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A2 verb 9 Min. Lesezeit

伤害

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At the A1 level, you can think of 伤害 (shānghài) simply as 'to hurt.' At this beginning stage, you might only use it to talk about physical things in very simple sentences. For example, if you see a child playing with a sharp knife, you might say '小心！不要伤害自己' (Careful! Don't hurt yourself). You might also hear it in very simple songs where someone says '你伤害了我' (You hurt me). Even though it's a two-character word, both characters are quite common. '伤' (shāng) means a wound or to hurt, and '害' (hài) means harm. Together, they make a strong verb. At this level, don't worry about the complex grammar; just remember that it's a word used when someone or something gets hurt. You can use it like 'A 伤害 B.' It is a useful word to know for safety and for basic feelings. If you want to say something is bad for you, like 'Candy hurts my teeth,' you can start to use 伤害 in that context too. It is a fundamental word for expressing negative impacts on a person's body or simple feelings.

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At the A2 level, you should start using 伤害 (shānghài) to describe more specific situations, especially emotional ones. You will learn that 伤害 is not just for physical cuts but for when someone says something mean. For example, '他的话伤害了我的感情' (His words hurt my feelings). You should also notice how it is used with frequency words like '经常' (often) or '不要' (don't). At this level, you might encounter the phrase '受到伤害' (shòudào shānghài), which means 'to be hurt' or 'to receive harm.' This is a very common way to express the passive voice in Chinese. Instead of saying 'I was hurt,' you say 'I received harm.' You can use this for physical injuries from a sport or for emotional pain from a friend. Another common use at A2 is talking about health: '抽烟伤害身体' (Smoking harms the body). You are expanding your vocabulary to include reasons and results, and 伤害 is a key word to describe the 'result' of a bad action. It is more formal than just saying '疼' (téng - it hurts) because it focuses on the damage caused rather than just the feeling of pain.

At the B1 level, you will use 伤害 (shānghài) in more complex sentence structures and more abstract contexts. You'll start to see it used in discussions about relationships, the environment, and social issues. For instance, you might discuss how '污染伤害了环境' (Pollution harmed the environment) or how '不公平的竞争会伤害小公司' (Unfair competition will harm small companies). You should be able to distinguish 伤害 from its synonyms like 损害 (sǔnhài), which is more often used for property or interests. You'll also learn to use resultative complements, such as '伤害到了' (shānghài dào le), which emphasizes that the harm actually occurred and reached the target. In B1, you are expected to talk about your experiences and opinions, so you might say, '我不想伤害任何人，但我必须说实话' (I don't want to hurt anyone, but I must tell the truth). You will also encounter it in news stories about accidents where '人员伤害' (personal injury) is mentioned. This word becomes a tool for you to explain cause-and-effect in more serious or formal conversations, moving beyond simple daily life into broader societal topics.

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At the B2 level, 伤害 (shānghài) is used with precision in professional and literary contexts. You will understand its nuances in legal terms, such as '故意伤害' (intentional injury) versus '过失伤害' (negligent injury). You'll be able to use it to describe sophisticated emotional states, such as '伤害了某人的自尊心' (hurting someone's self-esteem) or '造成了不可磨灭的伤害' (caused indelible harm). At this level, you should be comfortable using the '对...造成伤害' (duì... zàochéng shānghài) construction, which is the standard formal way to express 'causing harm to something.' For example, '这种政策会对经济造成长期的伤害' (This policy will cause long-term harm to the economy). You will also explore the word in literature and media, where it might be used metaphorically to describe the 'harm' done to a nation's soul or a culture's integrity. You'll recognize the word in more complex grammar patterns, such as '与其伤害别人，不如伤害自己' (Better to hurt oneself than to hurt others). Your understanding of 伤害 will now include the weight of responsibility and the long-term consequences of actions, reflecting a more mature grasp of the language.

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At the C1 level, your use of 伤害 (shānghài) should be indistinguishable from a native speaker's in terms of context and collocation. You will understand the subtle psychological implications of the word, such as in the context of childhood trauma or systemic social '伤害'. You'll be able to discuss the ethics of 伤害 in philosophical debates—for example, whether a 'white lie' is a form of 伤害 or a form of protection. You will encounter the word in high-level academic texts, perhaps in sociology or psychology, discussing the '伤害' inflicted by certain societal structures on marginalized groups. You will also be familiar with idioms and classical references that use the character '伤' or '害' to deepen the meaning of 伤害. You can use the word to critique art or literature, analyzing how a specific scene '伤害' the reader's expectations or the narrative's logic. Your vocabulary will also include very specific synonyms like '戕害' (qiānghài - to injure/harm, often used for spirit or health in a more literary sense) and you will know exactly when to use 伤害 instead of these more obscure terms to achieve the desired tone. Your use of the word is now nuanced, reflecting an understanding of both the immediate impact and the historical or psychological resonance of harm.

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At the C2 level, you have mastered the full semantic field of 伤害 (shānghài). You can use it in highly specialized fields such as law, medicine, and high-level diplomacy with absolute accuracy. You understand the word's role in the 'Harm Principle' in political philosophy or in complex tort law cases. You are able to use 伤害 in creative writing to evoke deep, multi-layered responses, perhaps using it as a central motif in a story about betrayal or environmental collapse. You can effortlessly switch between the visceral, physical meaning and the highly abstract, metaphorical meanings. You'll recognize how 伤害 is used in political rhetoric to mobilize or persuade, and you can deconstruct those uses. You'll also be aware of the linguistic history of the characters 伤 and 害 and how their combination has evolved. At this level, you don't just 'know' the word; you feel its weight in different social and historical contexts. You can use it to articulate the most delicate of human experiences—the kind of harm that is silent, invisible, or even self-inflicted for a perceived higher good. Your command of 伤害 allows you to express the full range of human vulnerability and the impact of the world upon the self.

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伤害 in 30 Sekunden

伤害 (shānghài) is a primary Chinese verb and noun meaning 'to harm,' 'to injure,' or 'to damage,' used for both physical and emotional contexts.
It follows the basic structure 'Subject + 伤害 + Object' and is commonly seen in the passive form '受到伤害' (to be hurt).
Beyond physical injury, it is frequently used to describe hurting feelings, damaging reputations, or harming the environment in formal and informal settings.
Key synonyms include 损害 (for interests/property) and 危害 (for public safety), while '疼' is used for the sensation of physical pain.

The Chinese word 伤害 (shānghài) is a versatile verb and noun that translates primarily to 'to harm,' 'to injure,' or 'to damage.' In the journey of learning Mandarin, understanding 伤害 is crucial because it bridges the gap between physical reality and emotional abstraction. Unlike some words that are strictly limited to physical trauma, 伤害 is frequently used to describe the pain inflicted upon one's feelings, reputation, or even the environment. It is a word that carries significant weight, often implying a degree of intentionality or a lasting negative impact that requires healing.

Physical Context: When used physically, it refers to bodily harm or injury caused by accidents, weapons, or violence. It is often seen in legal or medical reports regarding 'personal injury' (人身伤害).

这种化学品会伤害你的皮肤。(This chemical will harm your skin.)

Emotional Context: In social and romantic contexts, it refers to 'hurting someone's feelings.' This is perhaps the most common way you will encounter the word in songs, dramas, and daily conversations. It implies a betrayal of trust or a harsh word that leaves an emotional scar.

我不是故意要伤害你的。(I didn't mean to hurt you.)

Abstract Damage: It can also describe damage to non-tangible things like 'interests' (利益), 'reputation' (名誉), or 'relationships' (关系). It suggests a detrimental effect that undermines the integrity of the object.

这种行为会伤害两国的关系。(This kind of behavior will damage the relationship between the two countries.)

The nuance of 伤害 lies in its seriousness. While '疼' (téng) means 'to ache' and '伤心' (shāngxīn) means 'to be sad,' 伤害 is the active force that causes these states. It is the act of inflicting the wound. Whether it is a small child falling down or a lover's harsh rejection, 伤害 captures the essence of the negative impact. In modern internet slang, you might also see people use it jokingly to describe 'emotional damage' after a roast or a funny failure.

吸烟会伤害身体健康。(Smoking will harm your physical health.)

环境污染正在伤害我们的地球。(Environmental pollution is harming our Earth.)

Using 伤害 (shānghài) correctly requires understanding its role as a transitive verb, meaning it usually takes a direct object. The basic structure is [Subject] + 伤害 + [Object]. The object can be a person, a part of the body, a feeling, or an abstract concept like a relationship. Because it is a strong word, it often appears with adverbs of degree or negation to clarify the extent of the harm.

Structure: Subject + 伤害 + Object: This is the most straightforward usage. It describes an entity causing harm to another entity. For example: '酒精伤害肝脏' (Alcohol harms the liver).

你为什么要伤害一个爱你的人？(Why would you want to hurt someone who loves you?)

Structure: 受到 + 伤害 (Passive Voice): In Chinese, instead of using '被' (bèi) for passive, it is very common to use '受到' (shòudào - to receive/suffer). This emphasizes the state of the victim.

他的感情受到了严重的伤害。(His feelings were seriously hurt.)

Structure: 对...造成伤害 (Formal usage): This is a more formal, slightly more academic or journalistic way to say 'to cause harm to...'. It is often used for environmental or public health topics.

这种药物会对身体造成伤害吗？(Will this medicine cause harm to the body?)

One of the key things to remember is that 伤害 is not just a physical verb. While in English you might say 'you broke my heart,' in Chinese, '你伤害了我的心' (You hurt my heart/feelings) is equally common. It describes the act of causing emotional pain. It's also worth noting that 伤害 can be used reflexively, as in '伤害自己' (to harm oneself), which is a serious topic often discussed in psychological contexts.

别让这些负面评论伤害到你。(Don't let these negative comments hurt you.)

我们不应该伤害小动物。(We should not harm small animals.)

You will encounter 伤害 (shānghài) in a wide variety of daily and professional settings. Its frequency in Chinese media and conversation is quite high because it covers such a broad spectrum of negative impacts. Understanding the context helps you grasp the severity of the word being used.

In Pop Culture and Music: C-pop is full of songs about heartbreak. You'll often hear lyrics like '你伤害了我' (You hurt me) or '受过伤的人' (A person who has been hurt). In this context, it is purely emotional and romantic.

在电影里，主角经常说：“我不想再受到伤害了。” (In movies, the protagonist often says: 'I don't want to be hurt anymore.')

In News and Legal Contexts: When reporting on accidents or crimes, news anchors use '伤害' to describe the physical toll. '故意伤害罪' (Crime of intentional injury) is a specific legal term in Chinese law.

新闻报道说，火灾没有造成人员伤害。(The news report said the fire caused no personal injuries.)

In Health and Safety: Doctors and safety manuals use it to warn about the dangers of certain substances or behaviors. For example, staring at a screen for too long '伤害眼睛' (harms the eyes).

长时间看手机会伤害视力。(Looking at a mobile phone for a long time will damage your eyesight.)

In interpersonal relationships, 伤害 is a word used to set boundaries. If someone is being rude, a person might say, '你的话伤害到我了' (Your words have hurt me). It is a way of communicating that a threshold of respect has been crossed. You'll also hear it in environmental activism, where the focus is on how human activity '伤害大自然' (harms Mother Nature). This broad usage makes it one of the most essential verbs for expressing negative consequences in Chinese.

为了发展经济，我们不能伤害环境。(In order to develop the economy, we cannot harm the environment.)

他很怕在感情中再次受到伤害。(He is very afraid of being hurt in a relationship again.)

Even though 伤害 (shānghài) seems straightforward, English speakers often make specific errors when translating 'hurt' or 'harm' into Chinese. The most common mistakes involve confusing 伤害 with related words like 伤心, 损害, or simply using the wrong grammatical structure.

Mistake 1: Confusing 伤害 with 伤心 (shāngxīn): '伤心' is an adjective meaning 'sad' or 'heartbroken.' It describes a feeling. '伤害' is a verb meaning 'to cause harm.' You cannot say '我很伤害' to mean 'I am sad.' You must say '我很伤心' or '我受到了伤害'.

❌ 我很伤害。(I am harm - Incorrect)
✅ 我很伤心。(I am sad.)
✅ 他伤害了我。(He hurt me.)

Mistake 2: Using 伤害 for simple physical pain (疼 - téng): If you stub your toe, you don't say 'My toe is 伤害.' You say '我的脚趾很疼.' 伤害 implies a more significant injury or an act of harming. Use '疼' for the sensation of pain.

Mistake 3: Overusing 伤害 for inanimate objects (损害 - sǔnhài): While 伤害 can be used for abstract concepts, for physical damage to non-living things (like a car or a phone), '损坏' (sǔnhuài) or '损害' (sǔnhài) is often more appropriate. 伤害 usually implies a victim (living or abstractly sentient like a 'relationship').

❌ 这次事故伤害了我的车。(The accident harmed my car - Awkward)
✅ 这次事故损坏了我的车。(The accident damaged my car.)

Another subtle mistake is the placement of the object. Remember that 伤害 is transitive. You cannot just say 'He is harming' without saying what or whom he is harming. If the object is implied, you still usually need a resultative complement like '伤害到了' (harmed to [the point of impact]). Understanding these distinctions will make your Chinese sound much more natural and precise.

他的谎言伤害了大家的信任。(His lies harmed everyone's trust.)

不要用你的话去伤害别人。(Don't use your words to harm others.)

Chinese has several words for 'harm' and 'damage,' each with a specific nuance. Choosing the right one depends on whether you are talking about people, objects, society, or physical sensations. Here is a breakdown of how 伤害 (shānghài) compares to its synonyms.

伤害 vs. 损害 (sǔnhài): 伤害 is more about people and feelings (emotional/physical). 损害 is more formal and used for interests, health, reputation, or property. You '损害' someone's interests, but you '伤害' someone's heart.

伤害 vs. 危害 (wēihài): 危害 means 'to endanger' or 'to jeopardize.' It is used for large-scale threats like '危害国家安全' (endanger national security) or '危害社会' (harm society). 伤害 is more personal or direct.

污染危害着人类的健康。(Pollution endangers human health.)

伤害 vs. 伤 (shāng): 伤 is a shorter, more casual version often used as a noun (wound) or verb. However, 伤害 is the full formal verb. You might say '我受伤了' (I am injured), but '他伤害了我' (He harmed me).

伤害 vs. 刺伤 (cìshāng): 刺伤 specifically means 'to stab' or 'to prick.' Metaphorically, it means to 'sting' someone with words. 伤害 is the general term for the resulting harm.

他的话像针一样刺伤了我的心。(His words stabbed my heart like a needle.)

In summary, while 伤害 is your 'go-to' word for general harm, especially emotional, keep 损害 in mind for business and 危害 for social issues. This distinction will help you move from basic Chinese to more advanced, professional levels of communication.

我们要学会保护自己，不被他人伤害。(We must learn to protect ourselves and not be harmed by others.)

How Formal Is It?

Wusstest du?

The character 伤 has a 'person' radical (亻), emphasizing that injury is something that happens to people. The character 害 is often used on its own in modern slang to say 'Oh, well!' or 'Forget it!' (害！).

Aussprachehilfe

UK /ʃɑːŋ.haɪ/

US /ʃɑŋ.haɪ/

The stress is balanced, but the second syllable 'hài' has a sharp falling tone (4th tone), making it sound more emphatic.

Reimt sich auf

帮 (bāng) 糖 (táng) 爱 (ài) 菜 (cài) 快 (kuài) 外 (wài) 卖 (mài) 坏 (huài)

Häufige Fehler

Pronouncing 'shang' as 'shang' in 'hang' (it should be more like 'ahng').
Missing the fourth tone on 'hài', making it sound like a question.
Confusing the 'sh' sound with 's'.
Pronouncing 'ai' as 'ay' (like 'hay').
Not opening the mouth wide enough for the 'a' in 'shang'.

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 2/5

Characters are relatively simple (HSK 3 level).

Schreiben 3/5

The character '害' has several strokes to remember.

Sprechen 2/5

Pronunciation is straightforward but requires correct tones.

Hören 2/5

Very common in TV shows and daily speech.

Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest

Voraussetzungen

伤害疼身体心

Als Nächstes lernen

损害危害保护严重利益

Fortgeschritten

戕害诽谤侵权创伤

Wichtige Grammatik

The Resultative Complement '到'

伤害到 (shānghài dào) - to successfully reach/affect with harm.

Passive Voice with '受到'

受到伤害 (shòudào shānghài) - to receive/suffer harm.

Adverbial Modification

严重伤害 (yánzhòng shānghài) - to seriously harm.

The '对...造成' Construction

对健康造成伤害 (duì jiànkāng zàochéng shānghài).

Negation with '不' vs '没有'

我不伤害你 (I won't/don't) vs 我没有伤害你 (I didn't).

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Beispiele nach Niveau

不要伤害小猫。

Don't hurt the kitten.

Simple 'Don't' (不要) + Verb (伤害) + Object (小猫).

他伤害了我的手。

He hurt my hand.

Subject + Verb + Object structure.

热水会伤害你。

Hot water will hurt you.

Use of '会' (huì) to indicate a future possibility/certainty.

我不伤害你。

I won't hurt you.

Negation with '不' (bù).

这个东西有伤害吗？

Is this thing harmful?

Using '伤害' as a noun in a question.

太阳伤害眼睛。

The sun hurts the eyes.

Subject (太阳) + Verb (伤害) + Object (眼睛).

别伤害他。

Don't hurt him.

'别' (bié) is a more casual 'don't'.

你会伤害我吗？

Will you hurt me?

Simple question with '吗' (ma).

他的话伤害了我的心。

His words hurt my heart (feelings).

Metaphorical use of '心' (heart) as an object.

抽烟会伤害你的健康。

Smoking will harm your health.

Abstract object '健康' (health).

我受到了很大的伤害。

I was greatly hurt.

Passive structure '受到...伤害'.

对不起，我不是故意伤害你的。

Sorry, I didn't mean to hurt you.

'不是故意' (not on purpose) + verb.

这种药不会伤害胃。

This medicine won't harm the stomach.

Specific body part '胃' (stomach) as object.

我们应该保护动物，不伤害它们。

We should protect animals and not harm them.

Using a conjunction 'and' (implicit) between clauses.

这种行为伤害了大家的感情。

This behavior hurt everyone's feelings.

Plural possessive '大家的' (everyone's).

你这样做会伤害到他的。

Doing this will hurt him.

Use of '到' (dào) as a resultative complement.

工业废水伤害了河流里的鱼。

Industrial wastewater harmed the fish in the river.

Specific environmental context.

过度的工作会伤害你的精神状态。

Excessive work will harm your mental state.

Abstract psychological object '精神状态'.

他怕再次在爱情中受到伤害。

He is afraid of being hurt in love again.

'怕' (fear) + verb phrase.

这个新闻对公司的名誉造成了伤害。

This news caused harm to the company's reputation.

Formal structure '对...造成了伤害'.

我们不能为了利益而伤害环境。

We cannot harm the environment for the sake of profit.

'为了...而...' construction.

医生说这次伤害是永久性的。

The doctor said this injury is permanent.

Using '伤害' as a noun with a modifier.

网络暴力会给年轻人带来深重的伤害。

Cyberbullying can bring deep harm to young people.

Verb '带来' (bring) + noun '伤害'.

如果你这样做，就是在伤害你自己。

If you do this, you are just hurting yourself.

Reflexive use '伤害你自己'.

他的言论严重伤害了民族感情。

His remarks seriously hurt national feelings.

Adverb '严重' (seriously) modifying '伤害'.

法律规定，严禁故意伤害他人身体。

The law stipulates that intentional injury to others is strictly prohibited.

Legal term '故意伤害' (intentional injury).

这次经济危机对全球贸易造成了深远的伤害。

This economic crisis caused far-reaching damage to global trade.

Adjective '深远的' (far-reaching) modifying '伤害'.

这些负面评价正在伤害品牌的价值。

These negative reviews are harming the brand's value.

Progressive aspect '正在' (zhèngzài).

父母的争吵往往会伤害到孩子的心理健康。

Parents' quarrels often harm children's mental health.

Adverb '往往' (often/usually) indicating a tendency.

在追求成功的过程中，他伤害了许多朋友。

In the process of pursuing success, he hurt many friends.

'在...的过程中' (In the process of...).

这种化学物质对臭氧层有潜在的伤害。

This chemical substance has potential harm to the ozone layer.

Adjective '潜在的' (potential) modifying '伤害'.

受害者要求的赔偿包括精神伤害损失费。

The compensation requested by the victim includes emotional distress damages.

Legal term '精神伤害' (emotional/mental harm).

这种文化偏见会无意识地伤害到少数群体。

This cultural bias can unconsciously harm minority groups.

Adverb '无意识地' (unconsciously).

长期的冷战状态对两国的互信造成了不可逆转的伤害。

The long-term state of Cold War caused irreversible harm to the mutual trust between the two countries.

Adjective '不可逆转的' (irreversible).

文学作品有时通过伤害读者的情感来引发深刻的反思。

Literary works sometimes provoke deep reflection by hurting readers' emotions.

Instrumental phrase '通过...来...' (by means of...).

他在自传中详细描述了那段伤害他至深的往事。

In his autobiography, he described in detail those past events that hurt him deeply.

Complement of degree '伤害他至深' (hurt him to a great depth).

我们必须权衡发展带来的利益与对生态的伤害。

We must weigh the benefits of development against the harm to the ecology.

Parallel structure '利益与伤害'.

任何形式的歧视都是对人类尊严的伤害。

Any form of discrimination is an injury to human dignity.

Abstract noun '尊严' (dignity) as the object of harm.

这部法律旨在减少对劳动者权益的伤害。

This law aims to reduce harm to the rights and interests of workers.

'旨在' (aims to) + verb phrase.

他那种冷漠的态度，比直接的批评更伤害人。

His indifferent attitude is more hurtful than direct criticism.

Comparative structure '比...更...'.

这种虚无主义倾向可能会伤害到文明的根基。

This nihilistic tendency might harm the very foundations of civilization.

Highly abstract philosophical context.

外交上的失策可能对国家的长远战略利益造成毁灭性伤害。

Diplomatic blunders can cause devastating harm to a country's long-term strategic interests.

Adjective '毁灭性' (devastating).

艺术的真谛往往在于揭示那些被掩盖的伤害。

The essence of art often lies in revealing those hidden injuries.

Complex philosophical assertion.

在伦理学讨论中，如何界定‘伤害’是一个核心议题。

In ethical discussions, how to define 'harm' is a core issue.

Using '伤害' as a subject of definition.

权力的滥用不仅伤害个体，更会侵蚀社会的公正。

The abuse of power not only harms individuals but also erodes social justice.

'不仅...更...' (not only... but even more...).

他那充满隐喻的文字，巧妙地避开了直接伤害，却直抵人心。

His metaphor-laden writing skillfully avoided direct injury yet reached the heart directly.

Literary analysis context.

所谓‘平庸之恶’，往往在不经意间造成了巨大的社会伤害。

The so-called 'banality of evil' often causes massive social harm inadvertently.

Reference to political theory (Hannah Arendt).

这种深层的心理伤害，往往需要几代人的时间去抚平。

This kind of deep psychological harm often takes generations to heal.

Temporal phrase '几代人的时间' (time of several generations).

Häufige Kollokationen

受到伤害

造成伤害

故意伤害

伤害感情

伤害自尊

伤害健康

伤害环境

身体伤害

心理伤害

减少伤害

Häufige Phrasen

互相伤害

— To hurt each other. Often used jokingly in modern slang to describe friends roasting each other.

来啊，互相伤害啊！

不可磨灭的伤害

— Indelible harm. Harm that can never be forgotten or erased.

那次灾难造成了不可磨灭的伤害。

精神伤害

— Emotional distress or mental harm. Often used in legal claims.

他要求精神伤害赔偿。

无心的伤害

— Unintentional harm. Hurting someone without meaning to.

这只是一次无心的伤害。

二次伤害

— Secondary victimization. When a victim is hurt again by the system or society after the initial harm.

我们要避免对受害者造成二次伤害。

致命伤害

— Fatal injury or a killing blow. Can be used literally or for business/reputation.

这次丑闻对他的政途是致命伤害。

潜在伤害

— Potential harm. Harm that is not yet visible but possible.

这种化学品有潜在伤害。

深度伤害

— Deep harm. Serious emotional or physical injury.

他的背叛给了我深度伤害。

人身伤害

— Personal injury. The standard term for bodily harm in legal contexts.

他申请了人身伤害保险赔偿。

直接伤害

— Direct harm. Harm that is immediately caused by an action.

他的行为造成了直接伤害。

Wird oft verwechselt mit

伤害 vs 伤心

伤心 is an adjective (sad), 伤害 is a verb (to harm). You feel 伤心 because of 伤害.

伤害 vs 损坏

损坏 is for physical objects like machines; 伤害 is for people and abstract concepts.

伤害 vs 损害

损害 is more for 'interests' (利益) or 'reputation' (名誉) in a formal way.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"劳民伤财"

— To waste manpower and money. Literally 'exhaust the people and harm the wealth.'

这个工程劳民伤财，没有意义。

Formal/Idiomatic

"损人利己"

— To harm others to benefit oneself. A very common idiom for selfish behavior.

他总是做这种损人利己的事情。

Common

"伤天害理"

— To do something that offends heaven and reason. Refers to atrocious or cruel acts.

他竟然做出这种伤天害理的事！

Strong/Serious

"遍体鳞伤"

— Covered all over with cuts and bruises. Can be physical or metaphorical.

他在比赛中被打得遍体鳞伤。

Descriptive

"伤筋动骨"

— To cause a serious injury (literally to bones and muscles). Metaphorically to cause major damage to a foundation.

这次改革会让他伤筋动骨。

Colloquial

"暗箭伤人"

— To stab someone in the back. Literally 'to wound someone with a hidden arrow.'

他喜欢在背后暗箭伤人。

Common

"触景生情"

— While not using '伤害', it relates to how scenes can trigger old '伤' (wounds/sadness).

回到故乡，他触景生情，想起了往事。

Literary

"伤痕累累"

— Full of scars. Used for buildings, hearts, or bodies.

那段感情让他伤痕累累。

Poetic

"悲从中来"

— Overcome by sadness. Related to the '伤' of '伤害'.

看着照片，他悲从中来。

Literary

"哀而不伤"

— Sorrowful but not distressed. Refers to balanced emotions or art.

这首曲子哀而不伤。

Formal/Artistic

Leicht verwechselbar

伤害 vs 伤感

Both start with 'shāng'.

伤感 means 'sentimental' or 'wistful,' a lighter feeling than the pain of 伤害.

听这首歌让我觉得很伤感。

伤害 vs 害羞

Both contain 'hài'.

害羞 means 'shy.' It has nothing to do with causing harm.

这个小女孩很害羞。

伤害 vs 杀害

Both end in 'hài' and involve harm.

杀害 specifically means 'to murder' or 'to kill.' 伤害 is much broader and usually doesn't mean death.

凶手杀害了受害者。

伤害 vs 残害

Both involve injury.

残害 implies cruel, brutal physical mutilation or destruction.

战争残害了无数生命。

伤害 vs 妨害

Legal/Formal synonyms.

妨害 means 'to hinder' or 'to obstruct,' like 妨害公务 (obstructing public service).

不要妨害他人休息。

Satzmuster

不要 + 伤害 + Object

不要伤害小猫。

Subject + 伤害了 + My/His + Object

他的话伤害了我的心。

受到 + (Adj) + 伤害

他受到了严重的伤害。

对 + Object + 造成 + 伤害

这种药对胃造成伤害。

通过 + Action + 来伤害 + Object

通过谎言来伤害朋友。

伤害 + 之深 / 之广

此举伤害之广，难以想象。

Any

A + 伤害 + B

你伤害了我。

Any

没有 + 伤害

没有伤害。

Wortfamilie

Substantive

伤口 (shāngkǒu - wound)

伤痕 (shānghén - scar)

害处 (hàichu - harm/disadvantage)

灾害 (zāihài - disaster)

伤害罪 (shānghàizuì - crime of injury)

Verben

伤 (shāng - to hurt)

害 (hài - to harm)

损害 (sǔnhài - to damage)

危害 (wēihài - to endanger)

杀害 (shāhài - to murder)

Adjektive

伤心的 (shāngxīn de - sad)

有害的 (yǒuhài de - harmful)

无害的 (wúhài de - harmless)

伤感的 (shānggǎn de - sentimental)

Verwandt

痛苦 (tòngkǔ - pain)

保护 (bǎohù - protect)

危险 (wēixiǎn - danger)

利益 (lìyì - interest)

感情 (gǎnqíng - feeling)

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So verwendest du es

frequency

Extremely high in both spoken and written Chinese.

Häufige Fehler

我很伤害。 → 我很伤心。/ 我受到了伤害。
You cannot use 伤害 as an adjective to describe your own feeling of being sad. Use 伤心 for the feeling.
他伤害了我的手机。 → 他弄坏了我的手机。
伤害 is rarely used for physical objects like phones. Use 弄坏 (nònghuài) or 损坏 (sǔnhuài).
这种药对身体伤害。 → 这种药对身体有伤害。/ 这种药会伤害身体。
You need a verb like '有' (have) or '会' (will) to connect the subject to the harm.
受到故意伤害。 → 受到故意伤害罪。/ 被人故意伤害。
Ensure the context (legal or descriptive) matches the phrasing.
他伤害了我很多。 → 他深深地伤害了我。/ 他给了我很大伤害。
While '很多' is understood, '深深地' (deeply) or '很大' (big) is more natural with 伤害.

Tipps

Use with '受到'

Remember to use '受到伤害' when you are the one being hurt. It's the most natural way to express the passive.

Distinguish from 疼

Don't say your leg is '伤害' when it just hurts. Use '疼' (téng) for the sensation of pain.

Emotional Weight

In Chinese, 伤害 often implies a deep, lasting impact. Use it when you mean more than just a minor annoyance.

Environment

This is a great word for essays about nature and pollution. It sounds very natural in that context.

Apologizing

If you accidentally say something mean, '我不是故意要伤害你' is a very sincere apology.

Adjective Modifiers

Common adjectives for 伤害 include '严重' (serious), '深' (deep), and '致命' (fatal).

News keywords

When you hear '伤害' in a news report, pay attention to whether it's '人身伤害' (injury) or '利益伤害' (harm to interests).

Slang context

Use '互相伤害' jokingly when playing games or roasting friends. It's a popular internet phrase.

Tone Accuracy

The 4th tone on 'hài' is key. If you say it with a 2nd tone, it might sound like 'sea' (海 - hǎi).

Cause and Effect

Always think: Who is doing the 伤害 and who is receiving it? The grammar follows this clearly.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of SHANG-HAI. If you get lost in SHANGHAI without a map, you might feel the 'harm' (伤害) of being stranded! Or imagine 'SHANG' (a sharp sound) and 'HAI' (a high-impact drop) together making the sound of someone getting hurt.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a heart with a small band-aid on it. This represents the emotional '伤害' (shānghài) that is so common in the word's usage.

Word Web

伤心伤口害处有害损害危害人身伤害感情伤害

Herausforderung

Try to write three sentences using 伤害: one about health, one about a friend's feelings, and one about the planet. This covers the three main ways the word is used!

Wortherkunft

The word is composed of two characters: 伤 (shāng) and 害 (hài). 伤 originally depicted a person being hit by an arrow, representing a physical wound. 害 originally depicted a house (宀) with words (口) inside that cause trouble, representing harm or interference.

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: To inflict a physical wound that causes harm or trouble.

Sino-Tibetan (Mandarin Chinese).

Kultureller Kontext

Be careful when using 伤害 in serious contexts like self-harm (自残/伤害自己) or domestic violence, as it is the standard term used in these sensitive discussions.

English speakers often distinguish between 'hurt' (accidental/emotional) and 'harm' (intentional/serious). 伤害 covers both, but is slightly more formal than 'hurt'.

The song '你伤害了我' (You Hurt Me) by various C-pop artists. Legal codes in the People's Republic of China regarding 'Intentional Injury' (故意伤害). Psychological studies on 'Left-behind children' (留守儿童) and the 伤害 they face.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Health/Medicine

伤害视力
伤害肝脏
身体伤害
永久性伤害

Relationships

伤害感情
伤害自尊
无心的伤害
被爱人伤害

Environment

伤害自然
对生态的伤害
减少伤害
不可逆转的伤害

Law/News

故意伤害罪
人身伤害
造成人员伤害
法律保护不受伤害

Education

伤害孩子的自信
避免校园伤害
心理伤害
教育不当的伤害

Gesprächseinstiege

"你觉得什么样的行为最伤害朋友之间的感情？"

"你曾经在运动中受到过严重的伤害吗？"

"现在的网络暴力对年轻人有哪些伤害？"

"我们应该如何保护环境，不让它受到伤害？"

"你认为‘善意的谎言’也会伤害人吗？"

Tagebuch-Impulse

写一段关于你曾经被某人的话伤害的经历，以及你最后是如何释怀的。

讨论一下科技发展对人类生活可能造成的潜在伤害。

如果你看到有人正在伤害小动物，你会怎么做？写下你的想法。

分析一下为什么有些人会选择伤害自己来表达痛苦。

写一封信给那个曾经伤害过你的人，表达你的感受（不需要真的寄出去）。

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

Not really. For a phone, you should use '损坏' (sǔnhuài) or '弄坏' (nònghuài). 伤害 is usually for living things or feelings.

No, it can also be a noun. For example, '很大的伤害' (a big harm/injury).

You can say '你伤害了我的感情' (Nǐ shānghài le wǒ de gǎnqíng).

伤 is more general and can be a noun (wound) or verb. 伤害 is the specific verb for 'to harm.' In '我受伤了,' you use 伤.

It describes a bad thing, but it's not a 'curse word.' It's a standard vocabulary word.

Yes, this is a very common way to say 'harm the environment' in Chinese.

No. You must say '我受伤了' or '我受到了伤害'.

No, 'danger' is '危险' (wēixiǎn). 伤害 is the harm that comes from danger.

Yes, for example: '老虎会伤害人' (Tigers can harm people).

It is '故意伤害' (gùyì shānghài).

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