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B1 verb 8 Min. Lesezeit

含む

fukumu

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At the A1 level, you can think of 'fukumu' as a way to say 'has' or 'contains' for simple things like food or bags. Although it is a B1 word, you might see it on signs. For example, 'This lunch box has an apple' can be expressed using a form of fukumu. You should focus on the idea that something is 'inside' another thing as a part of it. It is like saying 'A includes B.' Imagine a box of crayons; if the blue crayon is inside, the box 'fukumu' the blue crayon. Keep it simple and use it for physical objects you can see.

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At the A2 level, you will start using 'fukumu' for prices and groups. This is very useful when shopping or traveling in Japan. You will often see 'Zeikomi' (tax included), which comes from 'fukumu.' You can also use it to say 'Including me, there are three people' (Watashi o fukumete san-nin desu). At this stage, you should practice the '~o fukumete' pattern to add people or items to a count. It helps you be more specific than just saying 'and.'

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At the B1 level, 'fukumu' becomes a key tool for describing composition and scope. You should move beyond physical objects to abstract ones, like 'This plan includes several steps' or 'The price includes insurance.' You should also learn the passive form 'fukumarete iru' to describe states of being included. This is the level where you distinguish 'fukumu' from 'ireru' (to put in). You'll use it in business emails to define what a service covers and in daily life to check for food allergens.

At the B2 level, you use 'fukumu' to describe nuances in speech and complex systems. You might say 'His words included a hint of sadness' or 'The report contains several errors.' You will also encounter it in more formal contexts like 'ganyuu' (containing) for nutrition or 'fukumaseru' (to imbue/soak). You should be able to use it to describe the internal makeup of complex ideas, such as 'This theory includes many contradictions.' Your usage should be precise and grammatically varied.

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At the C1 level, you use 'fukumu' to handle subtle implications and legalistic definitions. You will understand phrases like 'fukumi no aru' (pregnant with meaning/suggestive). You can use it to discuss the scope of laws, the nuances of literary texts, and the multifaceted nature of social issues. You will also be able to distinguish it from highly formal synonyms like 'hougan' (encompassing) and 'naizai' (immanent). Your mastery allows you to describe not just what is 'in' something, but the weight and implication of that inclusion.

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At the C2 level, 'fukumu' is used with complete native-like precision in academic, philosophical, and high-level professional discourse. You can use it to describe immanent properties in philosophy or the comprehensive scope of complex international treaties. You are comfortable with all its kanji-based compounds and can use its various forms (causative, passive, humble) to navigate any social or professional situation. You recognize the historical etymology of the kanji and how it relates to concepts of 'holding' and 'containing' in classical Japanese literature.

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含む in 30 Sekunden

Fukumu means to include or contain. It is essential for food ingredients, prices, and groups.
It is a transitive verb often used in the passive form 'fukumarete iru' to describe a state.
The conjunctive form '~o fukumete' is used to add items to a list or count.
It also uniquely means to hold something in the mouth or harbor a hidden meaning.

The Japanese verb 含む (ふくむ - fukumu) is a versatile and essential word that primarily translates to "to include," "to contain," or "to comprise." At its core, it describes the relationship where one entity exists as a component, ingredient, or part of a larger whole. Whether you are looking at a food label, calculating a budget, or discussing abstract concepts like emotions, fukumu is the go-to term for expressing containment and inclusion.

Physical Containment: This refers to ingredients in food or substances in a mixture. For example, 'This water contains minerals' or 'This fruit contains a lot of vitamin C.' It is used frequently in scientific and nutritional contexts to describe the chemical or physical makeup of an object.

このレモンはビタミンCを多く含んでいます。(This lemon contains a lot of Vitamin C.)

Scope and Membership: In business and social contexts, it defines the boundaries of a group or a price. It answers the question: "Is this part of the package?" You will see this on receipts (tax included) or in travel itineraries (meals included).

Beyond physical and logistical inclusion, fukumu has a unique secondary meaning: to hold something in the mouth or to harbor a feeling. If you hold water in your mouth without swallowing, you are 'fukumu'-ing it. Similarly, if you harbor a grudge or a specific nuance in your words, this verb applies. This transition from physical containment to abstract harboring shows the depth of the kanji 含.

彼は口に水を含んだまましゃべった。(He spoke while still holding water in his mouth.)

Abstract Implications: Used when words carry hidden meanings or when a smile suggests something deeper. It describes the 'layers' of meaning within communication.

その返事には皮肉が含まれていた。(That reply contained [included] irony.)

Understanding fukumu is a gateway to B1-level proficiency because it requires moving beyond simple verbs like 'have' (aru/motsu) to more precise descriptive verbs. It allows you to describe compositions, structures, and subtle nuances in both formal and informal Japanese. From reading a menu ('Does this include peanuts?') to discussing a project scope ('Does this include the marketing costs?'), fukumu is your primary tool for defining what is 'inside' a category.

Mastering 含む involves understanding its transitiveness and common grammatical patterns. As a transitive verb (他動詞 - tadoushi), it typically takes the particle を (o) to indicate what is being included. However, in many descriptive contexts, the passive form 含まれる (fukumaleru) is used to state that something 'is included' in something else, often using the particle に (ni) to indicate the container or whole.

Pattern 1: [Whole] は [Part] を含む: This is the active voice. Use this when the subject is the container. 'The price includes tax.' -> 料金は税金を含みます。

このセットは飲み物を含んでいます。(This set includes a drink.)

Pattern 2: [Part] は [Whole] に含まれる: This is the passive voice. It is extremely common for stating facts. 'Tax is included in the price.' -> 税金は料金に含まれています。

Another important usage is the conjunctive form を含めて (o fukumete), which means 'including [X].' This is used to add an item to a list or a count. For example, 'Including me, there are five people.' -> 私を含めて5人です。

送料を含めて、全部で三千円です。(Including shipping, it is 3,000 yen in total.)

Nuance: Holding in the Mouth: When using fukumu for physical containment in the mouth, it is often used with 'kuchi ni' (in the mouth). It implies not swallowing yet.

In polite or formal Japanese (Keigo), fukumu remains relatively stable, but you might see it used in humble forms in business settings. For instance, a company might say 'Our product contains...' using 含んでおります (fukunde orimasu). Understanding these shifts allows for precise communication across different social strata in Japan. Whether you are describing the components of a chemical solution or the members of a committee, the structural logic remains: A contains B, or B is contained in A.

このプランには朝食代が含まれております。(Breakfast is included in this plan [Humble/Polite].)

You will encounter 含む in a wide variety of daily and professional settings in Japan. It is not just a textbook word; it is a foundational part of the linguistic landscape. From the supermarket to the boardroom, knowing where to listen for it will significantly improve your comprehension.

1. Restaurants and Menus: This is perhaps the most common place for learners. You'll see phrases like 'Tax included' (税込み - zeikomi, which is a compound of fukumu) or 'Service charge not included.' Waitstaff might explain that a set menu 'includes' coffee or dessert.

このお値段には消費税が含まれています。(Consumption tax is included in this price.)

2. Product Labels and Science: If you look at the back of a shampoo bottle or a juice carton, the list of ingredients will often be preceded by the concept of 'containing.' In health news, you'll hear about foods that 'contain' antioxidants or harmful additives.

3. News and Business Reports: When reporting on statistics, news anchors use fukumu to define the demographic being discussed. 'The survey, including teenagers, covered 5,000 people.' In business, it defines the scope of a contract or the details of a financial report.

今回の調査は、未成年を含めて実施されました。(This survey was conducted including minors.)

In literature and more sophisticated conversation, you might hear fukumu used to describe a person's expression. A 'meaningful smile' or a 'smile containing many things' (含みのある笑い - fukumi no aru warai) suggests that the person knows more than they are letting on. This usage is common in novels and drama scripts to add depth to character interactions. Finally, in sports or group activities, when counting participants, you will always hear '[Person] o fukumete' to ensure everyone is accounted for.

While 含む is common, it is often confused with other verbs that deal with 'putting things inside' or 'having.' Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Japanese sound more natural and precise.

Mistake 1: Confusing with 入れる (ireru): Ireru means 'to put into' (an action). Fukumu means 'to contain' or 'to include' (a state or composition). You 'ireru' sugar into coffee, but the coffee 'fukumu' sugar. Don't say 'The coffee included sugar' using ireru if you mean it was an ingredient.

❌ コーヒーに砂糖を含みました。(I 'contained' sugar into coffee - Incorrect)
✅ コーヒーに砂糖を入れました。(I 'put' sugar into coffee - Correct)

Mistake 2: Confusing with 持っている (motte iru): Motte iru means 'to possess' or 'to hold.' Use fukumu when the item is a constituent part of the whole. You wouldn't say a bag 'fukumu' a book; the bag 'holds' (haitte iru/motte iru) the book. Use fukumu for ingredients or members of a group.

Mistake 3: Misusing the Passive Voice: Learners often forget to use 含まれている (fukumarete iru) when describing a state. Saying 'The tax includes' (税金が含む) is grammatically awkward; it should be 'The tax is included' (税金が含まれている).

❌ 税金が含みます。
✅ 税金が含まれています。(Tax is included.)

Finally, be careful with the causative form 含ませる (fukumaseru). This means 'to make someone hold something in their mouth' or 'to imbue/soak something.' It is much more specific than the standard 'include.' For example, 'soaking a cloth in water' uses fukumaseru. Using the wrong form can change the meaning from 'this contains' to 'I forced this to contain,' which sounds very strange in most contexts.

Japanese has several words that overlap with 含む. Choosing the right one depends on the context—whether it's scientific, formal, or physical.

1. 含有する (がんゆうする - Ganyuu suru): This is a technical and formal version of fukumu. It is almost exclusively used for chemical compositions or nutritional content. You will see this on the side of a vitamin bottle or in a lab report.

2. 包含する (ほうがんする - Hougan suru): This is a highly formal and often philosophical or legal term. It means 'to embrace' or 'to subsume.' It's used when one concept or category entirely covers another. For example, 'The term "animal" encompasses humans.'

この概念は多くの意味を包含している。(This concept encompasses many meanings.)

3. 入る (はいる - Hairu): In casual conversation, hairu is often used instead of fukumu. 'Is the tax in there?' (税金、入ってる？). It is less precise but very common in daily life for physical objects and prices.

4. 付属する (ふぞくする - Fuzoku suru): This means 'to be attached' or 'to come with.' Use this for accessories. 'This camera comes with a lens' would use fuzoku, whereas 'This set includes a lens' could use fukumu. Fuzoku implies the item is an extra or a secondary part.

When deciding which word to use, ask yourself: Is this a chemical ingredient (Ganyuu)? Is it a broad abstract category (Hougan)? Is it an accessory (Fuzoku)? Or is it a standard part of a whole/group (Fukumu)? For 90% of situations involving inclusion, fukumu is the safe and correct choice.

How Formal Is It?

Wusstest du?

Because the kanji combines 'mouth' and 'now,' it literally visualizes the act of keeping something in your mouth at this moment, which evolved into the broader concept of 'containing' or 'including.'

Aussprachehilfe

UK fɯᵝkɯᵝmɯᵝ

US fɯᵝkɯᵝmɯᵝ

Heiban (Flat) accent: fu-KUMU.

Reimt sich auf

Susumu (to advance) Tsutsumu (to wrap) Nigamu (to feel bitter) Tanomu (to ask) Yamu (to stop) Umu (to give birth) Kumu (to scoop/team up) Sumu (to live)

Häufige Fehler

Pronouncing 'fu' with rounded lips like 'foo'.
Stress-accenting the first syllable (FU-kumu) instead of the flat pitch.
Mumbling the 'u' vowels too much; they are short but should be clear in 'fukumu'.
Confusing the 'ku' sound with 'gu'.
Over-enunciating the final 'u' which can be slightly devoiced in some dialects.

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 3/5

The kanji is common but has several strokes. Recognizable at B1 level.

Schreiben 4/5

Writing the kanji '含' requires attention to the '今' and '口' components.

Sprechen 2/5

Pronunciation is simple and follows standard patterns.

Hören 3/5

Can be confused with 'fukumeru' or 'fukumaseru' in fast speech.

Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest

Voraussetzungen

入る持つ中一部全部

Als Nächstes lernen

構成する属する除外する伴う内包

Fortgeschritten

包含含有含蓄含意含羞

Wichtige Grammatik

Transitive Verbs (~o fukumu)

この水は酸素を多く含んでいる。

Passive Voice (~ni fukumaleru)

その費用は月謝に含まれています。

Causative Voice (~ni ~o fukumaseru)

雑巾に水を含ませてください。

Te-form for Inclusion (~o fukumete)

家族を含めて5人家族です。

Noun + Komi (Compound)

送料込みで500円です。

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Beispiele nach Niveau

このお弁当はたまごを含んでいます。

This lunch box contains an egg.

Simple active voice: [Whole] wa [Part] o fukunde imasu.

水はミネラルを含みます。

Water contains minerals.

General fact statement using dictionary form.

パンは小麦を含んでいます。

Bread contains wheat.

Describing an ingredient.

この箱はペンを五本含んでいます。

This box contains five pens.

Counting items within a container.

リンゴはビタミンを含みます。

Apples contain vitamins.

Simple nutritional fact.

この本は絵を含んでいます。

This book includes pictures.

Describing contents of a book.

牛乳はカルシウムを含んでいます。

Milk contains calcium.

Nutritional description.

カバンは財布を含んでいます。

The bag contains a wallet.

Physical containment.

料金は税金を含んでいます。

The price includes tax.

Common business/shopping usage.

私を含めて三人です。

Including me, there are three people.

Using '~o fukumete' to include oneself in a count.

このセットは飲み物を含みますか？

Does this set include a drink?

Asking a question about inclusion.

朝食を含めて五千円です。

Including breakfast, it is 5,000 yen.

Adding a service to a total price.

彼を含めて全員が来ました。

Everyone came, including him.

Adding a person to a group.

この部屋はトイレを含んでいます。

This room includes a toilet.

Describing features of a room.

送料を含めていくらですか？

How much is it including shipping?

Asking for a total with extra costs.

デザートを含めて三品です。

Including dessert, there are three dishes.

Counting course items.

その言葉には深い意味が含まれている。

There is a deep meaning included in those words.

Passive form 'fukumarete iru' for abstract concepts.

この契約には保険が含まれています。

Insurance is included in this contract.

Formal inclusion in a document.

彼は怒りを含んだ声で言った。

He spoke with a voice full of (containing) anger.

Using fukumu to describe an emotion within a voice.

この食品にはアレルギー物質が含まれています。

This food contains allergens.

Standard warning phrase.

計画にはいくつかの問題が含まれている。

The plan includes several problems.

Describing internal flaws.

このツアーはガイド代を含んでいない。

This tour does not include the guide fee.

Negative form to show exclusion.

彼は口に水を含んで、うがいをした。

He held water in his mouth and gargled.

Literal meaning: holding in the mouth.

今回のプロジェクトには多くのリスクが含まれる。

This project includes many risks.

Describing potential issues.

彼の提案は多くの矛盾を含んでいる。

His proposal contains many contradictions.

Describing logical flaws in an abstract whole.

このお茶はカテキンを豊富に含んでいます。

This tea is rich in (contains plenty of) catechins.

Using 'houfu ni' (plentifully) with fukumu.

彼女は含みのある笑いを見せた。

She gave a meaningful/suggestive smile.

Idiomatic use: 'fukumi no aru' (suggestive).

報告書には誤解を招く表現が含まれていた。

The report contained expressions that lead to misunderstanding.

Describing specific qualities of content.

スポンジにたっぷりと水を含ませる。

Make the sponge soak up plenty of water.

Causative form 'fukumaseru' meaning to soak/imbue.

その判決は社会的な影響を含んでいる。

That verdict carries (includes) social implications.

Discussing broad consequences.

この薬は眠気を誘う成分を含んでいます。

This medicine contains ingredients that induce drowsiness.

Describing chemical properties and effects.

メンバーには専門家も含まれている。

Experts are also included among the members.

Defining the composition of a group.

その演説は強い政治的メッセージを含んでいた。

The speech contained a strong political message.

Analyzing the subtext of communication.

この法律の解釈には曖昧さが含まれている。

There is ambiguity included in the interpretation of this law.

Describing inherent abstract qualities.

筆の先に墨を十分に含ませてから書く。

Soak the tip of the brush thoroughly with ink before writing.

Causative form used in traditional arts.

彼の沈黙には、同意と拒絶の両方が含まれていた。

His silence contained both agreement and rejection.

Expressing complex, dual meanings.

このデータには季節的な変動が含まれている。

This data includes seasonal fluctuations.

Analyzing statistical components.

作品には作者の個人的な経験が色濃く含まれている。

The work strongly contains the author's personal experiences.

Discussing literary influence.

その契約条件には、不当な要求が含まれていた。

The contract conditions included unfair demands.

Identifying specific components of a legal whole.

彼は含みを持たせた言い方で私を牽制した。

He checked me with a suggestive/vague way of speaking.

Using 'fukumi o motaseru' for strategic communication.

この哲学体系は、先験的な矛盾を本質的に含んでいる。

This philosophical system inherently contains a priori contradictions.

Academic/Philosophical discourse.

条約の文言には、将来的な拡張性を踏まえた含みがある。

The wording of the treaty has implications considering future scalability.

High-level legal/diplomatic nuance.

彼女の瞳には、言葉に尽くせぬ哀愁が含まれていた。

Her eyes contained an indescribable melancholy.

Literary/Poetic description.

その政策は、国民の反発を織り込みつつ、妥協点を含んでいる。

The policy, while factoring in public backlash, contains points of compromise.

Complex political analysis.

万葉集の歌には、当時の社会情勢が克明に含まれている。

The poems of the Man'yoshu vividly contain the social conditions of that time.

Historical/Literary analysis.

この科学的モデルは、不確定性原理を含んだ形で構築されている。

This scientific model is constructed in a way that includes the uncertainty principle.

Advanced scientific theoretical context.

彼の態度は、敬意を払いつつも、どこか冷淡さを含んでいた。

His attitude, while showing respect, contained a certain coldness.

Describing nuanced human behavior.

その言説には、排外主義的なニュアンスが含まれていると批判された。

The discourse was criticized for containing chauvinistic nuances.

Sociopolitical critique.

Häufige Kollokationen

税金を含む

成分を含む

意味を含む

口に含む

～を含めて

矛盾を含む

水分を含む

リスクを含む

感情を含む

範囲に含む

Häufige Phrasen

税込み

— Tax included. Seen on almost every price tag in Japan.

1000円（税込み）

含み笑い

— A suppressed laugh or a suggestive smile. Implies keeping the laugh 'inside'.

彼は含み笑いを浮かべた。

含みを持たせる

— To speak or act in a way that suggests more than is said. To be suggestive.

将来について含みを持たせた言い方をした。

自分を含めて

— Including oneself. Used for counting groups.

自分を含めて三人が参加した。

～が含まれる

— Something is included. The passive state of inclusion.

この中には毒が含まれる。

水を含ませる

— To soak with water. Commonly used in cleaning or gardening.

雑巾に水を含ませる。

含み資産

— Hidden assets or unrealized gains in accounting.

その会社は多額の含み資産がある。

含みがある

— To have a hidden meaning or nuance.

彼女の言葉には含みがある。

筆に墨を含む

— To take ink into a brush (calligraphy).

筆にたっぷりと墨を含ませる。

空気を含む

— To contain air (e.g., in dough or fabric).

この生地は空気をたくさん含んでいる。

Wird oft verwechselt mit

含む vs 入れる (Ireru)

Ireru is the action of putting something in. Fukumu is the state of containing it.

含む vs 混ざる (Mazaru)

Mazaru means to be mixed. Fukumu means one thing is part of another, not necessarily mixed together.

含む vs 持つの (Motsu)

Motsu is to hold/possess. Fukumu is for internal components.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"含みのある言い方"

— A way of speaking that implies something else without saying it directly.

彼は含みのある言い方で私を困らせた。

Neutral

"口に含む"

— To hold something in one's mouth without swallowing.

お茶を口に含んで味を確かめる。

Neutral

"毒を含んだ言葉"

— Words that contain 'poison' (malice or sharp criticism).

彼女は毒を含んだ言葉で彼を責めた。

Literary

"含み笑いをする"

— To smile or laugh to oneself, often in a knowing or sneaky way.

計画がうまくいき、彼は含み笑いをした。

Neutral

"恨みを含む"

— To harbor a grudge or resentment.

彼は長い間、上司に恨みを含んでいた。

Formal

"情を含める"

— To put emotion into something, or to explain with kindness.

情を含めて説得する。

Formal

"涙を含む"

— To have tears in one's eyes (about to cry).

彼女の目は涙を含んでいた。

Literary

"含み資産を抱える"

— To hold assets that have increased in value but haven't been sold.

その企業は土地の含み資産を抱えている。

Business

"筆に含ませる"

— To load a brush with ink or paint.

筆に絵の具をたっぷり含ませる。

Artistic

"意味深な含み"

— A meaningful or profound implication.

彼の沈黙には意味深な含みがあった。

Literary

Leicht verwechselbar

含む vs 含める (Fukumeru)

Both look similar and deal with inclusion.

Fukumeru is the transitive verb meaning 'to include' (action), while fukumu is 'to contain' (state/composition).

彼をメンバーに含める (Include him in the members) vs メンバーは彼を含んでいる (The members include him).

含む vs 含有 (Ganyuu)

Both mean contain.

Ganyuu is a noun/suru-verb used only for chemical/nutritional content.

ビタミン含有量 (Vitamin content amount).

含む vs 包含 (Hougan)

Both mean include.

Hougan is for abstract, logical, or legal encompassing of categories.

この権利は自由を包含する。

含む vs 付属 (Fuzoku)

Both mean something comes with another.

Fuzoku is for accessories or attachments that are separate but linked.

カメラの付属レンズ (Attached lens).

含む vs 内包 (Naihou)

Both mean contain within.

Naihou is philosophical, referring to inherent qualities or connotations.

矛盾を内包する。

Satzmuster

A を含めて B

私を含めて四人です。

A は B を含んでいる

この本は地図を含んでいる。

A は B に含まれている

税金は料金に含まれている。

A に B を含ませる

布に水を含ませる。

含みのある A

含みのある言い方をする。

A には B の含みがある

彼の返事には拒絶の含みがある。

A を含む B

矛盾を含む理論。

A を織り込んで含む

リスクを織り込んだ計画を含んでいる。

Wortfamilie

Substantive

含み Implication, nuance, hidden meaning.

含有量 Content amount (e.g., vitamin content).

包含 Inclusion, comprehension.

Verben

含める To include (transitive, intentional action).

含まれる To be included (passive).

含ませる To cause to include, to soak, to imbue.

Verwandt

中身 (Contents)

内容 (Content/Details)

範囲 (Range/Scope)

全部 (All)

一部 (A part)

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So verwendest du es

frequency

Extremely high in commerce, science, and formal descriptions.

Häufige Fehler

Using 'fukumu' for putting sugar in coffee. → Sato o ireru.
Fukumu is a state of containment; Ireru is the action of putting something in.
Saying 'Zeikin ga fukumu' for 'Tax is included'. → Zeikin ga fukumarete iru.
The passive form is required when the item being included is the subject.
Confusing 'fukumu' with 'motsu' for a bag. → Kaban ni hon ga haitte iru.
Fukumu is for constituent parts (like ingredients), not just physical objects inside a bag.
Using the wrong kanji (念 instead of 含). → 含む
念 means 'thought' and has a heart (心); 含 means 'contain' and has a mouth (口).
Using 'fukumu' instead of 'hougan' in a philosophy thesis. → Hougan suru.
Fukumu is too common/daily for high-level academic definitions of encompassing concepts.

Tipps

Passive is Key

When reading menus or signs, look for '含まれています' (fukumarete imasu). This is the standard way to say 'is included' in a descriptive way.

The 'Komi' Compound

The suffix '-komi' (as in Zeikomi) is a shortcut for 'including.' It's one of the most useful suffixes to learn for shopping in Japan.

Subtle Speech

Japanese communication often relies on 'fukumi' (nuance). If someone says something has 'fukumi,' they are warning you that the surface meaning isn't the whole story.

Mouthful of Now

The kanji 含 is made of 'now' (今) and 'mouth' (口). Imagine you are holding something in your mouth 'right now' – you are containing it!

Don't confuse the Kanji

Don't confuse 含 (fukumu) with 念 (nen - thought). 念 has 'heart' (心) at the bottom, while 含 has 'mouth' (口).

Ingredients

When checking for allergens, look for the word '成分' (seibun - ingredients) followed by '含む' or '含まれる'.

Project Scope

In meetings, use 'fukumu' to clarify if a task is part of the project scope: 'Kore wa han-i ni fukumi-masu ka?' (Does this include in the scope?)

Humble Inclusion

In business, use 'fukunde orimasu' instead of 'fukunde imasu' to sound more professional when talking about your company's services.

Calligraphy

In Japanese arts, 'fukumu' is used for brushes holding ink. It implies a perfect balance of liquid containment.

Contradictions

Use 'mujun o fukumu' to point out contradictions in an argument politely. It focuses on the content, not the person.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of the kanji: 'Now' (今) in your 'Mouth' (口). What is in your mouth is what you 'include' or 'contain' right now.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a 'Tax Included' sign on a delicious Japanese ramen bowl. The ramen 'fukumu' (contains) noodles, soup, and tax!

Word Web

Include Contain Comprise Harbor Hold in mouth Involve Encompass Tax included

Herausforderung

Try to find three items in your fridge and say what they 'fukumu' (contain) in Japanese. For example: 'Kono jusu wa sato o fukumu' (This juice contains sugar).

Wortherkunft

The kanji 含 consists of 今 (now/present) and 口 (mouth). Historically, it depicted something being held inside the mouth 'right now.'

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: To hold something in the mouth; to keep inside.

Sino-Japanese (Kanji) / Japonic (Verb stem).

Kultureller Kontext

When discussing 'including' people, ensure you use the correct level of politeness (Keigo) if you are in a formal setting.

In English, 'include' is often an active choice. In Japanese, 'fukumu' is frequently used as a natural state of being.

Japanese tax law (Consumption Tax Act) uses 'fukumu' to define taxable scope. Classical poetry often uses 'fukumu' to describe flowers holding dew. The phrase 'fukumi-warai' appears in classic novels like those by Natsume Soseki.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Shopping

税込みですか？
送料を含めていくら？
これを含めてください。
ポイントを含める。

Cooking/Nutrition

卵を含んでいますか？
塩分を多く含む。
水分を含ませる。
成分表示を見る。

Business

予算に含む。
契約に含まれる。
リスクを含んでいる。
メンバーに含める。

Communication

含みのある言い方。
皮肉を含む。
感情を含んだ声。
意味を含ませる。

Daily Life

私を含めて三人。
口に水を含む。
雨を含んだ雲。
予定に含める。

Gesprächseinstiege

"この料理には、何かアレルギーの出るものは含まれていますか？ (Does this dish contain anything that causes allergies?)"

"そのお値段は、サービス料を含んでいますか？ (Does that price include the service charge?)"

"あなたを含めて、何人で旅行に行く予定ですか？ (Including you, how many people are planning to go on the trip?)"

"彼の今の言葉には、どんな含みがあると思いますか？ (What kind of implication do you think his words just had?)"

"このサプリメントは、どんな栄養素を含んでいますか？ (What kind of nutrients does this supplement contain?)"

Tagebuch-Impulse

今日の食事の中で、一番栄養を多く含んでいたものは何ですか？ (What was the thing you ate today that contained the most nutrients?)

最近、誰かの言葉に「含み」を感じたことはありますか？ (Have you recently felt an 'implication' in someone's words?)

あなたの将来の計画には、どのような目標が含まれていますか？ (What kind of goals are included in your future plans?)

自分を含めて、大切にしたい人は誰ですか？ (Including yourself, who are the people you want to cherish?)

この一週間で、一番「リスクを含んでいた」決断は何でしたか？ (What was the most 'risk-containing' decision you made this week?)

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

Fukumu is usually used to describe what a whole 'contains' or 'includes' (e.g., The price includes tax). Fukumeru is used when you actively 'include' an item into a group or calculation (e.g., Please include him in the list).

Mostly, yes. However, it also means to hold something (like water) in your mouth, or to harbor a feeling like a grudge.

Yes, but usually in the form '~o fukumete' (including ~). For example, 'Watashi o fukumete go-nin' (Five people including me).

It is a neutral to formal word. In very casual speech, people might use 'hairu' (to enter/be inside) instead.

The most common way is 'Zeikomi' (税込み). You can also say 'Zeikin o fukumu' (税金を含む).

It means a suppressed or knowing smile, where the person keeps the laugh 'inside' their mouth/mind.

It sounds a bit stiff. Usually, you would say 'haitte iru' (are inside) for physical objects in a container.

It's often used for making something soak up a liquid, like 'fukumaseru mizu o suponji ni' (soaking the sponge with water).

It is a JLPT N3/N2 level kanji (含). It has 7 strokes and is very common in daily life.

Yes, in phrases like 'fukumi ga aru,' it means there is a hidden implication or subtext in what someone said.

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