, connected by a very neat, formal ribbon that says 'ならびに'. This emphasizes its use for formal connections.
Word Web
Herausforderung
Try to write three sentences using ならびに, connecting two nouns that you would typically find in a formal context (e.g., in a business report, a legal document, or a formal announcement). For example, '商品名ならびに価格' (product name and price).
Wortherkunft
Compound of 'nara' (to line up) and 'bi' (suffix for conjunction).
Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: Originally implied things lining up together.
JaponicKultureller Kontext
ならびに is often seen in official documents, formal announcements, and legal texts. While you'll hear it in spoken Japanese in very formal settings, it's more commonly encountered in writing. It emphasizes that the listed items are of equal importance and are being presented together in a comprehensive manner.
Im Alltag üben
Kontexte aus dem Alltag
Formal written documents like contracts or official announcements.
- 甲ならびに乙は、本契約に同意するものとします。
- 出席者名簿ならびに会議資料をご確認ください。
- 当社の製品ならびにサービス向上にご協力をお願いいたします。
Legal or business reports.
- 経費ならびに収益の報告書を提出します。
- 役員ならびに従業員の皆様にお知らせいたします。
- 本件ならびにその他の関連事項について検討します。
Academic papers or formal presentations.
- 研究成果ならびに今後の課題について発表します。
- 理論ならびに実践の両面から考察します。
- 先行研究ならびに本研究の目的を説明します。
Public speeches or important ceremonies.
- 皆様ならびにそのご家族の健康と幸福を願っております。
- 来賓ならびに主催者の皆様に心より感謝申し上げます。
- 平和ならびに繁栄を祈念して乾杯いたします。
Formal notifications or greetings.
- 新年のご挨拶ならびに旧年のご厚情に感謝申し上げます。
- 皆様の安全ならびに健康を第一に考えております。
- ご支援ならびに多大なご協力に深く感謝いたします。
Gesprächseinstiege
"普段、どのような文書で「ならびに」を見かけますか？"
"ビジネスメールで「ならびに」を使う場面はありますか？"
"「ならびに」と「および」の使い分けについてどう思いますか？"
"よりカジュアルな「そして」と比べて、「ならびに」が使われる状況はどんな時ですか？"
"「ならびに」を使った文で、自分で何か新しい例文を作れますか？"
Tagebuch-Impulse
最近見たニュースや記事で「ならびに」が使われていた文を書き留め、その文脈を説明してください。
もし自分が会社で公式な発表をするなら、「ならびに」をどこでどのように使うか計画してください。
「ならびに」と「および」の違いについて、自分なりの理解をまとめてみてください。
「ならびに」を使って、自分の学校や仕事について公式な報告書の一文を書いてみてください。
日常生活で「ならびに」を使う機会はほとんどないと思いますが、もし使うとしたらどんな場面で、誰に対して使うでしょうか？
Häufig gestellte Fragen
10 Fragenならびに is generally more formal than と, and can connect nouns or clauses. It's often used in official documents or formal writing. Think of it as 'and furthermore' or 'as well as' when you want to sound more official. While および also means 'and' and is formal, ならびに can connect more complex phrases and even sentences, not just simple nouns or noun phrases.
While grammatically correct, using ならびに in everyday conversation would sound overly formal and a bit stiff. It's best reserved for written communication, speeches, or very formal presentations. For casual conversation, stick to simpler conjunctions like と, や, or それから.
You wouldn't *have* to use it, but it's a good choice when you want to convey a sense of formality, inclusiveness, or when listing multiple items in a comprehensive and official manner. For example, in legal documents, academic papers, or business contracts, ならびに is commonly employed to connect elements in a clear and unambiguous way.
Not entirely. While both can mean 'and then' or 'and', ならびに focuses more on connecting parallel items or clauses with a formal tone. そして often implies a chronological sequence or a continuation of action. Think of ならびに as 'in addition to' and そして as 'and next'.
While ならびに is often written in hiragana, the kanji is 並びに. The kanji 並 means 'to line up' or 'to be equal to', which hints at its function of connecting parallel items.
ならびに primarily connects nouns, noun phrases, or even clauses. While you might occasionally see it connect verb phrases in very formal or archaic writing, it's not its typical use. For connecting verbs, you'd usually use forms like 〜て or 〜たりする.
Not necessarily, but it often conveys a sense of thoroughness or comprehensiveness in the listing. It suggests that the items connected are all part of a complete set or group being referenced. However, it doesn't strictly guarantee that no other items exist.
また (mata) can mean 'again' or 'also', and it can connect sentences or clauses in a slightly less formal way than ならびに. While both can add information, ならびに has a stronger sense of formally listing or presenting co-existing elements. また is more versatile and can be used in many contexts.
Yes, you can. It can be used to connect individual numbers or ranges of numbers in formal contexts, for example, in specifications or legal documents. It helps to ensure clarity and formality when listing numerical data.
You'll frequently encounter ならびに in official documents, contracts, terms and conditions, academic papers, and formal speeches. For example, '会員規約ならびにプライバシーポリシー' (Membership Agreement and as well as Privacy Policy) or '代表取締役ならびに役員一同' (The Representative Director and all other Officers).
Teste dich selbst 144 Fragen
私（わたし）はパンを食（た）べます。___、コーヒーを飲（の）みます。
This sentence connects two simple actions: eating bread and drinking coffee. 「そして」 (soshite) means 'and' and is suitable for connecting actions or sentences.
これは私（わたし）のペンです。___、鉛筆（えんぴつ）です。
This sentence adds another item to the list: a pencil. 「また」 (mata) means 'also' or 'again' and can be used to add more items.
私（わたし）は学生（がくせい）です。___、先生（せんせい）ではありません。
This sentence shows a contrast: being a student but not a teacher. 「しかし」 (shikashi) means 'but' or 'however' and is used to express opposition.
昨日（きのう）は雨（あめ）でした。___、今日（きょう）は晴（は）れです。
This sentence contrasts yesterday's rain with today's clear weather. 「しかし」 (shikashi) is the correct conjunction for this contrast.
私（わたし）は日本語（にほんご）を勉強（べんきょう）します。___、英語（えいご）も勉強（べんきょう）します。
This sentence adds another language to study. 「そして」 (soshite) connects the two actions of studying Japanese and English.
彼（かれ）は医者（いしゃ）です。___、彼女（かのじょ）は看護師（かんごし）です。
This sentence connects two separate statements about two different people's professions. 「そして」 (soshite) is appropriate for simply joining these two sentences.
Choose the correct particle to connect two nouns meaning 'and'.
The particle 'と' is used to connect two or more nouns meaning 'and'.
Which word means 'cat' in Japanese?
'ねこ' (neko) means 'cat'. 'いぬ' (inu) means 'dog', 'さかな' (sakana) means 'fish', and 'とり' (tori) means 'bird'.
How do you say 'thank you' in Japanese?
'ありがとうございます' (arigatou gozaimasu) is a polite way to say 'thank you'. 'さようなら' means 'goodbye', 'おはようございます' means 'good morning', and 'すみません' means 'excuse me/sorry'.
The Japanese word 'こんにちは' (konnichiwa) means 'goodbye'.
'こんにちは' (konnichiwa) means 'hello' or 'good afternoon', not 'goodbye'. 'Goodbye' is 'さようなら' (sayounara).
In Japanese, 'はい' (hai) means 'yes'.
'はい' (hai) is the Japanese word for 'yes'.
The number '一つ' (hitotsu) means 'two'.
'一つ' (hitotsu) means 'one'. The word for 'two' is '二つ' (futatsu).
Write a short sentence introducing yourself using 'watashi wa' (わたしは) and your name, and then state your nationality using 'desu' (です).
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
わたしはマイクです。アメリカじんです。(I am Mike. I am American.)
Write a sentence asking 'What is this?' in Japanese.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
これはなんですか。(Kore wa nan desu ka?)
Write a sentence saying 'Thank you' in Japanese.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
ありがとうございます。(Arigato gozaimasu.)
What is Tanaka-san's profession?
Read this passage:
わたしは田中(たなか)です。せんせいです。
What is Tanaka-san's profession?
The passage says 'せんせいです' which means 'is a teacher'.
The passage says 'せんせいです' which means 'is a teacher'.
What is 'sore wa hon desu' referring to?
Read this passage:
これはペンです。それは本(ほん)です。
What is 'sore wa hon desu' referring to?
'Hon' (ほん) means 'book'.
'Hon' (ほん) means 'book'.
What is the speaker asking in the second sentence?
Read this passage:
おはようございます。お元気(げんき)ですか。
What is the speaker asking in the second sentence?
'Ogenki desu ka?' (お元気ですか) is a common way to ask 'How are you?'.
'Ogenki desu ka?' (お元気ですか) is a common way to ask 'How are you?'.
This sentence means 'I am a student.' The typical Japanese sentence structure is Subject-Object-Verb, but for 'to be' statements, it's Subject-Predicate.
This means 'This is a book.' 'これ' (kore) means 'this,' 'は' (wa) is a topic marker, and '本' (hon) means 'book.'
This is a common greeting meaning 'How are you?' 'お元気' (ogenki) means 'healthy' or 'fine.'
Listen to the sentence and understand what 'これ' refers to.
Listen for the activity and who did it.
Listen for the frequency and the subject of study.
Read this aloud:
これは何ですか。
Focus: nani desu ka
Du hast gesagt:
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Read this aloud:
どうぞよろしく。
Focus: douzo yoroshiku
Du hast gesagt:
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Read this aloud:
お元気ですか。
Focus: o-genki desu ka
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Write a sentence connecting 'pen' and 'paper' using ならびに. (A pen, as well as paper, is needed.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
ペンならびに紙が必要です。
Write a sentence connecting 'teacher' and 'students' using ならびに. (The teacher, as well as the students, is ready.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
先生ならびに生徒は準備ができています。
Write a sentence connecting 'coffee' and 'tea' using ならびに. (Coffee, as well as tea, is popular.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
コーヒーならびにお茶は人気です。
What does the store sell?
Read this passage:
私のお店では、パンならびにケーキを売っています。毎日、新鮮なものを用意しています。お客様に喜んでいただいています。
What does the store sell?
The passage states 「パンならびにケーキを売っています」 (We sell bread as well as cakes).
The passage states 「パンならびにケーキを売っています」 (We sell bread as well as cakes).
Who attended the meeting?
Read this passage:
田中さんならびに山田さんは、会議に出席しました。彼らは重要な情報を共有しました。会議はスムーズに進みました。
Who attended the meeting?
The passage says 「田中さんならびに山田さんは、会議に出席しました」 (Mr. Tanaka, as well as Mr. Yamada, attended the meeting).
The passage says 「田中さんならびに山田さんは、会議に出席しました」 (Mr. Tanaka, as well as Mr. Yamada, attended the meeting).
Who is enjoying themselves in the park?
Read this passage:
公園では、子供たちならびに大人が楽しんでいます。きれいな花がたくさん咲いています。とても平和な場所です。
Who is enjoying themselves in the park?
The passage states 「子供たちならびに大人が楽しんでいます」 (Children, as well as adults, are enjoying themselves).
The passage states 「子供たちならびに大人が楽しんでいます」 (Children, as well as adults, are enjoying themselves).
This sentence means 'I like apples and oranges.' 'と' connects the two nouns.
This sentence means 'He is a student, and she is a teacher.' 'で' connects the two clauses.
This sentence means 'Summer in Japan is hot. And, the humidity is also high.' 'そして' connects two sentences.
会議には社長 ___ 部長が出席しました。 (The president and the部長attended the meeting.)
「ならびに」は、フォーマルな文脈で複数の名詞をつなぐ際に使われます。
この書類は、氏名 ___ 住所を記入してください。(Please fill in your name and address on this document.)
「ならびに」は、並列の関係にある名詞をフォーマルにつなぐ場合に使用します。
契約書には、署名 ___ 捺印が必要です。(A signature and a seal are required on the contract.)
「ならびに」は、フォーマルな場面で「〜と〜」の意味で使われます。
このイベントには、地域の住民 ___ 関係者が招待されました。(Local residents and stakeholders were invited to this event.)
「ならびに」は、複数の関係者をフォーマルに紹介する際に適しています。
ご意見 ___ ご要望がございましたら、お気軽にお申し付けください。(Please feel free to tell us if you have any opinions or requests.)
「ご意見ならびにご要望」は、フォーマルな問い合わせでよく使われる表現です。
この施設は、宿泊 ___ 食事が可能です。(This facility offers accommodation and meals.)
「ならびに」は、施設が提供する複数のサービスをフォーマルに列挙する際に使われます。
Choose the most appropriate word to fill in the blank: 会議には社長＿＿＿部長が出席しました。
「ならびに」is used to connect nouns in a formal context, meaning 'and' or 'as well as'. Here, it connects President and Manager.
Which sentence uses 「ならびに」correctly?
「ならびに」is used to connect nouns in a formal context. The other options are less formal or could use other conjunctions more naturally.
「書類の準備ならびに提出をお願いします。」What does this sentence mean?
「ならびに」means 'and' or 'as well as' in a formal context.
「ならびに」can be used interchangeably with 「そして」in all situations.
While both mean 'and', 「ならびに」is more formal and typically connects nouns, whereas 「そして」can connect clauses and is more general.
「ならびに」is often used in official documents and formal speeches.
「ならびに」is a formal conjunction, making it suitable for official and formal settings.
「ならびに」is commonly used in casual conversations among friends.
「ならびに」is a formal word. In casual conversations, you would typically use 「と」or 「そして」.
The speaker is telling you to keep two documents.
The speaker is talking about someone's language abilities.
The speaker is giving instructions on where to submit a document.
Read this aloud:
会議の資料ならびにアジェンダを準備しました。
Focus: ならびに (narabini)
Du hast gesagt:
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Read this aloud:
彼は社長ならびに代表取締役です。
Focus: ならびに (narabini)
Du hast gesagt:
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Read this aloud:
ご注文ならびにアンケートにご協力いただきありがとうございます。
Focus: ならびに (narabini)
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
You are organizing a formal event. Write a short announcement connecting two main features using ならびに.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
本日はご参加いただきありがとうございます。本イベントでは、講演ならびにワークショップを開催いたします。皆様のお越しをお待ちしております。
Imagine you're writing a formal business report. Describe two important findings or conclusions, linking them with ならびに.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
調査の結果、コスト削減ならびに生産性向上が確認されました。これが今回の報告における主要な結論となります。
You're writing a polite request to a company. Ask for two specific documents or pieces of information, using ならびに.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
恐れ入りますが、製品カタログならびに価格表をご提供いただけますでしょうか。
What is the company's service aiming to understand?
Read this passage:
当社のサービスは、お客様のニーズならびに市場の動向を正確に把握することを目指しております。
What is the company's service aiming to understand?
The passage states 'お客様のニーズならびに市場の動向' which means 'customer needs and market trends.'
The passage states 'お客様のニーズならびに市場の動向' which means 'customer needs and market trends.'
What two events are being announced?
Read this passage:
この度、新商品発表ならびに特別キャンペーンを実施いたします。ぜひこの機会をご利用ください。
What two events are being announced?
The sentence '新商品発表ならびに特別キャンペーンを実施いたします' clearly indicates a 'new product announcement' and a 'special campaign.'
The sentence '新商品発表ならびに特別キャンペーンを実施いたします' clearly indicates a 'new product announcement' and a 'special campaign.'
What were the main topics discussed at the meeting?
Read this passage:
会議では、来年度の予算ならびに人事異動について議論が行われました。
What were the main topics discussed at the meeting?
The phrase '来年度の予算ならびに人事異動' translates to 'next year's budget and personnel changes.'
The phrase '来年度の予算ならびに人事異動' translates to 'next year's budget and personnel changes.'
会議には社長 ___ 役員が出席した。
「ならびに」は、フォーマルな場面で複数の名詞をつなぐ際に使われます。ここでは「社長」と「役員」というフォーマルな役職をつないでいます。
この書類は、本人確認書類 ___ 住民票が必要です。
「本人確認書類」と「住民票」という二つの必要な書類をフォーマルに接続するのに「ならびに」が適切です。
本報告書は、現状の分析 ___ 将来の展望について述べる。
「現状の分析」と「将来の展望」という、報告書の内容をフォーマルに接続するのに「ならびに」が適しています。
会場には関係者 ___ 一般の皆様が多数お越しになりました。
「関係者」と「一般の皆様」という、参加者をフォーマルにまとめて言う場合に「ならびに」を使います。
この計画は、経済的な側面 ___ 社会的な影響を考慮して進められる。
「経済的な側面」と「社会的な影響」という、計画を評価する際の要素をフォーマルに並列させる場合に「ならびに」を使います。
申請書類には、氏名 ___ 住所を正確にご記入ください。
「氏名」と「住所」という申請書類に必要な情報をフォーマルに接続するのに「ならびに」が適切です。
Choose the most appropriate word to fill in the blank: 〇〇先生は英語の先生であり、___日本語の先生でもあります。
「ならびに」はフォーマルな文脈で名詞をつなぎ、「そして」や「だけでなく」という意味で使われます。ここでは「英語の先生」と「日本語の先生」を並列でつなぐのに適しています。
「会議は資料作成、___議題の説明によって進められます。」この文脈で最も適切な接続詞を選びなさい。
「ならびに」は、フォーマルな文脈で複数の要素を並列に並べる際に使用されます。ここでは「資料作成」と「議題の説明」という二つの行為をつなぐのに適しています。
次の文で「ならびに」が最も自然に使われているものを選びなさい。
「ならびに」は主に公的な文書やフォーマルな場で、複数の名詞を対等な関係で結ぶ際に用いられます。選択肢2がその使い方に合致しています。
「ならびに」はカジュアルな会話でもよく使われる。
「ならびに」はフォーマルな場面で使われる接続詞であり、カジュアルな会話ではあまり使われません。
「ならびに」は、「そして」と同じ意味で常に置き換え可能である。
「ならびに」は「そして」と似た意味を持ちますが、「ならびに」の方がよりフォーマルなニュアンスが強く、常に置き換えられるわけではありません。
企業名や役職などの公式な並列関係を示す場合に、「ならびに」は適切である。
「ならびに」は、企業名、役職、法令の条文など、公式な文書やフォーマルな状況で複数の要素を並列につなぐ際に非常に適しています。
The contract requires your full name and address.
At the meeting, they discussed confirming the minutes and the next agenda.
Many media representatives and industry experts attended the new product launch.
Read this aloud:
本日はご参加いただき、誠にありがとうございます。本日は製品のご紹介ならびに今後の展望についてご説明いたします。
Focus: ならびに
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
この度、弊社は新支店の開設ならびに新サービスを開始する運びとなりました。
Focus: ならびに
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
入学手続きには、願書ならびに卒業証明書が必要です。
Focus: ならびに
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
You are organizing a formal event. Write a short announcement connecting two important aspects using ならびに.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
この度、弊社は新製品発表会ならびに感謝の集いを開催する運びとなりました。皆様のご来場を心よりお待ちしております。
Write a sentence announcing two departments collaborating on a project, using ならびに.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
今回の新プロジェクトでは、営業部ならびに開発部が協力して取り組んでおります。
Write a formal notice about a facility's operating hours and available services, using ならびに.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
当施設の営業時間ならびに提供サービスは、添付の書類をご確認ください。
この会議に出席したのは誰ですか？
Read this passage:
本会議には、各部署の代表者ならびに役員が出席しました。重要な議題が多数議論され、今後の会社の方針が決定されました。
この会議に出席したのは誰ですか？
「各部署の代表者ならびに役員」とあるので、両方が出席したことがわかります。
「各部署の代表者ならびに役員」とあるので、両方が出席したことがわかります。
この文章が伝えたい主なメッセージは何ですか？
Read this passage:
皆様のご協力ならびに温かいご支援に心より感謝申し上げます。今後とも変わらぬご愛顧を賜りますようお願い申し上げます。
この文章が伝えたい主なメッセージは何ですか？
「感謝申し上げます」という表現から、感謝の気持ちを伝えていることがわかります。
「感謝申し上げます」という表現から、感謝の気持ちを伝えていることがわかります。
誰がホテルの駐車場を利用できますか？
Read this passage:
当ホテルでは、宿泊客ならびにレストラン利用者専用の駐車場をご用意しております。どうぞご利用ください。
誰がホテルの駐車場を利用できますか？
「宿泊客ならびにレストラン利用者」とあるので、両方が利用できることがわかります。
「宿泊客ならびにレストラン利用者」とあるので、両方が利用できることがわかります。
This sentence means 'They are in charge of the planning as well as the execution.' 'ならびに' connects '計画' (planning) and '実行' (execution).
This sentence translates to 'The general manager as well as the section chief attended the meeting.' 'ならびに' connects '部長' (general manager) and '課長' (section chief).
This means 'Please fill in your name as well as your address on the application form.' 'ならびに' connects '氏名' (name) and '住所' (address).
会議には社長、部長、___、各部署の代表者が出席した。
「ならびに」は非常にフォーマルな表現で、同格の要素を並列に接続する際に使われます。この文では、社長と部長に加えて、各部署の代表者も会議に出席したことを示しています。
契約書には署名、___、捺印が必要です。
「ならびに」は、公式な文書や硬い文章で、複数の名詞を対等に結びつける際に用いられます。署名、日付、捺印というフォーマルな要素を並べています。
この度、弊社は新製品の開発、___、市場投入を成功させました。
複数の行動や事柄をフォーマルに並列に挙げる際に「ならびに」が使われます。開発と市場投入という一連のプロセスを結んでいます。
本報告書は、現状分析、___、今後の課題について述べるものです。
「ならびに」は、このようにフォーマルな文脈で、複数のトピックや要素を羅列する際に適しています。
当社のサービスは、個人のお客様、___、法人のお客様にご利用いただけます。
「ならびに」は、個人と法人という異なる種類の顧客層を並列に扱う際に、フォーマルさを保ちつつ接続するのに使われます。
著作権、___、肖像権は、作品の制作者に帰属します。
著作権と肖像権という法的な権利をフォーマルに並列に接続する際に「ならびに」が適切です。
This sentence is about contacting regarding a company's products and services. Pay attention to how 'ならびに' connects the two nouns.
The sentence discusses meeting topics. Listen for 'ならびに' linking 'new product development' and 'market strategy'.
This sentence mentions who will be attending today. 'ならびに' connects two positions.
Read this aloud:
当社の企業理念は、顧客満足度ならびに社会貢献です。
Focus: ならびに
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
申請書には、氏名ならびに住所をご記入ください。
Focus: ならびに
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
この施設は、宿泊ならびに食事の提供が可能です。
Focus: ならびに
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Imagine you are writing a formal business report about a company's recent achievements. Write a sentence connecting two major accomplishments using ならびに. For example, 'Our company has successfully expanded into new markets and, as well as that, significantly increased our revenue.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
当社の新製品開発は、顧客満足度の向上ならびに市場シェアの拡大に大きく貢献しました。
You are drafting a formal invitation for a grand opening. Write a sentence that invites guests to celebrate the opening of a new store and, in addition, the launch of a new product line, using ならびに.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
この度、新店舗の開店ならびに新商品発表会を執り行うこととなりました。
Write a formal sentence describing the responsibilities of a new committee member, stating they will be in charge of project management and, additionally, external communications, using ならびに.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
新委員はプロジェクトの管理ならびに外部との連絡を担当いたします。
この会議で議論された主なトピックは何ですか？
Read this passage:
本会議では、環境問題ならびに経済政策について深く議論されました。参加者は多岐にわたり、活発な意見交換が行われました。特に、持続可能な発展に向けた具体的な提案が数多く出されました。
この会議で議論された主なトピックは何ですか？
パッセージの「環境問題ならびに経済政策について深く議論されました」という部分から、これら二つが主なトピックであることがわかります。
パッセージの「環境問題ならびに経済政策について深く議論されました」という部分から、これら二つが主なトピックであることがわかります。
会社が新オフィスへ移転する目的は何ですか？
Read this passage:
この度、弊社は業務拡大ならびにサービスの向上を目指し、新オフィスへ移転することとなりました。お客様にはご不便をおかけしますが、ご理解とご協力をお願い申し上げます。新しい環境でより一層質の高いサービスを提供できるよう、社員一同尽力してまいります。
会社が新オフィスへ移転する目的は何ですか？
パッセージの「業務拡大ならびにサービスの向上を目指し、新オフィスへ移転することとなりました」という記述が直接的な理由です。
パッセージの「業務拡大ならびにサービスの向上を目指し、新オフィスへ移転することとなりました」という記述が直接的な理由です。
新しい法律が制定された主な目的は何ですか？
Read this passage:
新しい法律は、市民の権利保護ならびに社会の秩序維持を目的として制定されました。これにより、より公平で安全な社会の実現が期待されています。多くの関係者からの意見が反映されており、広範な合意の下に成立しました。
新しい法律が制定された主な目的は何ですか？
パッセージの「市民の権利保護ならびに社会の秩序維持を目的として制定されました」という部分が、法律の目的を明確に示しています。
パッセージの「市民の権利保護ならびに社会の秩序維持を目的として制定されました」という部分が、法律の目的を明確に示しています。
This sentence means 'The president expressed gratitude to the executives as well as the employees.' The structure uses 'ならびに' to connect '役員' (executives) and '従業員' (employees) in a formal context.
This sentence translates to 'At the meeting, the budget proposal as well as the new project were approved.' 'ならびに' connects '予算案' (budget proposal) and '新規プロジェクト' (new project) as items discussed and approved.
This sentence means 'This medicine is effective for headaches as well as fever.' 'ならびに' is used here to list multiple conditions for which the medicine is effective.
この契約は、両当事者の権利___義務を明確に定めています。
「権利ならびに義務」は、非常にフォーマルな文書で、権利と義務の両方を並列に接続する際に使われます。これは契約書などでよく見られる表現です。
報告書は、現状の課題、対策___今後の展望について詳述しています。
「課題、対策ならびに展望」という並列構造は、フォーマルな報告書や論文で複数の要素を網羅的に示す際に適しています。「そして」や「また」も接続詞ですが、「ならびに」はより堅い文脈で使用されます。
今回のプロジェクトでは、計画の策定、実施___評価が一貫して行われます。
「策定、実施ならびに評価」は、一連のプロセスや複数の活動をフォーマルに列挙する際に用いられます。計画の全段階を網羅的に示すC2レベルの文脈に適しています。
新製品は、そのデザイン、機能性___環境への配慮が評価されています。
「デザイン、機能性ならびに環境への配慮」は、複数の特徴や利点をフォーマルに列挙し、その全てが等しく重要であることを示す際に使われます。特に製品評価のような文脈で効果的です。
本声明は、個人の自由、平等___尊厳の重要性を強調するものです。
「自由、平等ならびに尊厳」は、非常に原則的で、重要な概念を並列に接続する際に使われる表現です。声明文のような格式高い文書にふさわしい選択です。
委員会の設置目的は、政策の提言、実施___その進捗状況の監視である。
「提言、実施ならびに監視」は、委員会の活動範囲や目的をフォーマルに列挙する際に適切です。C2レベルの公式な文脈で、複数の要素を包括的に表現します。
Choose the most appropriate word to fill in the blank: 〇〇先生は英語の教師であり、___日本語の教師でもあります。
「ならびに」はフォーマルな文脈で名詞をつなぎ、「そして」や「だけでなく」といった意味合いで使われます。ここでは「英語の教師であることに加えて、日本語の教師でもある」という補足情報を伝えるのに適切です。
以下の文で「ならびに」を適切に使っているのはどれですか？
「ならびに」は名詞を接続する際に用いられることが多く、特に公的な文書やかしこまった場面で使われます。ここでは「頭痛」と「発熱」という名詞をつなぎ、薬の効能を説明するのに適しています。
次の文の空欄に当てはまる最も適切な接続詞を選びなさい。本大会は、運営委員、___協力企業の皆様のご協力により開催されます。
「ならびに」は、複数の名詞を並列に接続する際に使われる、フォーマルで丁寧な表現です。この文脈では、「運営委員」と「協力企業」という主体を対等につなぎ、両者の協力によって大会が開催されることを明確に示しています。「および」も近いですが、「ならびに」の方がより強調するニュアンスがあります。
「ならびに」は、日常会話で頻繁に使われるカジュアルな接続詞である。
「ならびに」は、公的な文書やかしこまった場面で使われるフォーマルな接続詞であり、日常会話ではあまり使われません。
「ならびに」は、動詞と動詞を接続することができる。
「ならびに」は主に名詞を接続するために使われる接続詞です。動詞や文をつなぐ場合は、「そして」や「その上」などが適切です。
「ならびに」と「および」は、どちらも複数のものを並列に接続するが、「ならびに」の方がより強い連結を示す。
「ならびに」と「および」はどちらも複数のものを並列に接続しますが、「ならびに」の方がより強い連結や包括的な意味合いを持つことが多く、特に公式な文書で使われます。
Listen for the conjunction connecting two events.
Identify the two qualities being linked by ならびに.
Catch the two topics that were discussed in the meeting.
Read this aloud:
皆様のご協力ならびに温かいご支援に、心より感謝申し上げます。
Focus: ならびに
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
この度、役員の変更ならびに組織改編が承認されました。
Focus: ならびに
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
今回のプロジェクトは、計画の策定ならびに実行に多大な労力を要しました。
Focus: ならびに
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
「ならびに」は名詞と名詞を接続し、「～と～、および～」という意味を表します。
「ならびに」は「および」と同様に、複数の要素を列挙する際に使用されます。
「ならびに」はフォーマルな場面で、複数の同等なものを並列に接続する際に用いられます。
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Perfect score!
Summary
ならびに is a formal conjunction meaning 'and' or 'as well as,' typically used to connect nouns in official contexts.
- conjunction
- formal
- and/as well as
Basic use of ならびに
ならびに (narabini) literally translates to "and" or "as well as." You'll mainly see it connecting nouns, similar to や (ya) or と (to), but it's much more formal.
Use in formal writing
ならびに is often used in formal writing, official documents, legal texts, and speeches. It adds a sense of gravity and completeness to a statement. Don't use it in casual conversation.
Connecting multiple items
You can use ならびに to connect two or more nouns, lists of items, or even phrases that act as nouns. It emphasizes that all listed items are included.
Example: Company policy
Example: 当社は、顧客サービスならびに製品の品質向上に努めます。 (Tōsha wa, kokyaku sābisu narabini seihin no hinshitsu kōjō ni tsutomemasu.)
Hint: Our company strives for customer service and product quality improvement.
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Mehr academic Wörter
絶対的
B2Absolute; not qualified or diminished in any way; total.
絶対的に
B1In a complete, unconditional, or conclusive manner; absolutely.
抽象的だ
B1Abstract; existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.
抽象
B2Existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. It refers to generalizing or extracting the essence of something away from specific details.
抽象的に
B1In an abstract or theoretical manner.
学術的な
B1Academic, scholarly; relating to education and scholarship.
学術的だ
B1Academic; relating to education and scholarship.
学術的
B2Academic; relating to education and scholarship.
学術
B1Academia; scholarship; relating to scholarly pursuits.
学力
B1Academic ability; a person's level of knowledge and skill in academic subjects.
