दुख होना
To feel or show sorrow or unhappiness.
दुख होना en 30 segundos
- Dukh Hona is the primary Hindi expression for feeling sad, requiring a dative subject (Subject + ko).
- It covers a wide emotional range from minor regret to deep mourning and is essential for social empathy.
- The phrase is conjugated based on the noun 'Dukh', usually appearing as 'hai', 'hua', or 'hota hai'.
- It is distinct from physical pain (dard) and general moodiness (udaasi), focusing on specific sorrowful events.
The Hindi verb phrase दुख होना (Dukh Hona) is a fundamental expression used to convey the state of feeling sorrow, sadness, or regret. Unlike English where one might say 'I am sad' (using an adjective), Hindi often treats emotions as experiences that 'happen' to a person. Therefore, 'Dukh' (sorrow/pain) 'Hona' (to happen/to be) implies that the emotion is an internal state currently affecting the subject. This is a dative construction, meaning the person experiencing the sadness is marked with the postposition 'ko' (to/for).
- Literal Meaning
- To have sorrow; for sadness to occur.
- Grammatical Structure
- Subject + को (ko) + दुख (dukh) + होना (hona).
- Emotional Range
- Covers everything from mild disappointment to profound grief.
मुझे यह सुनकर बहुत दुख हुआ कि आपकी तबीयत ठीक नहीं है। (I felt very sad to hear that your health is not good.)
In a deeper philosophical context, 'Dukh' is a central concept in Indian philosophy (Dukkha), representing the inherent suffering or unsatisfactoriness of life. However, in daily conversation, it is the standard way to express empathy or personal unhappiness. When you say 'Mujhe dukh hai,' you are literally saying 'To me, there is sorrow.'
उसे अपनी पुरानी यादों को सोचकर दुख होता है। (He feels sad thinking about his old memories.)
The verb 'Hona' changes according to tense and aspect. For instance, 'Hua' (happened/felt) is used for past events, while 'Hota hai' (happens/feels) is used for habitual states. The intensity can be modified using adverbs like 'bahut' (very) or 'thoda' (a little).
क्या आपको इस बात का दुख है? (Are you sad about this matter?)
हमें आपकी हार का दुख होगा। (We will be sad about your defeat.)
उसकी बातों से सबको दुख पहुँचा। (Everyone was hurt/saddened by his words - note the variation 'pahuncha').
- Social Usage
- Used frequently in condolences and formal apologies.
- Synonym Note
- 'Udaas hona' is more about being 'moody' or 'blue', while 'Dukh hona' is often tied to a specific cause.
Using 'Dukh Hona' correctly requires understanding the Dative Subject rule in Hindi. In English, we say 'I feel sad,' where 'I' is the subject. In Hindi, the emotion is the subject of the state, and the person is the recipient. Therefore, you must use the oblique form of the pronoun followed by 'ko'.
- I feel sad: मुझे (Mujhe) दुख होता है।
- You feel sad: तुम्हें (Tumhe) दुख होता है।
- He/She feels sad: उसे (Use) दुख होता है।
- They feel sad: उन्हें (Unhe) दुख होता है।
The verb 'Hona' must be conjugated to match the tense. If you are talking about a specific instance in the past where you felt sad, use 'Hua'. If it is a general feeling, use 'Hota hai'. If you are expressing a current state, 'Hai' is sufficient.
Example: कल मुझे बहुत दुख हुआ। (Yesterday I felt very sad.)
When you want to specify *why* you are sad, you use the construction '...ka dukh hona' or '...dekhkar dukh hona' (feeling sad seeing...). This allows you to link the emotion to an object or an action.
- The 'Ka' Connection
- Use 'ka' to link to a noun: 'Is baat ka dukh' (Sorrow of this matter).
- The 'Kar' Connection
- Use 'kar' to link to a verb: 'Sun-kar dukh hua' (Felt sad after hearing).
In professional settings, 'Dukh hona' can be used to express regret for an error or an inconvenience caused to a client. It sounds more personal than 'Khed', which is strictly formal. If you are writing a letter of condolence, 'Dukh hona' is the standard phrase to express your sympathy for someone's loss.
You will encounter 'Dukh hona' in a variety of contexts, ranging from daily household conversations to high-brow literature and Bollywood cinema. It is a versatile phrase that captures the essence of human empathy.
1. Daily Conversations
In everyday life, people use it to react to bad news. If a friend tells you they lost their wallet, the natural response is 'Mujhe sunkar dukh hua' (I'm sorry/sad to hear that). It shows you are emotionally engaged with their situation.
2. News and Media
News anchors frequently use this phrase when reporting on tragedies, accidents, or the passing of prominent figures. You might hear: 'Pradhan Mantri ne is ghatna par dukh jataya' (The Prime Minister expressed grief over this incident). Here, 'Dukh jatana' is a variation meaning 'to express sorrow'.
3. Movies and Music
Bollywood is famous for its emotional depth. Songs often feature 'Dukh' to describe heartbreak or longing. Lyrics like 'Dil ko dukh hua' (The heart felt pain) are common. In dramas, characters use it to express betrayal or disappointment in family members.
4. Literature
In Hindi literature, especially in the works of Munshi Premchand, 'Dukh' is explored as a social condition. It describes the plight of the poor or the suffering of women in traditional society. In these contexts, 'Dukh hona' is not just a temporary feeling but a constant companion.
Even intermediate learners often stumble when using 'Dukh hona' because of its unique grammatical requirements. Here are the most frequent errors and how to fix them.
- Mistake 1: Wrong Subject Case
- Incorrect: 'Main dukh hoon' (I am sorrow).
Correct: 'Mujhe dukh hai' (To me there is sorrow). - Mistake 2: Confusing 'Dukh' and 'Dukhi'
- 'Dukh' is a noun (sorrow), while 'Dukhi' is an adjective (sad). You can say 'Main dukhi hoon' but you cannot say 'Main dukh hoon'. However, 'Mujhe dukh hai' is more common for specific instances of feeling sad.
- Mistake 3: Tense Confusion
- Using 'Hota hai' (habitual) when you mean 'Hua' (past specific). If you just heard bad news, say 'Dukh hua'. If you are describing a general feeling about the world, use 'Hota hai'.
Another common mistake is using 'Dukh hona' for physical pain. For physical pain, the word 'Dard' (pain) is used. While 'Dukh' can occasionally mean physical suffering in poetic Hindi, in modern standard Hindi, it is almost exclusively emotional.
Don't say: 'Mere sar mein dukh hai' (My head has sorrow).
Say: 'Mere sar mein dard hai' (My head has pain/I have a headache).
Hindi has a rich vocabulary for emotions. Understanding the nuances between 'Dukh hona' and its synonyms will make your Hindi sound more natural and sophisticated.
- उदास होना (Udaas Hona)
- This means 'to be sad' or 'to be depressed'. It is often used for a general mood without a specific cause. If you are just feeling 'down', use 'Udaas'.
- अफ़सोस होना (Afsos Hona)
- This specifically means 'to regret'. Use this when you are sad about a mistake you made or an opportunity you missed. 'Mujhe afsos hai ki main nahi aa saka' (I regret that I couldn't come).
- कष्ट होना (Kasht Hona)
- This implies 'distress' or 'trouble'. It is more formal and often refers to the difficulty or suffering caused by a situation.
- पीड़ा होना (Peeda Hona)
- A high-vocabulary word for 'agony' or 'deep pain'. It is used in literary or medical contexts.
Choosing the right word depends on the intensity and the context. 'Dukh' is the safest, most common 'middle-ground' word. If you want to show deep empathy, you might use 'Vyathit hona' (to be deeply pained/disturbed).
Comparison: 'Mujhe dukh hai' (I am sad) vs 'Mujhe afsos hai' (I am sorry/regretful).
How Formal Is It?
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Ejemplos por nivel
मुझे दुख है।
I am sad.
Uses dative subject 'Mujhe'.
क्या आपको दुख है?
Are you sad?
Interrogative form.
उसे दुख है।
He/She is sad.
Third person singular.
राम को दुख है।
Ram is sad.
Proper noun with 'ko'.
मुझे बहुत दुख है।
I am very sad.
Adverb 'bahut' used for intensity.
माँ को दुख है।
Mother is sad.
Family noun with 'ko'.
हमें दुख है।
We are sad.
First person plural.
बिल्ली को दुख है।
The cat is sad.
Animal subject with 'ko'.
यह सुनकर मुझे दुख हुआ।
I felt sad hearing this.
Past tense 'hua' with conjunctive participle 'sunkar'.
उसे अपनी गलती पर दुख हुआ।
He felt sad about his mistake.
Postposition 'par' (on/about).
तुम्हें दुख क्यों हुआ?
Why did you feel sad?
Question word 'kyon' (why).
कल मुझे बहुत दुख हुआ।
Yesterday I felt very sad.
Time adverb 'kal'.
फिल्म देखकर सबको दुख हुआ।
Everyone felt sad after watching the movie.
Collective subject 'sabko'.
उसे घर जाने का दुख है।
He is sad about going home.
Noun phrase with 'ka'.
क्या तुम्हें मेरी बात से दुख हुआ?
Did my words make you sad?
Instrumental 'se' (from/by).
मुझे आपकी हार का दुख है।
I am sad about your defeat.
Possessive 'aapki' with 'haar'.
मुझे दुख है कि मैं आपकी मदद नहीं कर सका।
I am sad that I could not help you.
Complex sentence with 'ki' (that).
जब भी बारिश होती है, उसे दुख होता है।
Whenever it rains, he feels sad.
Habitual aspect 'hota hai'.
हमें इस बात का गहरा दुख है।
We are deeply saddened by this matter.
Adjective 'gehra' (deep) modifying 'dukh'.
उसे अपने बचपन के दिन याद करके दुख होता है।
He feels sad remembering his childhood days.
Compound verb 'yaad karke'.
क्या आपको कभी बिना वजह दुख होता है?
Do you ever feel sad without any reason?
Adverbial phrase 'bina vajah'.
मुझे दुख होगा अगर आप नहीं आएंगे।
I will be sad if you don't come.
Future tense 'hoga'.
उसे अपनी पुरानी साइकिल खोने का दुख था।
He was sad about losing his old bicycle.
Past continuous/state 'tha'.
गरीबों की हालत देखकर सबको दुख होता है।
Everyone feels sad seeing the condition of the poor.
Gerundial phrase as cause.
प्रधानमंत्री ने हादसे पर गहरा दुख व्यक्त किया।
The Prime Minister expressed deep grief over the accident.
Formal variation 'dukh vyakt karna'.
मुझे इस बात का दुख नहीं है कि मैं हारा, बल्कि इस बात का है कि मैंने कोशिश नहीं की।
I am not sad that I lost, but rather that I didn't try.
Contrastive structure 'nahi... balki'.
समाज में बढ़ती नफरत को देखकर बहुत दुख होता है।
It is very saddening to see the increasing hatred in society.
Abstract subject.
उसे इस बात का दुख सता रहा है कि उसने सच नहीं बोला।
The grief that he didn't tell the truth is haunting him.
Verb 'sata raha hai' (is haunting/troubling).
क्या आपको अपनी मेहनत बेकार जाने का दुख है?
Are you sad about your hard work going to waste?
Complex noun phrase.
हमें आपकी असुविधा के लिए बहुत दुख है।
We are very sorry for your inconvenience.
Formal apology register.
उसकी आँखों में साफ़ दुख दिख रहा था।
Sorrow was clearly visible in his eyes.
Subjective use of 'dukh'.
बिछड़ने का दुख शब्दों में बयान नहीं किया जा सकता।
The sorrow of parting cannot be expressed in words.
Passive construction 'kiya ja sakta'.
मानवीय संवेदनाओं के ह्रास पर उन्हें गहरा दुख होता है।
He feels deep sorrow over the decline of human sensibilities.
High-level vocabulary 'hraas' (decline).
उसकी कविताओं में विरह का दुख कूट-कूट कर भरा है।
His poems are filled to the brim with the sorrow of separation.
Idiomatic expression 'koot-koot kar bhara'.
क्या यह संभव है कि किसी को दूसरे के दुख में दुख न हो?
Is it possible for someone not to feel sorrow in another's sorrow?
Philosophical interrogative.
उसे अपनी नियति पर दुख होने के बजाय गर्व था।
Instead of feeling sad about his fate, he was proud.
Contrastive 'ke bajay' (instead of).
संसार की नश्वरता को समझ लेने पर दुख का अंत हो जाता है।
Upon understanding the ephemerality of the world, sorrow ends.
Spiritual/Philosophical context.
लेखक ने समाज की विसंगतियों पर अपना दुख प्रकट किया है।
The author has expressed his sorrow over the anomalies of society.
Formal literary analysis.
मुझे इस बात का मलाल और दुख दोनों हैं।
I have both regret and sorrow regarding this matter.
Using synonyms 'malal' and 'dukh' together.
उसकी चुप्पी में एक मौन दुख छिपा था।
A silent sorrow was hidden in her silence.
Metaphorical usage.
अस्तित्ववादी दर्शन में दुख को जीवन का अनिवार्य अंग माना गया है।
In existential philosophy, sorrow is considered an essential part of life.
Academic/Philosophical register.
उनकी रचनाओं में निहित दुख पाठक के हृदय को झकझोर देता है।
The inherent sorrow in his works shakes the reader's heart.
Advanced literary verb 'jhakjhor dena'.
क्या दुख की पराकाष्ठा ही मोक्ष का द्वार है?
Is the pinnacle of sorrow the gateway to salvation?
Metaphysical inquiry.
वह अपने दुख को एक रचनात्मक ऊर्जा में बदलने में सफल रहा।
He succeeded in transforming his sorrow into a creative energy.
Psychological transformation context.
सांस्कृतिक संक्रमण के इस दौर में अपनी जड़ों से कटने का दुख असहनीय है।
In this era of cultural transition, the sorrow of being cut off from one's roots is unbearable.
Sociological commentary.
विद्वानों का मत है कि दुख ही चेतना के विकास का आधार है।
Scholars believe that sorrow is the foundation of the development of consciousness.
Formal attribution.
उसकी आँखों का वह करुण दुख आज भी मेरी स्मृतियों में ताज़ा है।
That pathetic sorrow in her eyes is still fresh in my memories today.
Evocative literary description.
बिना दुख की अनुभूति के सुख की परिभाषा अधूरी है।
Without the experience of sorrow, the definition of happiness is incomplete.
Dialectical reasoning.
Colocaciones comunes
Frases Comunes
मुझे बहुत दुख है
यह जानकर दुख हुआ
दुख की बात है
दुख की लहर
दुख का पहाड़ टूटना
दुख बाँटना
दुख में साथ देना
दुख व्यक्त करना
दुख पहुँचाना
कोई दुख नहीं
Se confunde a menudo con
Modismos y expresiones
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Fácil de confundir
Patrones de oraciones
Cómo usarlo
You can add 'hi' for emphasis: 'Mujhe dukh hi dukh hai' (I have nothing but sorrow).
To negate, place 'nahi' before 'hai/hua/hota'. e.g., 'Mujhe dukh nahi hai'.
- Using 'Main' instead of 'Mujhe'.
- Using 'Dukh' for physical pain.
- Confusing 'Dukh' (noun) with 'Dukhi' (adjective).
- Forgetting to conjugate 'Hona' correctly.
- Using 'Dukh' when 'Afsos' (regret) is more appropriate.
Consejos
The 'Ko' Rule
Always pair the person with 'ko'. 'Mujhe', 'Tumhe', 'Us-ko'.
Intensity
Use 'Thoda' for a little sad and 'Bahut' for very sad.
Empathy
Saying 'Mujhe dukh hua' is the best way to show you care about someone's bad news.
Aspiration
Make sure to blow out air when saying the 'kh' in Dukh.
Formal Letters
Use 'Khed' for business regrets, but 'Dukh' for personal ones.
Sharing Sorrow
In India, 'Dukh baantna' (sharing sorrow) is a key part of friendship.
Physical vs Mental
Never use 'Dukh' for a broken leg; that's 'Dard'.
Rhyme
Dukh rhymes with Mukh (face). A sad dukh shows on your mukh.
Poetic Touch
Use 'Gham' in songs or poetry for a more soulful feel.
Dukh vs Afsos
Use 'Afsos' if you feel guilty, 'Dukh' if you just feel sad.
Memorízalo
Origen de la palabra
Contexto cultural
Standard phrase: 'हमें आपके [loss] का बहुत दुख है' (We are very sorry for your [loss]).
If a guest is uncomfortable, a host might say 'Mujhe dukh hai ki aapko takleef hui' (I am sad that you were inconvenienced).
Practica en la vida real
Contextos reales
Inicios de conversación
"क्या आपको इस बात का दुख है?"
"आपको सबसे ज़्यादा दुख कब होता है?"
"क्या हमें दूसरों के दुख में दुखी होना चाहिए?"
"फिल्म का अंत देखकर आपको कैसा दुख हुआ?"
"दुख कम करने के लिए आप क्या करते हैं?"
Temas para diario
आज मुझे किस बात का दुख हुआ और क्यों?
एक ऐसी घटना के बारे में लिखें जब आपको बहुत दुख हुआ था।
क्या दुख हमें एक बेहतर इंसान बनाता है?
अपने किसी दोस्त के दुख में आपने कैसे साथ दिया?
दुख और अफ़सोस में क्या अंतर है, आपके अनुभव से?
Preguntas frecuentes
10 preguntasNo, that is incorrect. You must say 'Mujhe dukh hai' because emotions are treated as something you have/experience, not something you are.
'Dukh hua' means 'I felt sad' (past or sudden reaction), while 'Dukh hai' means 'I am sad' (current state).
It is neutral and can be used in both formal and informal contexts. In very formal settings, 'Khed' is sometimes preferred for regret.
You can say 'Aapke nuksan ka mujhe bahut dukh hai' or 'Mujhe sunkar bahut dukh hua'.
Yes, you can say 'Kutte ko dukh hai' if a dog looks sad.
The opposite is 'Khushi hona' (to be happy/feel joy).
Hindi uses the dative case for many internal experiences like hunger, thirst, and emotions. It indicates the person is the recipient of the feeling.
No, use 'Dard' for physical pain like a headache.
Yes, it is the same word and carries the same philosophical weight of suffering.
You say 'Dukh mat karo' or 'Udaas mat ho'.
Ponte a prueba 180 preguntas
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
To master 'Dukh Hona', you must shift from the English 'I am sad' to the Hindi 'To me, sorrow happens'. This dative structure is the key to expressing empathy, regret, and personal grief naturally in any social or formal Hindi context.
- Dukh Hona is the primary Hindi expression for feeling sad, requiring a dative subject (Subject + ko).
- It covers a wide emotional range from minor regret to deep mourning and is essential for social empathy.
- The phrase is conjugated based on the noun 'Dukh', usually appearing as 'hai', 'hua', or 'hota hai'.
- It is distinct from physical pain (dard) and general moodiness (udaasi), focusing on specific sorrowful events.
The 'Ko' Rule
Always pair the person with 'ko'. 'Mujhe', 'Tumhe', 'Us-ko'.
Intensity
Use 'Thoda' for a little sad and 'Bahut' for very sad.
Empathy
Saying 'Mujhe dukh hua' is the best way to show you care about someone's bad news.
Aspiration
Make sure to blow out air when saying the 'kh' in Dukh.
Ejemplo
यह खबर सुनकर मुझे बहुत दुख हुआ।
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