दोष देना en 30 segundos
- Meaning: To blame, to hold responsible for a fault.
- Usage: Assigning fault for mistakes or negative events.
- Key structure: [Subject] + [Object] + को + दोष देना.
- Common in: Everyday conversations, workplace, news.
Understanding 'दोष देना' (Dosh Dena)
The Hindi phrase 'दोष देना' (dosh dena) is a fundamental verb that translates directly to 'to blame' or 'to hold responsible for a fault' in English. It signifies attributing fault or wrongdoing to someone or something. This phrase is incredibly common in everyday conversations, formal discussions, and even in literature and media. It's used when an individual or group is identified as the cause of a problem, mistake, or negative outcome.
Think about situations where something goes wrong. Whether it's a minor inconvenience like a spilled drink or a major issue like a project failure, people often look for a cause. 'दोष देना' is the act of pointing to that cause and assigning blame. It can be used in a accusatory manner, to express frustration, or simply to analyze the root of a problem. The word 'दोष' (dosh) itself means 'fault,' 'blame,' or 'defect,' and 'देना' (dena) means 'to give.' So, literally, it means 'to give fault,' which perfectly captures the essence of blaming.
For instance, if a team misses a deadline, someone might say, "प्रबंधक ने टीम को दोष दिया" (Prabandhak ne team ko dosh diya) – "The manager blamed the team." This implies the manager believes the team was at fault for the missed deadline. Conversely, if a student fails an exam, they might blame the teacher for not teaching well: "छात्र ने शिक्षक को दोष दिया" (Chhatra ne shikshak ko dosh diya) – "The student blamed the teacher." The nuance here is that it's about assigning responsibility for a negative event.
It's important to note that 'दोष देना' can sometimes carry a negative connotation, implying an unfair or unwarranted accusation. However, it can also be used in a neutral, analytical way to identify the cause of an issue. Understanding the context and the tone of the speaker is crucial to interpret the exact meaning. The phrase is versatile and can be applied to individuals, groups, or even inanimate objects if one is being metaphorical or expressing extreme frustration.
Consider a situation where a car breaks down. You might hear someone say, "शायद कार में ही दोष था" (Shayad car mein hi dosh tha) – "Perhaps the car itself was at fault." Here, the blame is attributed to the vehicle's mechanical condition. This highlights how the phrase can extend beyond just human error to encompass systemic or inherent flaws.
In summary, 'दोष देना' is a critical phrase for expressing accountability and identifying the source of problems. It is used across a wide spectrum of social interactions, making it an essential vocabulary item for anyone learning Hindi.
- Core Meaning
- To attribute fault or responsibility for a mistake, problem, or negative outcome to someone or something.
- Usage Contexts
- Everyday conversations, formal discussions, media, literature, expressing frustration, analyzing problems, assigning accountability.
- Literal Translation
- To give fault.
If the project failed, who should we दोष देना?
The weather was bad, so we couldn't दोष देना the team for being late.
- Nuance
- Can be accusatory or analytical depending on context and tone.
Don't दोष देना him; it wasn't his fault.
Constructing Sentences with 'दोष देना'
'दोष देना' is a transitive verb, meaning it typically takes a direct object (the person or thing being blamed) and often an indirect object (the person doing the blaming). The structure generally follows: [Subject (who is blaming)] + [Object (who/what is being blamed)] + को (ko) + दोष देना (dosh dena).
Let's break down the common sentence structures:
- Subject blaming Object: This is the most straightforward usage.
Structure: [Subject] + [Object] + को + दोष देना.
Example: मैं तुम्हें इस गलती के लिए दोष नहीं दे रहा। (Main tumhein is galti ke liye dosh nahin de raha.) - I am not blaming you for this mistake.
Here, 'मैं' (I) is the subject, 'तुम्हें' (you) is the object, and 'इस गलती के लिए' (for this mistake) provides the reason. - Object being blamed (passive voice): Often, the focus is on the person or thing being blamed, without explicitly stating who is doing the blaming.
Structure: [Object] + को + [Reason/Circumstance] + दोष दिया गया / जा रहा है।
Example: उस पर दोष दिया गया कि उसने देर की। (Us par dosh diya gaya ki usne der ki.) - He was blamed for being late.
Note the use of 'पर' (par) which can sometimes substitute 'को' in passive constructions when referring to a person being blamed. - Blaming a situation or thing: You can also blame circumstances or even inanimate objects.
Structure: [Situation/Thing] + में / पर + दोष होना / दोष देना.
Example: कार के खराब होने का दोष उसकी मरम्मत में था। (Car ke kharab hone ka dosh uski marammat mein tha.) - The fault for the car breaking down lay in its repair. (Slightly different structure, but related concept). A more direct use: उसने कहा कि दोष सड़क का था। (Usne kaha ki dosh sadak ka tha.) - He said the fault was of the road. - With modal verbs: 'दोष देना' can be combined with modal verbs like 'चाहिए' (should), 'सकता है' (can), 'पड़ेगा' (will have to).
Example: हमें एक-दूसरे को दोष नहीं देना चाहिए. (Hamein ek-doosre ko dosh nahin dena chahiye.) - We should not blame each other. - Focus on the act of blaming: Sometimes the sentence focuses on the action itself.
Example: बिना बात के दोष देना अच्छी आदत नहीं है। (Bina baat ke dosh dena achhi aadat nahin hai.) - Blaming without reason is not a good habit.
Verb Conjugations: Remember that 'देना' (dena) is conjugated according to the subject and tense. For example:
- Present Tense: मैं दोष देता हूँ (I blame - masculine), मैं दोष देती हूँ (I blame - feminine)
- Past Tense: उसने दोष दिया (He/She blamed)
- Future Tense: हम दोष देंगे (We will blame)
Pay attention to the postposition 'को' (ko) which is crucial when indicating who is being blamed. When blaming a situation or an object, sometimes 'का' (ka) or 'में' (mein) is used, depending on the context of 'fault'.
- Basic Structure
- [Subject] + [Object] + को + दोष देना.
- Passive Voice
- [Object] + को + दोष दिया गया/जा रहा है.
- Blaming Things/Situations
- Often uses 'का' or 'में' for fault, e.g., 'दोष सड़क का था'.
The teacher दोष दिया the student for not studying.
It is wrong to दोष देना someone without knowing the facts.
Real-World Scenarios for 'दोष देना'
You'll encounter 'दोष देना' (dosh dena) in a multitude of everyday situations, reflecting its broad applicability in human interaction and problem-solving. Understanding these contexts will significantly boost your comprehension and usage.
1. Family and Friends: In households, disagreements often lead to assigning blame. If a sibling breaks a toy, a parent might say, "तुमने भाई को दोष दिया" (Tumne bhai ko dosh diya) – "You blamed your brother." Or, among friends, if plans fall through, one might jokingly or seriously say, "यह तुम्हारी गलती है, मैं तुम्हें दोष दूंगा" (Yeh tumhari galti hai, main tumhein dosh dunga) – "This is your fault, I will blame you."
2. Workplace and Professional Settings: Project failures, missed deadlines, or errors in reports are common scenarios. A manager might address a team meeting saying, "हमें यह पता लगाना होगा कि इस विफलता के लिए किसे दोष देना चाहिए" (Hamein yeh pata lagana hoga ki is vifalta ke liye kise dosh dena chahiye) – "We need to figure out who should be blamed for this failure." Conversely, an employee might defend themselves, "यह मेरा दोष नहीं था, सिस्टम खराब था" (Yeh mera dosh nahin tha, system kharab tha) – "It wasn't my fault, the system was faulty."
3. News and Media: When reporting on accidents, crimes, or political issues, news anchors and reporters frequently use 'दोष देना'. For instance, a headline might read, "सरकार ने विपक्षी दल पर दोष मढ़ा" (Sarkar ne vipakshi dal par dosh madha) – "The government blamed the opposition party." (Note: 'मढ़ना' (madhna) is a synonym often used in formal contexts for 'to blame').
4. Legal and Formal Disputes: In courtrooms or during formal arguments, assigning responsibility is paramount. Lawyers might state, "हमारा मानना है कि प्रतिवादी को दोष दिया जाना चाहिए" (Hamara manna hai ki pratividi ko dosh diya jaana chahiye) – "We believe the defendant should be held responsible/blamed." This is where the formal aspect of accountability is stressed.
5. Discussions about Mistakes and Accidents: Whether it's a small personal mistake or a large-scale accident, the conversation often turns to who or what is at fault. "इतनी बड़ी दुर्घटना का दोष किसी एक व्यक्ति को नहीं दिया जा सकता" (Itni badi durghatna ka dosh kisi ek vyakti ko nahin diya ja sakta) – "The blame for such a big accident cannot be given to a single person." This shows how the phrase is used to analyze complex situations.
6. Expressing Frustration or Annoyance: Sometimes, people use 'दोष देना' to vent their frustration, even if the blame is not entirely justified. "बारिश की वजह से सब खराब हो गया, मैं मौसम को दोष देता हूँ" (Barish ki wajah se sab kharab ho gaya, main mausam ko dosh deta hoon) – "Everything got ruined because of the rain, I blame the weather." This is a more colloquial and sometimes hyperbolic usage.
7. Children's Conversations: Young children often use this phrase when playing or arguing. "उसने मेरी बारी चुराई, मैंने उसे दोष दिया" (Usne meri baari churayi, maine use dosh diya) – "He stole my turn, I blamed him." This is a very direct and simple application of the phrase.
In essence, any situation where a negative outcome occurs and a cause is sought is a potential context for 'दोष देना'. It's a fundamental part of how we discuss problems and accountability.
- Everyday Scenarios
- Family arguments, friend interactions, workplace disputes, discussing accidents.
- Formal Contexts
- News reporting, legal proceedings, official inquiries.
- Expressing Emotion
- Used to vent frustration, sometimes hyperbolically.
The news anchor said the politician दोष दिया the opposition for the economic crisis.
In the courtroom, the lawyer tried to दोष देना the witness.
Navigating Pitfalls with 'दोष देना'
While 'दोष देना' (dosh dena) is a straightforward concept, learners often make certain mistakes that can lead to misunderstandings. Being aware of these common errors will help you use the phrase more accurately.
1. Forgetting the Postposition 'को' (ko): This is perhaps the most frequent mistake. When you are blaming a person or a specific entity, you must use 'को' after it. Simply saying "मैं तुम्हें दोष देता" (Main tumhein dosh deta) is grammatically incorrect. The correct form is "मैं तुम्हें को दोष देता" (Main tumhein ko dosh deta). The 'को' marks the direct object of the blame.
2. Confusing 'दोष देना' with 'दोष होना': 'दोष देना' is an action performed by a subject. 'दोष होना' (dosh hona) means 'to have a fault' or 'to be at fault'. For example, if a car has a mechanical issue, you would say "कार में दोष है" (Car mein dosh hai) – "The car has a fault." You wouldn't say "कार दोष देती है" (Car dosh deti hai) unless you were anthropomorphizing the car and saying it 'blames'.
3. Overuse or Underuse: Some learners might overuse 'दोष देना' in situations where a softer phrase like 'कारण बताना' (karan batana - to state the reason) or 'जिम्मेदारी डालना' (jimmedari dalna - to place responsibility) would be more appropriate. Conversely, in situations where blame is clearly warranted, learners might hesitate to use it, opting for vaguer language.
4. Incorrect Verb Conjugation: As 'देना' is a verb, it needs to be conjugated correctly according to the tense, gender, and number of the subject. Forgetting this can lead to grammatical errors. For instance, using "वह दोष देती है" (Vah dosh deti hai) when the subject is masculine (he) would be incorrect; it should be "वह दोष देता है" (Vah dosh deta hai).
5. Blaming Situations Incorrectly: When blaming a situation or an abstract concept, the structure can change. Saying "मैं बारिश को दोष देता" is understandable, but more formally, one might say "बारिश का दोष था" (Barish ka dosh tha) – "It was the rain's fault." The direct 'देना' might feel less natural for abstract nouns.
6. Misinterpreting Tone: 'दोष देना' can be said with anger, frustration, or in a neutral, analytical tone. Learners might misinterpret a neutral statement of fact as an accusation, or vice versa, leading to social awkwardness.
7. Using Singular for Plural: If you are blaming multiple people, ensure the verb conjugation and pronouns reflect plurality. For example, if blaming 'them' (plural), it would be "मैं उन्हें दोष देता हूँ" (Main unhein dosh deta hoon), not a singular form.
By paying close attention to these points – especially the 'को' postposition, the distinction between 'दोष देना' and 'दोष होना', and correct verb conjugation – you can significantly improve your fluency and accuracy when using this common Hindi phrase.
- Key Mistake: Postposition
- Forgetting 'को' (ko) after the person/thing being blamed.
- Confusion with Similar Phrases
- Confusing 'दोष देना' (to blame) with 'दोष होना' (to have a fault/be at fault).
- Grammar Errors
- Incorrect verb conjugation (tense, gender, number).
Incorrect: मैं उसे दोष देता.
Correct: मैं उसे को दोष देता।
Incorrect: यह मेरा दोष देना है।
Correct: यह मेरा दोष है। (It is my fault.)
Exploring Alternatives to 'दोष देना'
While 'दोष देना' (dosh dena) is the most common way to say 'to blame', Hindi offers several other words and phrases that convey similar meanings, often with subtle differences in formality, intensity, or nuance. Understanding these alternatives will enrich your vocabulary and allow you to express yourself more precisely.
1. इल्ज़ाम लगाना (Ilzaam Lagana): This phrase means 'to accuse' or 'to charge someone with an offense'. It's often used in more formal or legal contexts, implying a formal accusation rather than just assigning general blame. 'इल्ज़ाम' (ilzaam) means 'accusation' or 'charge'.
- Usage: पुलिस ने चोर पर चोरी का इल्ज़ाम लगाया। (Police ne chor par chori ka ilzaam lagaya.) - The police accused the thief of theft.
- Comparison: While 'दोष देना' can be informal, 'इल्ज़ाम लगाना' is typically more formal and suggests a specific wrongdoing has been alleged.
2. लांछन लगाना (Laanchan Lagana): Similar to 'इल्ज़ाम लगाना', this means 'to defame', 'to slander', or 'to cast aspersions'. It often implies an unfair or malicious accusation intended to damage someone's reputation.
- Usage: उसने बिना किसी सबूत के मुझ पर लांछन लगाया। (Usne bina kisi saboot ke mujh par laanchan lagaya.) - He defamed me without any evidence.
- Comparison: This is stronger and more negative than 'दोष देना', focusing on reputational damage.
3. दोषी ठहराना (Doshi Thahraana): This phrase means 'to hold someone guilty' or 'to declare someone guilty'. It's a more definitive statement of blame, often used after an investigation or judgment.
- Usage: अदालत ने उसे हत्या का दोषी ठहराया। (Adalat ne use hatya ka doshi thahraya.) - The court held him guilty of murder.
- Comparison: This implies a formal judgment of guilt, whereas 'दोष देना' can be a more informal assignment of fault.
4. जिम्मेदारी डालना (Jimmedari Dalna): This translates to 'to place responsibility' or 'to make someone responsible'. It can be a neutral way to assign tasks or duties, but can also be used to shift blame.
- Usage: उन्होंने सारी जिम्मेदारी उस पर डाल दी। (Unhone saari jimmedari us par daal di.) - They placed all the responsibility on him.
- Comparison: This is often softer than direct blame and focuses on the allocation of responsibility, which can sometimes be a euphemism for blame.
5. कारण बताना (Karan Batana): This means 'to state the reason'. While not directly 'to blame', explaining the cause of a problem often implicitly assigns responsibility. It's a more analytical and less accusatory approach.
- Usage: उसने देर से आने का कारण बताया। (Usne der se aane ka karan bataya.) - He stated the reason for coming late.
- Comparison: This is a neutral explanation of cause, whereas 'दोष देना' explicitly assigns fault.
6. मढ़ना (Madhna): Often used in formal contexts, 'मढ़ना' means 'to impose', 'to saddle with', or 'to foist upon'. It's frequently used with 'दोष' (dosh) as 'दोष मढ़ना' (dosh madhna), meaning to falsely or unfairly blame someone.
- Usage: सरकार ने जनता पर दोष मढ़ा। (Sarkar ne janta par dosh madha.) - The government unfairly blamed the public.
- Comparison: This often carries a stronger implication of unjust or unfounded blame than simple 'दोष देना'.
When choosing between these words, consider the context: Is it a formal accusation, a general assignment of fault, a statement of guilt, or an explanation of cause? 'दोष देना' remains the most versatile and widely understood term for 'to blame'.
- Similar to Blame
- इल्ज़ाम लगाना (to accuse), लांछन लगाना (to defame), दोषी ठहराना (to hold guilty).
- Related Concepts
- जिम्मेदारी डालना (to place responsibility), कारण बताना (to state the reason), दोष मढ़ना (to falsely blame).
- Formality
- 'दोष देना' is versatile. 'इल्ज़ाम लगाना' and 'दोषी ठहराना' are more formal.
He didn't just दोष दिया him; he formally इल्ज़ाम लगाया.
The court दोषी ठहराया the accused.
How Formal Is It?
Dato curioso
The concept of 'dōṣa' is also prevalent in Indian philosophy and Ayurveda, where it refers to imbalances in the body's humors (like Vata, Pitta, Kapha) that lead to illness. This broader sense of 'defect' or 'imbalance' highlights the ancient roots of the word and its association with negative states.
Guía de pronunciación
- Pronouncing 'दोष' with a long 'o' sound (like 'dose').
- Incorrectly stressing the second syllable of 'देना'.
- Confusing the 'sh' sound with 's'.
Nivel de dificultad
CEFR A2 level. The basic concept is simple, but understanding nuances and avoiding common grammatical errors requires practice. Recognizing its usage in various contexts is key.
Requires attention to grammatical structure, especially the use of 'को' and correct verb conjugation. Distinguishing from similar phrases like 'दोष होना' is important.
Pronunciation is relatively straightforward. The main challenge is using it appropriately in conversation and choosing the right nuance based on context.
The phrase is common, making it likely to be encountered. Understanding the speaker's tone and the surrounding context is crucial for accurate interpretation.
Qué aprender después
Requisitos previos
Aprende después
Avanzado
Gramática que debes saber
Use of postposition 'को' (ko) with transitive verbs like 'दोष देना' when indicating the direct object.
मैं उसे को दोष देता हूँ। (I blame him.)
Verb conjugation based on subject's gender and number (e.g., देता/देती/देते).
वह (पुरुष) दोष देता है। वह (स्त्री) दोष देती है। वे (बहुवचन) दोष देते हैं।
Passive voice construction using 'जाना' (jaana) with the past participle.
उसे दोष दिया गया। (He was blamed.)
Using 'चाहिए' (chahiye) for obligation or advice, often with negation to advise against blaming.
हमें एक-दूसरे को दोष नहीं देना चाहिए। (We should not blame each other.)
Distinguishing between 'दोष देना' (to blame) and 'दोष होना' (to have a fault/be at fault).
कार दोषी है। (The car is faulty.) vs. मैंने कार को दोष दिया। (I blamed the car.)
Ejemplos por nivel
यह मेरी गलती नहीं है।
This is not my fault.
Simple statement of denial.
तुमने यह तोड़ा।
You broke this.
Direct accusation.
मुझे मत कहो।
Don't tell me.
Expressing refusal to listen.
यह खराब है।
This is bad/broken.
Describing a negative state.
वह देर से आया।
He came late.
Past tense verb.
यह मेरी गलती थी।
This was my mistake.
Admitting fault.
उसने मुझे डांटा।
He scolded me.
Past tense verb indicating scolding.
सब ठीक है।
Everything is fine.
Statement of well-being.
यह मेरी गलती नहीं है, यह उसकी गलती है।
This is not my fault, it is his fault.
Using 'गलती' (fault) and possessive pronouns.
तुम्हें उसे दोष देना नहीं चाहिए।
You should not blame him.
Modal verb 'चाहिए' (should) with negation.
उसने मुझे इस काम के लिए दोष दिया।
He blamed me for this work.
Past tense of 'दोष देना' with 'को' and context.
मैं इस समस्या का कारण नहीं हूँ।
I am not the cause of this problem.
Using 'कारण' (cause) instead of direct blame.
क्या यह सच है कि उसने दोष स्वीकार किया?
Is it true that he accepted the fault?
Using noun 'दोष' (fault) and verb 'स्वीकार करना' (to accept).
हमें एक-दूसरे पर दोष नहीं डालना चाहिए।
We should not blame each other.
Using 'डालना' (to put/place) with 'दोष' as an alternative to 'देना'.
वह हमेशा दूसरों को दोष देता है।
He always blames others.
Present habitual tense of 'दोष देना'.
यह दोष तुम्हारी वजह से हुआ।
This fault happened because of you.
Using 'वजह से' (because of) to indicate cause.
प्रबंधक ने परियोजना की विफलता के लिए टीम को दोष दिया।
The manager blamed the team for the project's failure.
Past tense, specific context of project failure.
उस पर झूठे आरोप लगाने का प्रयास किया गया।
An attempt was made to falsely accuse him.
Passive voice, using 'इल्ज़ाम लगाना' (to accuse).
हमें परिस्थितियों को दोष देना बंद करना चाहिए और समाधान खोजना चाहिए।
We should stop blaming the circumstances and find a solution.
Imperative mood, contrasting blame with problem-solving.
क्या यह संभव है कि दोष किसी और का हो?
Is it possible that the fault lies with someone else?
Using 'संभव' (possible) and questioning the source of fault.
वह कभी भी अपनी गलतियों के लिए खुद को दोष नहीं देता।
He never blames himself for his mistakes.
Present habitual tense, negative, reflexive self-blame.
इस दुर्घटना के लिए किसे जिम्मेदारी डालनी चाहिए?
Who should be held responsible for this accident?
Using 'जिम्मेदारी डालना' (to place responsibility) as an alternative.
उसकी बातों से ऐसा लग रहा था मानो वह हमें दोष दे रहा हो।
It seemed from his words as if he was blaming us.
Subjunctive mood ('रहा हो') expressing perceived action.
यह दोष किसी एक व्यक्ति का नहीं, बल्कि पूरी व्यवस्था का है।
This fault is not of one person, but of the entire system.
Distinguishing individual fault from systemic fault.
आर्थिक मंदी के लिए सरकार ने पिछली नीतियों को दोष दिया।
The government blamed previous policies for the economic recession.
Specific political/economic context, past tense.
उसके चरित्र पर लांछन लगाना अत्यंत अनुचित था।
To defame his character was extremely inappropriate.
Using 'लांछन लगाना' (to defame) in a formal, abstract sense.
प्रतीक्षा अवधि के दौरान, किसी को भी दोष नहीं ठहराया गया था।
During the waiting period, no one was held guilty.
Passive voice, formal context, negative statement.
हमें इस समस्या के मूल कारण का पता लगाना चाहिए, न कि केवल किसी व्यक्ति को दोष देना।
We should find the root cause of this problem, not just blame someone.
Contrasting root cause analysis with simple blame.
यह संभव है कि वह जानबूझकर अपनी जिम्मेदारी दूसरों पर डाल रहा हो।
It is possible that he is deliberately placing his responsibility on others.
Using 'जिम्मेदारी डालना' with an adverb indicating intent.
साहित्यिक आलोचना में, लेखक की मंशा को दोष देना एक विवादास्पद विषय है।
In literary criticism, blaming the author's intention is a controversial topic.
Abstract concept in literary theory, using 'मंशा' (intention).
उसने अपनी असफलताओं के लिए हमेशा बाहरी ताकतों को दोष दिया।
He always blamed external forces for his failures.
Attributing blame to abstract or external factors.
जांच में पाया गया कि दोष मुख्य रूप से रखरखाव की कमी में था।
The investigation found that the fault primarily lay in the lack of maintenance.
Formal investigative report, identifying the locus of fault.
उसकी अप्रत्याशित प्रतिक्रिया को देखते हुए, उसे दोष देना शायद ही उचित होगा।
Given his unpredictable reaction, it would hardly be fair to blame him.
Complex sentence structure, expressing doubt about fairness of blame.
मीडिया ने अक्सर राजनीतिक विरोधियों पर दोष मढ़ने की प्रवृत्ति दिखाई है।
The media has often shown a tendency to falsely blame political opponents.
Using 'दोष मढ़ना' (to falsely blame), discussing media tendencies.
अदालत ने इस मामले में किसी एक पक्ष को पूरी तरह से दोषी नहीं ठहराया।
The court did not hold any single party entirely guilty in this matter.
Formal legal judgment, nuanced outcome.
समस्या की जड़ तक पहुंचने के लिए, हमें व्यक्तिगत दोषारोपण से परे देखना होगा।
To get to the root of the problem, we must look beyond personal blame.
Using the noun form 'दोषारोपण' (blame/accusation) and abstract concept.
वह अपनी जिम्मेदारियों से बचने के लिए अक्सर बहाने बनाता है, और अंततः दूसरों पर दोष डाल देता है।
He often makes excuses to avoid his responsibilities, and ultimately shifts the blame onto others.
Complex sentence with multiple clauses, using 'जिम्मेदारी' and 'दोष डालना'.
कला की व्याख्या में, क्या कलाकार की मंशा को दोष देना प्रासंगिक है?
In the interpretation of art, is it relevant to blame the artist's intention?
Philosophical/interpretive question, using 'मंशा' (intention).
यह स्वीकार करना कठिन है कि हमारी अपनी लापरवाही ही दोष का कारण थी।
It is difficult to accept that our own carelessness was the cause of the fault.
Acknowledging personal fault, using 'लापरवाही' (carelessness).
ऐतिहासिक घटनाओं का विश्लेषण करते समय, हमें तत्कालीन सामाजिक और राजनीतिक परिस्थितियों को भी ध्यान में रखना चाहिए, न कि केवल व्यक्तियों को दोष देना चाहिए।
When analyzing historical events, we must also consider the then-prevailing social and political conditions, not just blame individuals.
Complex historical analysis, emphasizing contextual factors over individual blame.
विभिन्न व्याख्याओं के बावजूद, यह सर्वविदित है कि इस विफलता के लिए कोई एक इकाई जिम्मेदार नहीं ठहराई जा सकती।
Despite various interpretations, it is widely known that no single entity can be held responsible for this failure.
Formal, abstract language, using 'विफलता' (failure) and 'जिम्मेदार ठहराना' (to hold responsible).
साहित्यिक कृतियों में पात्रों के नैतिक पतन के लिए लेखक की शैलीगत पसंदों को दोष देना एक अतिसरलीकरण होगा।
To blame the author's stylistic choices for the moral decay of characters in literary works would be an oversimplification.
Highly academic, discussing literary analysis and oversimplification.
न्यायिक प्रणाली में, दोषारोपण की प्रक्रिया निष्पक्षता और साक्ष्य पर आधारित होनी चाहिए, न कि पूर्वाग्रह पर।
In the judicial system, the process of accusation must be based on fairness and evidence, not on prejudice.
Legal and ethical discourse, using 'दोषारोपण' and 'पूर्वाग्रह' (prejudice).
समस्या को विच्छेदित करने के लिए, हमें सतही दोषारोपण से आगे बढ़कर अंतर्निहित संरचनात्मक मुद्दों की जांच करनी चाहिए।
To dissect the problem, we must go beyond superficial blame and investigate the underlying structural issues.
Analytical and critical thinking, using 'विच्छेदित करना' (to dissect) and 'संरचनात्मक' (structural).
वह अपनी अक्षमताओं को छिपाने के लिए चतुराई से दोष को अन्य लोगों पर डाल देता है, जिससे स्वयं को निर्दोष प्रतीत होता है।
He cleverly shifts the blame onto other people to hide his own inabilities, thereby appearing innocent himself.
Sophisticated manipulation, using 'अक्षमताओं' (inabilities) and nuanced blame-shifting.
कलात्मक अभिव्यक्ति की व्याख्या में, क्या कलाकार की व्यक्तिगत विवेकहीनता को दोष देना एक वैध आलोचनात्मक दृष्टिकोण है?
In the interpretation of artistic expression, is it a valid critical approach to blame the artist's personal indiscretion?
Highly theoretical and critical discussion, using 'विवेकहीनता' (indiscretion).
ऐतिहासिक घटनाओं के मूल्यांकन में, अति-सरलीकरण से बचना महत्वपूर्ण है; व्यक्तिगत आरोप के बजाय जटिल कारणों के समूह को स्वीकार करना चाहिए।
In the evaluation of historical events, it is important to avoid oversimplification; a complex web of causes should be acknowledged rather than individual accusations.
Sophisticated historical analysis, emphasizing complexity and avoiding simplistic blame.
यह निर्विवाद है कि प्रणालीगत त्रुटियाँ ही इस आपदा का मुख्य कारण थीं, न कि व्यक्तिगत लापरवाही।
It is undisputed that systemic errors were the main cause of this disaster, not individual negligence.
Formal, emphatic statement about systemic causes versus individual blame.
Sinónimos
Antónimos
Colocaciones comunes
Frases Comunes
— This is not my fault. It's a way to deny blame.
The child said, 'यह मेरी गलती नहीं है,' when the vase broke.
— You should blame him. This is advice or a strong suggestion to assign fault.
If it's his mistake, you should tell him, 'तुम्हें उसे दोष देना चाहिए।'
— Don't blame me. A direct plea to be absolved of responsibility.
When something goes wrong, people often say, 'मुझे दोष मत दो!'
— It was his fault. A direct statement assigning blame.
After the argument, she concluded, 'यह उसका दोष था।'
— Everyone was at fault. Assigning blame to all involved.
In the end, they realized 'सबका दोष था' and they all apologized.
— It is easy to blame. Acknowledging that assigning fault is simpler than finding solutions.
The speaker remarked, 'दोष देना आसान है, पर समाधान खोजना मुश्किल।'
— To blame oneself. Taking responsibility for one's own mistakes.
After the failure, he spent days 'खुद को दोष देते हुए'.
— Stop blaming. An imperative to cease assigning fault.
'बस अब बहुत हुआ, दोष देना बंद करो!' she exclaimed.
— The root of the fault/blame. Referring to the fundamental cause of a problem.
We need to find the 'दोष की जड़' to solve this issue permanently.
— To falsely or unfairly place blame on someone.
They tried 'किसी पर दोष मढ़ने' की कोशिश की, but the truth came out.
Se confunde a menudo con
'दोष होना' means 'to have a fault' or 'to be at fault'. It describes a state, whereas 'दोष देना' is an action of assigning blame. Example: कार में दोष है (The car has a fault) vs. मैंने कार को दोष दिया (I blamed the car).
'गलती करना' means 'to make a mistake'. While making a mistake can lead to blame, it is the act of erring, not the act of assigning blame itself.
'आरोप लगाना' means 'to accuse'. It is often more formal and implies a specific charge, whereas 'दोष देना' can be a more general assignment of fault.
Modismos y expresiones
— Literally 'to break an earthen pot on someone's head'. This idiom means to unfairly blame someone or make them a scapegoat for a mistake or wrongdoing.
Poor Ravi had to सिर पर ठीकरा फोड़ना for the entire team's failure.
Informal— Literally 'a cumin seed in a camel's mouth'. While not directly about blame, it's used when a small effort or solution is insufficient for a big problem, often implying that blaming the wrong thing is like putting a cumin seed in a camel's mouth – ineffective.
Trying to fix this complex issue with just one small change is like ऊँट के मुँह में जीरा.
Informal— Literally 'to pour ghee into fire'. This idiom means to worsen a situation, often by adding fuel to the fire. It can be related to blame if someone's words or actions escalate a conflict where blame is being assigned.
His comment only आग में घी डालना during their argument.
Informal— Literally 'a straw in the thief's beard'. This idiom refers to someone who is guilty acting suspiciously or nervously, revealing their guilt without being directly accused. It implies that the guilty person is self-betraying, rather than someone else blaming them.
He kept fidgeting during the questioning; it was clear he had चोर की दाढ़ी में तिनका.
Informal— Literally 'Who will tie the bell around the cat's neck?'. This idiom refers to a dangerous or difficult task that no one is willing to undertake. It can be related to blame when a situation is so precarious that taking responsibility (and thus potentially being blamed) is undesirable.
No one wants to take charge of this failing project; it's like asking बिल्ली के गले में घंटी कौन बाँधेगा?
Informal— Literally 'The fruit of patience is sweet'. While not directly about blame, it often appears in contexts where someone endures hardship or unfair blame, with the implied reward of eventual vindication or a positive outcome.
Even though they were wrongly accused, they held on, knowing that सब्र का फल मीठा होता है.
General— Literally 'to cut one's nose'. This idiom means to lose face, to be disgraced or humiliated. While not directly about blaming, it's a consequence that can follow being blamed unfairly or making a significant mistake.
After the scandal, the politician felt his नाक कटना.
Informal— Literally 'What does a blind person want? Two eyes.' This idiom means getting exactly what one desires, often unexpectedly. It can be used sarcastically when someone is eager to blame another, and an opportunity to do so presents itself.
When the rival team made a mistake, he thought, 'अंधा क्या चाहे, दो आँखें' and immediately pointed fingers.
Informal— To make a mistake intentionally. This relates to blame as it implies deliberate wrongdoing rather than an accident.
It wasn't an accident; he was जानबूझकर गलती कर रहा था।
General— Literally 'to stab in the back'. This idiom means to betray someone, often by acting against them secretly. This betrayal can lead to blame or accusations.
She felt betrayed when her friend spread rumors, as if he had पीठ पीछे छुरा घोंपा.
InformalFácil de confundir
Both relate to fault or error.
'दोष होना' describes the existence of a fault or defect. For example, 'इस मशीन में <mark>दोष है</mark>' (This machine has a fault). 'दोष देना' is the action of attributing this fault to someone or something. For example, 'मैंने मशीन को <mark>दोष दिया</mark>' (I blamed the machine).
The system <mark>has a fault</mark> (सिस्टम में <mark>दोष है</mark>). I <mark>blamed</mark> the system (मैंने सिस्टम को <mark>दोष दिया</mark>).
Both relate to mistakes and negative outcomes.
'गलती' is the noun for 'mistake' or 'fault'. 'दोष देना' is the verb 'to blame'. You can make a 'गलती' and then someone might 'दोष देना' you for it. Example: 'यह मेरी <mark>गलती</mark> थी।' (This was my mistake.) vs. 'उसने मुझे <mark>दोष दिया</mark>।' (He blamed me.)
He made a <mark>mistake</mark> (उसने <mark>गलती</mark> की). Then, someone <mark>blamed</mark> him (फिर किसी ने उसे <mark>दोष दिया</mark>).
Both involve negative accusations.
'आरोप' is a formal 'accusation' or 'charge', often with legal implications. 'दोष देना' is a more general term for 'blame' or 'assigning fault', which can be informal. Example: 'उस पर <mark>आरोप</mark> लगा।' (An accusation was made against him.) vs. 'उसने मुझे <mark>दोष दिया</mark>।' (He blamed me.)
The police filed a <mark>charge</mark> (पुलिस ने <mark>आरोप</mark> दर्ज किया). He <mark>blamed</mark> me for the problem (उसने समस्या के लिए मुझे <mark>दोष दिया</mark>).
Both relate to accountability for actions.
'जिम्मेदारी' refers to 'responsibility' or 'duty'. 'दोष देना' is specifically about assigning fault for something negative. One can have 'जिम्मेदारी' without necessarily being 'दोषी' (guilty). Example: 'यह मेरी <mark>जिम्मेदारी</mark> है।' (This is my responsibility.) vs. 'यह मेरा <mark>दोष</mark> है।' (This is my fault.)
It is my <mark>responsibility</mark> to finish this task (इस काम को पूरा करना मेरी <mark>जिम्मेदारी</mark> है). But if I fail, I might be <mark>blamed</mark> (लेकिन अगर मैं असफल हुआ, तो मुझे <mark>दोष दिया</mark> जा सकता है).
Both are related to the origin of an event.
'कारण' means 'reason' or 'cause'. It's a neutral explanation of why something happened. 'दोष देना' is assigning blame for that cause. Example: 'बारिश <mark>कारण</mark> थी।' (Rain was the cause.) vs. 'मैंने बारिश को <mark>दोष दिया</mark>।' (I blamed the rain.)
The <mark>cause</mark> of the delay was traffic (देरी का <mark>कारण</mark> ट्रैफिक था). He <mark>blamed</mark> the traffic (उसने ट्रैफिक को <mark>दोष दिया</mark>).
Patrones de oraciones
[Subject] + [Object] + को + <mark>दोष देना</mark>।
उसने मुझे <mark>दोष दिया</mark>।
यह + [Object] + का + <mark>दोष</mark> + है।
यह <mark>उसका</mark> <mark>दोष</mark> है।
[Object] + को + <mark>दोष दिया गया</mark>। (Passive)
उसे <mark>दोष दिया गया</mark>।
[Subject] + को + <mark>दोष नहीं देना चाहिए</mark>।
हमें उसे <mark>दोष नहीं देना चाहिए</mark>।
[Subject] + <mark>दोषारोपण</mark> + [करना/लगाना] ।
उन्होंने मुझ पर <mark>दोषारोपण</mark> किया।
<mark>दोष</mark> + [Situation] + का + [है/था] ।
<mark>दोष</mark> <mark>मौसम</mark> का था।
यह <mark>दोष देना</mark> <mark>उचित</mark> नहीं है।
यह <mark>दोष देना</mark> <mark>उचित</mark> नहीं है।
[Subject] + [Object] + पर + <mark>दोष मढ़ना</mark> ।
वे हमेशा दूसरों पर <mark>दोष मढ़ते</mark> हैं।
Familia de palabras
Sustantivos
Verbos
Adjetivos
Relacionado
Cómo usarlo
Very Common
-
Forgetting 'को' after the object of blame.
→
उसने मुझे <mark>को</mark> <mark>दोष दिया</mark>।
The postposition 'को' is essential when indicating the person or thing being blamed.
-
Confusing 'दोष देना' with 'दोष होना'.
→
'दोष देना' is to blame; 'दोष होना' is to have a fault. Example: मैंने उसे <mark>दोष दिया</mark> (I blamed him) vs. कार में <mark>दोष है</mark> (The car has a fault).
One is an action (blaming), the other is a state (being faulty).
-
Incorrect verb conjugation (e.g., using masculine form for a feminine subject).
→
वह (स्त्री) <mark>दोष देती</mark> है।
The verb 'देना' must agree with the gender and number of the subject.
-
Using 'दोष देना' for abstract concepts without appropriate structure.
→
बारिश <mark>का दोष</mark> था। (It was the rain's fault.) instead of 'मैंने बारिश को <mark>दोष दिया</mark>' (I blamed the rain - acceptable but less formal).
When blaming situations or abstract nouns, specific structures like 'का दोष' are often more natural.
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Using 'दोष देना' where 'इल्ज़ाम लगाना' (to accuse) or 'दोष मढ़ना' (to falsely blame) would be more precise.
→
जांच के बाद उस पर <mark>इल्ज़ाम लगाया</mark> गया। (After the investigation, he was accused.) vs. उसने मुझ पर <mark>दोष मढ़ा</mark>। (He falsely blamed me.)
These alternatives offer more specific nuances of accusation and unfair blame.
Consejos
Master the 'को'
Remember that when you are blaming a person or a specific entity, you must use the postposition 'को' (ko) after them. For example, 'उसने मुझे को दोष दिया' is correct. Forgetting 'को' is a very common mistake for learners.
Distinguish from 'दोष होना'
Be careful not to confuse 'दोष देना' (to blame) with 'दोष होना' (to have a fault/be at fault). 'दोष होना' describes a state, while 'दोष देना' is an action. For example, 'The car has a fault' is 'कार में दोष है', but 'I blamed the car' is 'मैंने कार को दोष दिया'.
Clear Pronunciation
Practice pronouncing 'दोष' (dosh) with a clear 'sh' sound and 'देना' (dena) with the correct long 'e' vowel sound. Clear pronunciation aids comprehension and makes you sound more natural.
Use Mnemonics
Try associating 'दोष देना' with 'dose of blame'. Imagine someone giving a 'dose' of blame to another person. This can create a memorable link between the Hindi phrase and its English meaning.
Sentence Construction
Actively create your own sentences using 'दोष देना' in different tenses and contexts. This hands-on practice is crucial for internalizing the grammar and usage.
Cultural Nuances
Understand that directly assigning blame can sometimes be sensitive. In many situations, focusing on finding solutions or understanding causes might be preferred over direct blame, especially in formal settings.
Synonym Awareness
Learn related words like 'इल्ज़ाम लगाना' (to accuse) and 'दोष मढ़ना' (to falsely blame). Knowing these alternatives allows for more precise expression depending on the formality and intent.
Listen and Identify
When listening to Hindi, actively try to identify instances of 'दोष देना' or related phrases. This will help you recognize its usage in real-world conversations.
Regular Revision
Revisit the definition, sentence patterns, and common mistakes regularly. Consistent review is key to long-term retention of vocabulary.
Memorízalo
Mnemotecnia
Imagine someone giving a 'DOSE' of blame to another person. The 'DOSE' of blame is 'दोष देना'. Think of a doctor prescribing a 'dose' of something bad, like blame.
Asociación visual
Picture a person pointing their finger sternly at another person, with a speech bubble saying 'दोष!' (Dosh!). The act of pointing and assigning fault is the visual cue.
Word Web
Desafío
Try to create three sentences using 'दोष देना' in different tenses (past, present, future) describing hypothetical scenarios where someone might be blamed.
Origen de la palabra
The word 'दोष' (dosh) has Sanskrit origins, stemming from the word 'dōṣa'. It has been used in Hindi and related languages for centuries to denote fault, defect, or blame.
Significado original: In Sanskrit, 'dōṣa' referred to a fault, defect, impurity, or a flaw, often in a moral or physical sense. The concept of assigning this 'dōṣa' to someone or something led to the verb form.
Indo-Aryan (a branch of Indo-European)Contexto cultural
While 'दोष देना' is a common phrase, directly blaming someone without sufficient evidence or in a harsh tone can be considered impolite or aggressive in many social situations. It's often better to focus on understanding the cause or finding solutions, especially in formal or sensitive contexts. The phrase 'दोष मढ़ना' specifically implies unfair blame.
In English-speaking cultures, 'blame' is a direct counterpart. However, there might be a greater emphasis on 'accountability' and 'responsibility' in professional contexts, sometimes used to soften the directness of 'blame'.
Practica en la vida real
Contextos reales
Discussing a failed project at work.
- यह हमारी गलती नहीं थी।
- हमें <mark>दोष देना</mark> बंद करना चाहिए।
- असफलता का <mark>दोष</mark> किसे जाता है?
- मैं खुद को <mark>दोष</mark> नहीं दूंगा।
A child breaking something at home.
- यह तुम्हारी <mark>गलती</mark> है!
- तुमने <mark>दोष दिया</mark>?
- मुझे <mark>दोष मत दो</mark>!
- यह मेरा <mark>दोष</mark> नहीं है।
News report about an accident.
- <mark>दोष</mark> किसकी लापरवाही का था?
- जांच में <mark>दोषी</mark> कौन पाया गया?
- किसी पर <mark>दोष मढ़ना</mark> उचित नहीं।
- दुर्घटना का <mark>कारण</mark> क्या था?
An argument between friends.
- तुम हमेशा मुझे <mark>दोष देते</mark> हो।
- यह मेरी <mark>गलती</mark> नहीं थी।
- हमें एक-दूसरे को <mark>दोष नहीं देना चाहिए</mark>।
- सबका <mark>दोष</mark> था।
Explaining why something went wrong in a general sense.
- यह <mark>दोष</mark> मौसम का था।
- सिस्टम में <mark>दोष</mark> था।
- <mark>दोष</mark> किसी एक पर नहीं है।
- <mark>दोष</mark> की जड़ पता करो।
Inicios de conversación
"Have you ever been unfairly blamed for something? How did you react?"
"When something goes wrong, do you tend to blame yourself, others, or circumstances?"
"What's the difference between blaming someone and holding them accountable?"
"Can you think of a time when blaming someone actually helped solve a problem?"
"Is it ever okay to blame inanimate objects or situations?"
Temas para diario
Describe a situation where you had to blame someone. What was the outcome?
Write about a time you were blamed for something you didn't do. How did you feel and what did you do?
Reflect on the role of blame in your relationships. Does it help or hinder them?
Imagine you are a detective. How would you go about assigning blame for a crime, considering all evidence?
Write a short story where the main character learns not to blame others easily.
Preguntas frecuentes
10 preguntas'दोष देना' (dosh dena) is an active verb meaning 'to blame' or 'to hold responsible'. It's an action performed by a subject onto an object. For example, 'मैं उसे दोष देता हूँ' (I blame him). On the other hand, 'दोष होना' (dosh hona) means 'to have a fault' or 'to be at fault'. It describes a state or condition. For example, 'इस घड़ी में दोष है' (This watch has a fault). So, one is the act of blaming, and the other is the state of being faulty.
You use the postposition 'को' (ko) after the person or thing that is being blamed. This is standard grammar for transitive verbs in Hindi when indicating the direct object. For example, 'उसने मुझे को दोष दिया' (He blamed me). If you are blaming an abstract concept or situation, you might use 'पर' (par) or 'का' (ka) depending on the context, like 'बारिश का दोष था' (It was the rain's fault).
Yes, it can be used, especially in informal or expressive contexts. For instance, if a machine malfunctions repeatedly, someone might say, 'यह मशीन दोष देती है!' (This machine keeps blaming/faulting!). While technically attributing blame to an object, it's understood as expressing frustration with its malfunctioning. More formally, one might say 'मशीन में दोष है' (The machine has a fault).
Not necessarily. While it often implies assigning fault for something negative, it can also be used in a neutral, analytical way to identify the cause of a problem. The tone and context are crucial. For example, in a project review, one might say, 'हमें दोष देना चाहिए कि हमने समय पर संचार नहीं किया' (We should assign blame that we did not communicate on time) – this is more about identifying a process failure for improvement.
'दोष देना' is a general term for 'to blame' or 'to hold responsible'. 'इल्ज़ाम लगाना' means 'to accuse' or 'to charge', and it's typically used in more formal or legal contexts where a specific wrongdoing is alleged. For example, you might 'दोष देना' a friend for being late, but you would 'इल्ज़ाम लगाना' someone with a crime.
You would say 'मैं दोष स्वीकार करता हूँ' (Main dosh sweekar karta hoon - if masculine speaker) or 'मैं दोष स्वीकार करती हूँ' (Main dosh sweekar karti hoon - if feminine speaker). 'स्वीकार करना' means 'to accept'.
The noun form related to blaming is 'दोषारोपण' (dosharopan), which means 'accusation' or 'the act of blaming'. The word 'दोष' (dosh) itself means 'fault' or 'blame'.
Yes, absolutely. The verb 'देना' conjugates according to tense. For example, 'मैं तुम्हें दोष दूँगा' (Main tumhein dosh dunga) means 'I will blame you'.
You can say 'यह किसी का दोष नहीं है' (Yeh kisi ka dosh nahin hai) which means 'This is no one's fault'. Or, 'यह किसी का दोष नहीं था' (Yeh kisi ka dosh nahin tha) for the past tense.
You use the reflexive pronoun 'खुद' (khud) with 'दोष देना'. For example, 'मैं खुद को दोष दे रहा हूँ' (Main khud ko dosh de raha hoon) means 'I am blaming myself'.
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Summary
The Hindi phrase 'दोष देना' (dosh dena) is used to assign blame or responsibility for a mistake or negative outcome. It follows the structure [Subject] + [Object] + को + दोष देना, and is frequently heard in everyday conversations, professional settings, and media reports.
- Meaning: To blame, to hold responsible for a fault.
- Usage: Assigning fault for mistakes or negative events.
- Key structure: [Subject] + [Object] + को + दोष देना.
- Common in: Everyday conversations, workplace, news.
Master the 'को'
Remember that when you are blaming a person or a specific entity, you must use the postposition 'को' (ko) after them. For example, 'उसने मुझे को दोष दिया' is correct. Forgetting 'को' is a very common mistake for learners.
Context is Key
The phrase 'दोष देना' can be used in many situations, from casual arguments to formal reports. Pay attention to the speaker's tone and the overall context to understand if the blame is serious, playful, or analytical.
Distinguish from 'दोष होना'
Be careful not to confuse 'दोष देना' (to blame) with 'दोष होना' (to have a fault/be at fault). 'दोष होना' describes a state, while 'दोष देना' is an action. For example, 'The car has a fault' is 'कार में दोष है', but 'I blamed the car' is 'मैंने कार को दोष दिया'.
Clear Pronunciation
Practice pronouncing 'दोष' (dosh) with a clear 'sh' sound and 'देना' (dena) with the correct long 'e' vowel sound. Clear pronunciation aids comprehension and makes you sound more natural.
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Más palabras de emotions
आभार
B1Gratitud o agradecimiento. 'Expreso mi gratitud' es 'Main aapka abhaar vyakt karta hoon'.
आभारी
A2Agradecido, obligado. Se usa para expresar gratitud en situaciones formales o serias.
आभारी होना
A2Estar agradecido; sentir o mostrar aprecio por algo recibido.
आभार सहित
B1Con gratitud; una forma muy educada y formal de dar las gracias en hindi.
आभारपूर्वक
B2Gratefully, thankfully, or with appreciation.
आभास होना
B1Tener una corazonada o intuición; percibir vagamente. Por ejemplo: 'Presentí el peligro.'
आग्रह
B1Insistence, earnest request; persistent demanding.
आघात
B1Choque, trauma, golpe. 'Fue un gran golpe (aaghat) emocional.' / 'El impacto (aaghat) de la crisis.'
आघात लगना
B1To be shocked; to be traumatized.
आघात पहुँचना
B1Estar profundamente conmocionado o traumatizado por un evento grave.
