努力的
When you want to describe someone who works very hard or studies with great effort, you can use 努力的 (nǔ lì de). This word means diligent or hardworking.
For example, if your friend always finishes their homework and practices Chinese every day, you can say they are 努力的. It's a positive way to talk about someone who puts in a lot of effort.
When we describe someone who works really hard and puts in a lot of effort, we use 努力的 (nǔ lì de). It’s an adjective that highlights their dedication and diligence. Think of someone who consistently studies hard for exams or always tries their best at their job – they are 努力的.
This word is often used to praise someone's work ethic. It’s a very positive term. You can use it to talk about yourself, your friends, or even historical figures known for their perseverance. For example, a 努力的 student is a diligent student.
When we say someone is 'diligent' or 'hardworking' in Chinese, we often use 努力的 (nǔ lì de). This adjective describes someone who puts a lot of effort and dedication into their work or studies.
For example, a student who studies hard for exams is 努力的. An employee who consistently works long hours and tries their best is also 努力的. It emphasizes the effort and perseverance someone shows to achieve their goals.
§ What does 努力的 (nǔ lì de) mean?
The Chinese adjective 努力的 (nǔ lì de) means diligent or hardworking. It describes someone who puts in a lot of effort and dedication to achieve a goal. You'll hear and see this word used frequently in everyday conversation, especially when talking about students, employees, or anyone striving for success.
- DEFINITION
- Diligent; hardworking.
Think of it as the Chinese equivalent of saying someone is a "hard worker" or "very dedicated." It carries a positive connotation, implying praise for someone's efforts.
§ When do people use 努力的 (nǔ lì de)?
People use 努力的 (nǔ lì de) in a variety of situations. Here are some common scenarios:
- Describing students: When a student studies hard and gets good grades, they are 努力的 (nǔ lì de).
- Describing employees: An employee who works diligently and always finishes their tasks on time is 努力的 (nǔ lì de).
- Describing anyone pursuing a goal: Whether it's learning a new skill, training for a marathon, or building a business, someone who commits significant effort is 努力的 (nǔ lì de).
§ Examples in sentences
Let's look at some practical examples to help you understand how to use 努力的 (nǔ lì de) correctly.
她是一个非常努力的学生，每次考试都得了高分。
Translation hint: She is a very diligent student, getting high scores on every exam.
他工作很努力的人，从不抱怨。
Translation hint: He is a very hardworking person, never complaining.
要学好中文，你需要成为一个努力的学习者。
Translation hint: To learn Chinese well, you need to be a diligent learner.
Notice how in all these examples, 努力的 (nǔ lì de) directly modifies a noun (学生, 人, 学习者) to describe their quality of being diligent or hardworking. This is a key characteristic of how adjectives function in Chinese. Always remember to use 的 (de) after 努力 (nǔ lì) when you want it to act as an adjective before a noun.
Understanding this distinction will help you construct grammatically correct and natural-sounding Chinese sentences. So, if you want to praise someone's dedication, 努力的 (nǔ lì de) is the perfect word to use!
How Formal Is It?
"他学习很勤奋，所以成绩一直很好。 (Tā xuéxí hěn qínfèn, suǒyǐ chéngjì yīzhí hěn hǎo.) - He studies very diligently, so his grades are always good."
"她是一个努力的学生。 (Tā shì yīgè nǔlì de xuéshēng.) - She is a hardworking student."
"他为了考试拼命学习。 (Tā wèile kǎoshì pīnmìng xuéxí.) - He studied desperately for the exam."
"小明画画很认真。 (Xiǎo Míng huàhuà hěn rènzhēn.) - Xiao Ming draws very earnestly."
"为了赶项目，我们最近都在肝。 (Wèile gǎn xiàngmù, wǒmen zuìjìn dōu zài gān.) - To catch up on the project, we've all been working incredibly hard recently."
Schwierigkeitsgrad
short
short
short
short
Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest
Voraussetzungen
Als Nächstes lernen
Fortgeschritten
Beispiele nach Niveau
他学习很努力的，所以成绩一直很好。
He is very diligent in his studies, so his grades have always been good.
的 is used here to modify the verb 学习 (to study), indicating how he studies.
她工作总是努力的，从不偷懒。
She is always hardworking at her job, never lazy.
的 modifies the verb 工作 (to work), describing her work attitude.
为了通过考试，我得努力地学习。
To pass the exam, I have to study diligently.
地 is used here because it modifies a verb (学习), describing the manner of studying.
小明是个很努力的学生，每天都复习功课。
Xiao Ming is a very diligent student, reviewing his homework every day.
努力的 modifies the noun 学生 (student), describing a characteristic of the student.
即使面对困难，他依然努力地坚持着。
Even facing difficulties, he still perseveres diligently.
地 modifies the verb 坚持 (to persevere), describing the manner of perseverance.
他们努力地训练，希望能在比赛中取得好成绩。
They train diligently, hoping to achieve good results in the competition.
地 modifies the verb 训练 (to train), indicating the effort put into training.
她总是努力地尝试新的事物。
She always diligently tries new things.
地 modifies the verb 尝试 (to try), describing her approach to trying.
多亏了他的努力，项目才得以顺利完成。
Thanks to his diligence, the project was successfully completed.
努力 here functions as a noun, referring to his effort or diligence.
Grammatikmuster
Satzmuster
Subj. + 是 + (很) + 努力的 + Noun
他是一个很努力的老师。 (He is a very diligent teacher.)
Subj. + (很) + 努力地 + Verb
她努力地工作。 (She works diligently.)
Subj. + Verb + 得 + (很) + 努力
他学习得非常努力。 (He studies very diligently.)
为了 + Goal, + Subj. + (要/会) + 努力 + Verb
为了考上大学，他努力学习。 (To get into university, he studies hard.)
Subj. + 总是/经常 + 很努力 + Verb
她总是很努力地帮助别人。 (She is always diligent in helping others.)
只有 + 努力 + Verb, + 才 + Result
只有努力工作，才能获得成功。 (Only by working diligently can one achieve success.)
无论 + Condition, + Subj. + 都 + 很努力 + Verb
无论遇到什么困难，她都很努力地去解决。 (No matter what difficulties she encounters, she works diligently to solve them.)
Subj. + 凭借着 + 努力, + Verb + Result
他凭借着努力，终于实现了自己的梦想。 (He, through his diligence, finally realized his dream.)
So verwendest du es
努力的 (nǔ lì de) is an adjective used to describe someone who is diligent or hardworking. It can be used to describe a person's general character or their effort in a specific situation. It often conveys a positive connotation, emphasizing dedication and effort.
A common mistake is confusing 努力的 with similar-sounding words or using it in contexts where a different adjective might be more appropriate. For example, while it implies hard work, it's not typically used to describe something as 'difficult.' Another mistake is overusing it when a simpler adjective like 'good' or 'conscientious' might suffice, depending on the nuance you want to convey.
Tipps
Use with verbs of action
“努力的” is often used to describe someone performing an action with diligence. Think of it as 'diligently' or 'hard-working in doing something'.
Common adjectival usage
As an adjective, it modifies a noun. For example, “努力的学生” (a diligent student).
Placement before the verb
When it acts as an adverbial, it typically comes before the verb. For instance, “他努力地学习” (He studies diligently).
Synonyms to consider
Other words like “勤奋” (qínfèn) also mean diligent. While similar, “努力的” emphasizes the active effort being put in.
Used for personal effort
This word is generally used to describe the effort of a person or a group of people, not inanimate objects.
Can be a standalone adjective
It can stand alone in a sentence as an adjective, like “他很努力” (He is very diligent).
Often followed by '地'
When modifying a verb, it's frequently followed by the structural particle “地” (de), making it “努力地” (nǔlì de). This makes it an adverb, meaning diligently.
Practice with daily tasks
Think of things you do diligently in your daily life and try to form sentences using “努力的”. For example, '我努力地工作' (I work diligently).
Use in positive contexts
“努力的” almost always carries a positive connotation, praising someone's hard work and dedication.
Don't confuse with 'hard'
While related, don't confuse “努力的” with the English 'hard' as in difficult. “努力的” is about effort, not difficulty.
Einprägen
Eselsbrücke
Nǔlì de (努力的) sounds like 'newly' and 'duh'. Imagine someone saying, 'I *newly* understood this, *duh*, because I was so *diligent* and hardworking!'
Visuelle Assoziation
Picture a student burning the midnight oil, surrounded by books, with a determined expression. They are diligently studying for an exam. Associate this image with the sound and meaning of 努力的.
Word Web
Herausforderung
Think about a time you had to be really diligent or hardworking. How would you describe that experience using 努力的 in a sentence? For example, '他学习汉语很努力的。' (He is very diligent in studying Chinese.) Now, try to describe a friend or family member who is hardworking. Example: '我的妈妈工作很努力的。' (My mother is very diligent in her work.)
Teste dich selbst 60 Fragen
Write a short sentence about someone being hardworking using '努力的'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
他是一个努力的学生。(He is a diligent student.)
Describe your friend as hardworking in one sentence using '努力的'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
我的朋友工作很努力的。(My friend works very diligently.)
Write a sentence saying 'She is a very diligent person.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
她是一个很努力的人。(She is a very diligent person.)
小明是一个什么样的学生？
Read this passage:
小明很喜欢学习。他每天都看书，做作业。他的老师说他是一个努力的学生。
小明是一个什么样的学生？
Passage says '他的老师说他是一个努力的学生。' (His teacher says he is a diligent student.)
Passage says '他的老师说他是一个努力的学生。' (His teacher says he is a diligent student.)
妈妈是怎样工作的？
Read this passage:
我的妈妈工作很忙，但是她每天都努力地做饭，打扫房子。她真的很棒！
妈妈是怎样工作的？
Passage says '她每天都努力地做饭，打扫房子。' (Every day she diligently cooks and cleans the house.)
Passage says '她每天都努力地做饭，打扫房子。' (Every day she diligently cooks and cleans the house.)
我的朋友是一个什么样的人？
Read this passage:
我的朋友每天早上都跑步，学习中文。他是一个很努力的人。
我的朋友是一个什么样的人？
Passage says '他是一个很努力的人。' (He is a very diligent person.)
Passage says '他是一个很努力的人。' (He is a very diligent person.)
Listen to the sentence about someone's study habits.
Listen to the sentence describing a student.
Listen to the sentence about the need to work.
Read this aloud:
他学习很努力。
Focus: nu3 li4
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
她是一个努力的学生。
Focus: xue2 sheng
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
我们都需要努力工作。
Focus: gong1 zuo4
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
The correct order is 'Subject + Verb + Adverb + Adjective'. 他 (he) is the subject, 学习 (studies) is the verb, 很 (very) is an adverb modifying the adjective 努力的 (hardworking).
The correct order is 'Subject + Verb + Adverb + Adjective'. 她 (she) is the subject, 工作 (works) is the verb, 非常 (extremely) is an adverb modifying the adjective 努力的 (hardworking).
The correct order is 'Subject + Adverb + Verb + Adjective + Noun'. 我们 (we) is the subject, 都 (all) is an adverb, 是 (are) is the verb, 努力的 (hardworking) describes 学生 (students).
What does he do diligently?
What kind of student is she?
What is needed to make progress?
Read this aloud:
你应该努力学习中文。
Focus: 努力 (nǔ lì)
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
他工作很努力。
Focus: 工作 (gōng zuò)
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
努力是成功的基础。
Focus: 基础 (jī chǔ)
Du hast gesagt:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Describe a time when you had to be diligent to achieve a goal. Use '努力的' at least once in your answer.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
为了通过中文考试，我每天都努力地学习。我花了很多时间练习听力和口语，最终取得了很好的成绩。
Write three sentences using '努力的' to describe different people's work ethics. For example, '我的朋友是一个努力的学生。'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
我的同事是一个非常努力的员工。那个运动员为了比赛每天都努力地训练。我妈妈是一个努力工作的人，她总是把家打理得很好。
Imagine you are giving advice to a friend who wants to learn Chinese well. Write a short paragraph using '努力的' to emphasize the importance of hard work.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
如果你想学好中文，就必须是一个努力的学生。每天都要花时间练习听、说、读、写。只有努力地学习，你才能取得进步。
小明为什么努力学习？
Read this passage:
小明每天都努力地学习，他希望自己能考上一个好大学。他不仅上课认真听讲，课后也花很多时间复习。他的父母为他感到骄傲。
小明为什么努力学习？
文章中明确提到“他希望自己能考上一个好大学”。
文章中明确提到“他希望自己能考上一个好大学”。
根据这段话，一个成功的人有什么特点？
Read this passage:
一个成功的人往往是努力的。他们知道成功不是偶然的，而是需要付出大量的汗水和时间。他们不怕困难，总是坚持不懈。
根据这段话，一个成功的人有什么特点？
文章中提到“他们不怕困难，总是坚持不懈”。
文章中提到“他们不怕困难，总是坚持不懈”。
这段话给学习中文的人什么建议？
Read this passage:
虽然学习中文很难，但是只要你是一个努力的学生，就一定能学好。不要害怕犯错误，多说多练是关键。坚持下去，你会看到自己的进步。
这段话给学习中文的人什么建议？
文章中提到“只要你是一个努力的学生，就一定能学好”。
文章中提到“只要你是一个努力的学生，就一定能学好”。
The correct order is Subject (他) + Verb (学习) + Adverbial (很努力的).
The correct order is Subject (她) + Adverb (总是) + Verb (工作) + Adverbial (努力的).
The correct order is Quantifier (一个) + Adjective (努力的) + Noun (学生) + Verb (是) + Adjective (好的).
Choose the most appropriate word to complete the sentence: 他学习非常______, 所以成绩一直很好。
The sentence indicates that he always has good grades because of how he studies. '努力的' (diligent; hardworking) best fits this context, suggesting his good grades are a result of his effort.
Which of the following describes someone who puts in a lot of effort and dedication?
'努力的' directly translates to diligent or hardworking, which perfectly describes someone who puts in a lot of effort and dedication. The other options describe different qualities.
If someone is always trying their best to achieve their goals, you would describe them as:
'努力的' is the appropriate adjective to describe someone who consistently tries their best and is dedicated to achieving their goals. The other options convey different emotions or attitudes.
一个“努力的”人意味着他经常偷懒。
False. '努力的' means diligent or hardworking, which is the opposite of being lazy or often slacking off. Therefore, a '努力的' person would not frequently be lazy.
如果你想成功，你就必须成为一个努力的人。
True. While success can be influenced by many factors, diligence and hard work ('努力的') are widely considered essential qualities for achieving goals and succeeding in various endeavors.
“努力的”只能用来形容学习好的人。
False. '努力的' describes the quality of being diligent or hardworking, which can apply to anyone in any field or aspect of life, not just those who are good at studying. For example, a '努力的' athlete or a '努力的' artist.
你认为“努力的”态度在学习中文过程中有多重要？请用至少50字阐述你的观点。
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
我认为“努力的”态度在学习中文过程中至关重要。中文学习不仅需要记忆大量的生词和语法规则，更需要持续的练习和运用。只有保持努力的态度，我们才能在遇到发音难题或书写复杂汉字时，不轻易放弃，而是积极寻找解决方法，例如多听多说，多写多练。这种持之以恒的努力最终会转化为显著的进步。
描述一个你认识的“努力的”人，并举例说明他们是如何通过努力取得成功的。请用至少60字。
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
我认识一位朋友，他就是个非常“努力的”人。他刚开始学习中文时，基础很差，但他给自己设定了考HSK六级的目标。每天下班后，他都会花至少两个小时学习，周末更是投入大半天。他不仅背单词，还积极和语伴交流，甚至报名参加了中文角。两年后，他成功通过了HSK六级考试，现在已经能流利地和中国人交流了。他的成功充分说明了努力的重要性。
请写一篇短文，讨论在当今社会，“努力的”个人特质对于职业发展有何影响。请用至少70字。
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
在当今竞争激烈的社会，“努力的”个人特质对职业发展有着深远的影响。一个努力工作的人往往能够展现出更强的学习能力和解决问题的能力。他们愿意投入额外的时间和精力去掌握新技能、完成具有挑战性的任务，从而在团队中脱颖而出。这种持续的努力不仅能帮助他们提升专业技能，还能让他们获得更多的晋升机会，最终在职业生涯中取得更大的成就。因此，努力是成功的基石。
根据短文，小李为什么从不抱怨？
Read this passage:
小李是一个非常努力的学生。他每天早上五点起床学习，晚上十一点才休息。即使在周末，他也会去图书馆阅读和复习。他的目标是考上最好的大学。虽然他感到很累，但他从未抱怨过，因为他知道付出终会有回报。
根据短文，小李为什么从不抱怨？
短文最后一句明确指出“他知道付出终会有回报”，这是他不抱怨的原因。
短文最后一句明确指出“他知道付出终会有回报”，这是他不抱怨的原因。
这句话“成功没有捷径，只有脚踏实地的努力”主要表达了什么意思？
Read this passage:
一位著名的企业家曾经说过：“成功没有捷径，只有脚踏实地的努力。”这句话强调了在任何领域取得成就都需要持续不断的付出。那些看似轻松就能成功的人，背后往往付出了常人难以想象的努力。因此，不要羡慕别人的光鲜，要看到他们为此付出的汗水和智慧。
这句话“成功没有捷径，只有脚踏实地的努力”主要表达了什么意思？
passage明确指出“这句话强调了在任何领域取得成就都需要持续不断的付出”，表明成功没有捷径，只有努力。
passage明确指出“这句话强调了在任何领域取得成就都需要持续不断的付出”，表明成功没有捷径，只有努力。
根据短文，在职场中，除了才华，什么也很重要？
Read this passage:
在当今竞争激烈的职场中，仅仅有才华是不够的。“努力的”工作态度往往更能赢得老板的青睐和同事的尊重。一个员工即使天赋异禀，如果缺乏努力，也可能无法充分发挥其潜力。相反，一个资质平平但勤奋努力的员工，往往能通过持之以恒的奋斗，最终取得不俗的成绩。
根据短文，在职场中，除了才华，什么也很重要？
passage提到“仅仅有才华是不够的。'努力的'工作态度往往更能赢得老板的青睐和同事的尊重”，直接说明了努力的工作态度也很重要。
passage提到“仅仅有才华是不够的。'努力的'工作态度往往更能赢得老板的青睐和同事的尊重”，直接说明了努力的工作态度也很重要。
Describe a time when your diligence in learning Chinese helped you overcome a significant challenge. Elaborate on the specific actions you took and the positive outcomes.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
学习中文的过程中，我曾遇到发音的巨大挑战。起初，无论我如何努力地模仿，我的四声总是听起来很奇怪。我没有放弃，而是更加努力地练习，每天都花额外的时间听录音、跟读、并请老师纠正。最终，我的发音有了显著的进步，这让我能够更自信地与人交流，也让我意识到持之以恒的努力是成功的关键。
Imagine you are applying for a scholarship to study advanced Chinese. Write a paragraph explaining why you believe your diligent approach to language learning makes you a strong candidate.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
我申请这项高级中文奖学金，是因为我一直以来都以极其努力的态度对待中文学习。我不仅完成了所有的课程作业，还主动拓展词汇量，深入学习中国文化。我每天坚持听中文广播，阅读中文新闻，并积极参加中文角活动。我相信这种勤奋好学的精神，以及我对中文的深厚热情，使我成为获得这项奖学金的理想人选，我渴望能通过进一步学习，将我的中文能力提升到更高的层次。
Discuss the importance of being "努力的" (diligent) not just in language learning, but in achieving any long-term goal. Provide examples from your own experience or observations.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
成为一个“努力的”人，不仅在语言学习中至关重要，在实现任何长期目标时都同样不可或缺。例如，我曾在一个复杂的编程项目中投入了大量精力，初期遇到无数难题，但我始终努力钻研，最终成功完成了项目。这种持续的努力和对细节的关注，是克服障碍、达到预期结果的关键。无论是健身、职业发展还是学习新技能，没有坚持不懈的努力，任何宏伟的目标都将难以实现。
根据文章，小明为什么能在HSK考试中取得优异成绩？
Read this passage:
小明是一名非常努力的学生。他每天早上六点起床，学习中文直到上学。即使在放学后，他也会花几个小时复习功课并做额外的练习。他的老师和同学都对他的勤奋学习态度印象深刻。在最近的HSK考试中，小明取得了优异的成绩，这证明了他的努力没有白费。
根据文章，小明为什么能在HSK考试中取得优异成绩？
文章明确提到“他非常努力地学习”和“这证明了他的努力没有白费”，直接说明了他的好成绩来源于勤奋。
文章明确提到“他非常努力地学习”和“这证明了他的努力没有白费”，直接说明了他的好成绩来源于勤奋。
文章中提到的成功企业家认为，成功主要来自于什么？
Read this passage:
一位成功的企业家曾说过：“成功并非偶然，它来自于努力、坚持、学习、牺牲以及对你所爱事业的执着。” 这句话强调了持续不懈的努力在任何领域取得成就的重要性。许多人渴望成功，但只有那些真正理解并实践“努力的”精神的人才能最终达到目标。
文章中提到的成功企业家认为，成功主要来自于什么？
文章引用企业家的话，明确指出“成功并非偶然，它来自于努力、坚持、学习、牺牲以及对你所爱事业的执着。”，因此努力和坚持是核心要素。
文章引用企业家的话，明确指出“成功并非偶然，它来自于努力、坚持、学习、牺牲以及对你所爱事业的执着。”，因此努力和坚持是核心要素。
根据文章，历史上的杰出成就者通常具备什么特点？
Read this passage:
历史上有许多例子表明，那些取得杰出成就的人，往往不是最聪明或最有天赋的，而是最努力的。例如，爱迪生发明灯泡的过程中，经历了数千次失败，但他从未放弃，凭借着超乎常人的努力和毅力，最终取得了成功。这告诉我们，努力的品质比天赋更能决定一个人的高度。
根据文章，历史上的杰出成就者通常具备什么特点？
文章提到“那些取得杰出成就的人，往往不是最聪明或最有天赋的，而是最努力的”，并且以爱迪生为例说明了这一点。
文章提到“那些取得杰出成就的人，往往不是最聪明或最有天赋的，而是最努力的”，并且以爱迪生为例说明了这一点。
This sentence means 'He is a very diligent person when it comes to studying.' The correct order emphasizes 'very diligent' after 'studying'.
This sentence means 'She diligently overcame all difficulties.' The adverbial '地' connects '努力' (diligent) to '克服' (overcame).
This sentence means 'They work diligently to achieve their common goal.' The phrase '为了...目标' (in order to...goal) comes before '努力的工作' (work diligently).
/ 60 correct
Perfect score!
Use with verbs of action
“努力的” is often used to describe someone performing an action with diligence. Think of it as 'diligently' or 'hard-working in doing something'.
Common adjectival usage
As an adjective, it modifies a noun. For example, “努力的学生” (a diligent student).
Placement before the verb
When it acts as an adverbial, it typically comes before the verb. For instance, “他努力地学习” (He studies diligently).
Synonyms to consider
Other words like “勤奋” (qínfèn) also mean diligent. While similar, “努力的” emphasizes the active effort being put in.
Beispiel
她是一个努力工作的人。
Verwandte Inhalte
Mehr academic Wörter
缺席
B1The state of being absent from a place or event where one is expected to be, such as a class, meeting, or ceremony.
抽象的
A2Abstract.
抽象地
B1In an abstract manner; conceptually.
艰深
B1Profound; abstruse; recondite.
学术性
A2Academic; scholarly; relating to education and scholarship.
学术化
B1Academic; characterized by formal study or research.
学术会议
A2Academic conference; a formal meeting for academic discussions.
学术交流
B1Exchange of ideas, information, and research among scholars.
学术期刊
B1A periodical publication containing scholarly articles.
教务处
A2Academic affairs office; department handling educational administration.
