B2 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read سخت

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Report questions using 'дали' or question words, and commands using 'да', without shifting tenses like in English.

  • Use 'дали' for Yes/No questions: 'Той попита дали идвам' (He asked if I'm coming).
  • Keep the original question word for Wh-questions: 'Тя попита къде си' (She asked where you are).
  • Use 'да' + present tense for commands: 'Мама каза да ям' (Mom said to eat).
Reporting Verb + (дали / Wh-word / да) + Present/Past Verb

Common Reporting Verbs (Aorist/Past Simple)

Person Питам (Ask) Казвам (Tell) Моля (Request)
Аз
попитах
казах
помолих
Ти
попита
каза
помоли
Той/Тя/То
попита
каза
помоли
Ние
попитахме
казахме
помолихме
Вие
попитахте
казахте
помолихте
Те
попитаха
казаха
помолиха

Meanings

The mechanism used to convey questions or instructions from a third party without quoting them directly, requiring specific particles and syntactic shifts.

1

Reported Yes/No Questions

Using the particle 'дали' (whether/if) to report a question that expects a yes or no answer.

“Попитах го дали е гладен.”

“Тя искаше да знае дали ще вали.”

2

Reported Wh-Questions

Reporting questions that start with interrogative pronouns like 'кой', 'какво', 'къде', 'кога'.

“Той попита кога започва филмът.”

“Тя ме попита какво правя тук.”

3

Reported Commands and Requests

Using the conjunction 'да' to report an imperative or a polite request.

“Лекарят ми каза да пия повече вода.”

“Тя ме помоли да не пуша тук.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Reporting Questions and Commands
Type Direct Speech Reported Speech Structure Example
Yes/No Question
„Идваш ли?“
Verb + дали + Present
Той попита дали идвам.
Wh-Question
„Къде си?“
Verb + къде + Present
Тя попита къде съм.
Command
„Ела!“
Verb + да + Present
Той ми каза да дойда.
Negative Command
„Не пуши!“
Verb + да не + Present
Тя ми каза да не пуша.
Request
„Моля, помогни ми.“
Помоли + да + Present
Тя ме помоли да й помогна.
Future Question
„Ще дойдеш ли?“
Verb + дали ще + Present
Той попита дали ще дойда.
Past Question
„Какво прави?“
Verb + какво + Past
Тя попита какво съм правил.

طیف رسمیت

رسمی
Той отправи запитване дали ще присъствам.

Той отправи запитване дали ще присъствам. (Social gathering)

خنثی
Той попита дали ще дойда.

Той попита дали ще дойда. (Social gathering)

غیر رسمی
Пита ме дали ще идвам.

Пита ме дали ще идвам. (Social gathering)

عامیانه
Пита ме ше идвам ли.

Пита ме ше идвам ли. (Social gathering)

Reporting Verbs in Bulgarian

Reporting

Questions

  • питам to ask
  • интересувам се to be interested
  • искам да знам to want to know

Commands

  • казвам to tell
  • заповядвам to command
  • нареждам to order

Requests

  • моля to ask/request
  • умолявам to implore
  • съветвам to advise

Direct vs. Indirect Speech

Direct
„Къде си?“ Where are you?
„Ела тук!“ Come here!
Indirect
Попита ме къде съм. He asked me where I am.
Каза ми да дойда. He told me to come.

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

Той каза да дойдеш.

He said for you to come.

2

Тя попита за кафе.

She asked for coffee.

3

Мама каза: „Яж!“

Mom said: 'Eat!'

4

Той попита къде е тя.

He asked where she is.

1

Той ме попита дали съм добре.

He asked me if I am well.

2

Тя ми каза да не закъснявам.

She told me not to be late.

3

Попитах го какво прави.

I asked him what he is doing.

4

Учителят каза да отворим книгите.

The teacher said to open the books.

1

Сервитьорът попита дали искаме още вино.

The waiter asked if we want more wine.

2

Тя ме помоли да й помогна с багажа.

She asked me to help her with the luggage.

3

Той попита кога ще пристигне влакът.

He asked when the train will arrive.

4

Директорът ни каза да работим по-бързо.

The director told us to work faster.

1

Полицията ме попита дали съм видял инцидента.

The police asked me if I had seen the accident.

2

Тя се интересуваше защо не сме я поканили.

She was interested in why we hadn't invited her.

3

Шефът настоя да приключим проекта до утре.

The boss insisted that we finish the project by tomorrow.

4

Попитах ги дали биха искали да се присъединят към нас.

I asked them if they would like to join us.

1

Министърът бе попитан дали правителството предвижда нови мерки.

The minister was asked whether the government foresees new measures.

2

Тя ме попита иронично дали смятам, че съм безгрешен.

She asked me ironically if I think I am infallible.

3

Адвокатът посъветва клиента си да не отговаря на въпроси.

The lawyer advised his client not to answer questions.

4

Той попита защо, по дяволите, никой не го е предупредил.

He asked why on earth no one had warned him.

1

Авторът поставя въпроса дали моралът е относителна категория.

The author poses the question of whether morality is a relative category.

2

Беше му заповядано незабавно да преустанови всякаква дейност.

He was commanded to immediately cease all activity.

3

Тя попита дали, в случай че откаже, ще има последствия.

She asked whether, in case she refuses, there would be consequences.

4

Въпросът дали изкуственият интелект ще замени творците остава отворен.

The question of whether AI will replace creators remains open.

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

Reporting Questions and Commands در مقابل Дали vs. Ли

Learners often use 'ли' in indirect speech because it's the first question marker they learn.

Reporting Questions and Commands در مقابل Че vs. Да

Using 'че' (that) to report a command instead of 'да'.

Reporting Questions and Commands در مقابل Tense Shifting

Applying English back-shifting rules to Bulgarian.

اشتباهات رایج

Той каза мен ела.

Той ми каза да дойда.

Missing 'да' and incorrect pronoun case.

Тя попита ти гладен?

Тя попита дали си гладен.

Missing the reporting particle 'дали'.

Каза да не отива.

Каза ми да не отивам.

Forgetting to change the verb ending to match the person.

Попита къде е тя?

Попита къде е тя.

Using question intonation/punctuation in a statement.

Той попита дали ще дойдеш ли.

Той попита дали ще дойдеш.

Using both 'дали' and 'ли' is redundant.

Тя каза да не пушиш.

Тя ми каза да не пуша.

Confusing the person being told with the person doing the action.

Попитах го какво той прави.

Попитах го какво прави.

Unnecessary use of the subject pronoun.

Той попита къде бях.

Той попита къде съм.

Incorrect tense shift (back-shifting).

Тя ме помоли да й помогнах.

Тя ме помоли да й помогна.

Using past tense after 'да' instead of present.

Той попита дали аз искам кафе.

Той попита дали искам кафе.

Overusing pronouns makes it sound unnatural.

Той каза, че бил дошъл.

Той каза, че е дошъл.

Using renarrative mood when indicative is more appropriate for direct reporting.

Попита ме дали не бих ли искал.

Попита ме дали не бих искал.

Redundant 'ли' in conditional reporting.

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

Той ме попита дали ___.

Тя ми каза да не ___.

Директорът попита защо ___.

Помолиха ни да ___.

Real World Usage

Job Interview common

Попитаха ме дали мога да започна веднага.

Texting Friends constant

Пита ме дали ще излизаме.

Doctor's Visit very common

Лекарят ми каза да пия тези хапчета.

Ordering Food occasional

Попитах ги дали имат вегетарианско меню.

Travel/Airport common

Служителят попита дали имам багаж за чекиране.

Police Interaction rare

Полицаят ми заповяда да сляза от колата.

🎯

The 'No Tense Shift' Rule

Always remember: report the tense as it was spoken. If they said 'I am', use 'is/am' in Bulgarian, not 'was'.
⚠️

Don't double up on 'ли'

If you use 'дали', you cannot use 'ли' in the same clause. It's one or the other, and 'дали' is better for reporting.
💡

Softening Commands

Use 'помоли да' (asked to) instead of 'каза да' (told to) to make your reporting sound more polite and less bossy.
💬

Gossip and 'Дали'

In casual gossip, 'дали' is often used to express doubt. 'Пита ме дали пък не лъжа' (He asked if maybe I'm not lying).

Smart Tips

Immediately think of 'дали', not 'ако'.

Попитах го ако е гладен. (Wrong) Попитах го дали е гладен. (Correct)

Check if you changed the verb ending to match the person who is supposed to do the action.

Той ми каза да дойде. (He told me [for him] to come.) Той ми каза да дойда. (He told me [for me] to come.)

Replace 'каза да' with 'помоли да' or 'настоя да'.

Шефът каза да пратя имейла. Шефът настоя да изпратя имейла.

Use 'дали ще' followed by the present tense.

Попита ме дали ще дойдох. Попита ме дали ще дойда.

تلفظ

Той попита дали идваш. (Falling tone)

Intonation of 'дали'

In indirect questions, the pitch usually drops at the end of the sentence, unlike direct questions where it rises.

да-ЯМ (da-YAM)

Stress on 'да'

The particle 'да' is usually unstressed and pronounced quickly, merging with the following verb.

Reporting Statement

Той каза да дойдеш. ↘

Conveys a completed piece of information.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

DALI is like 'Daily' news—you use it to report the daily questions people ask.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a bridge made of the word 'ДАЛИ' connecting a person with a question mark over their head to another person listening.

Rhyme

За въпрос кажи 'дали', за заповед 'да' сложи ти!

Story

Ivan was at a party. Maria asked him 'Are you dancing?' (Танцуваш ли?). Later, Ivan told his friend: 'Maria asked me DALI I am dancing'. Then the DJ told him 'Dance!' (Танцувай!). Ivan told his friend: 'The DJ told me DA dance'.

شبکه واژگان

далидапитамказвампомолязащокъде

چالش

Try to report three things your boss or a family member told you to do today using the 'да' structure.

نکات فرهنگی

When reporting commands from elders, Bulgarians often use 'поръча' (ordered/entrusted) instead of 'каза' to show respect for the authority of the instruction.

In official documents, reported commands are often phrased as 'следва да' (it follows that... should), which is a very formal way of reporting a requirement.

Bulgarian journalists use the renarrative mood to report speech to avoid legal liability, essentially saying 'It is claimed that...', which is a form of reported speech.

The use of 'да' as a subjunctive/imperative marker dates back to Old Church Slavonic, where it began to replace the infinitive.

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

Какво те попита шефът ти днес?

Майка ти какво ти каза да направиш за вечеря?

Ако някой те попита дали искаш да живееш на Марс, какво ще кажеш?

Разкажи ми за последната молба, която някой отправи към теб.

موضوعات نگارش

Write about a confusing conversation you had where you had to report what someone else said.
Describe a scene in a movie where a character gives an order and another character reports it to a third person.
Imagine you are a journalist reporting on a press conference. Use reported speech to summarize the questions asked.
Write a dialogue between two friends gossiping about what a third friend asked them.

اشتباهات رایج

Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح

Test Yourself

Choose the correct reported version of: „Къде е Иван?“ چند گزینه‌ای

Той попита...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: къде е Иван
We keep the original tense and word order.
Fill in the missing particle for a reported yes/no question.

Тя ме попита ___ искам чай.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: дали
'Дали' is the standard particle for reporting yes/no questions.
Correct the mistake in this reported command: „Той ми каза не да пуша.“ Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Той ми каза не да пуша.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Той ми каза да не пуша.
The negative particle 'не' must come after 'да'.
Transform to indirect speech: „Затвори прозореца!“ (Той ми каза...) Sentence Transformation

„Затвори прозореца!“

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Той ми каза да затворя прозореца.
Commands are reported using 'да' + present tense.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

Мария: „Ще дойдеш ли?“ -> Иван: „Мария ме попита ___.“

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: дали ще дойда
Change the person from 'you' to 'I' when reporting.
Is this a reported Question or a reported Command? Grammar Sorting

„Той ме попита защо плача.“

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Question
It uses the wh-word 'защо'.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

попита / той / дали / гладен / съм

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Той попита дали съм гладен.
Subject + Verb + Particle + Clause.
Match the direct speech to its reported form. جفت کردن

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Да дойда, 2-Къде съм, 3-Дали съм гладен
Correct mapping of command, wh-question, and yes/no question.

Score: /8

تمرین‌های عملی

8 exercises
Choose the correct reported version of: „Къде е Иван?“ چند گزینه‌ای

Той попита...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: къде е Иван
We keep the original tense and word order.
Fill in the missing particle for a reported yes/no question.

Тя ме попита ___ искам чай.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: дали
'Дали' is the standard particle for reporting yes/no questions.
Correct the mistake in this reported command: „Той ми каза не да пуша.“ Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Той ми каза не да пуша.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Той ми каза да не пуша.
The negative particle 'не' must come after 'да'.
Transform to indirect speech: „Затвори прозореца!“ (Той ми каза...) Sentence Transformation

„Затвори прозореца!“

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Той ми каза да затворя прозореца.
Commands are reported using 'да' + present tense.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

Мария: „Ще дойдеш ли?“ -> Иван: „Мария ме попита ___.“

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: дали ще дойда
Change the person from 'you' to 'I' when reporting.
Is this a reported Question or a reported Command? Grammar Sorting

„Той ме попита защо плача.“

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Question
It uses the wh-word 'защо'.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

попита / той / дали / гладен / съм

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Той попита дали съм гладен.
Subject + Verb + Particle + Clause.
Match the direct speech to its reported form. جفت کردن

1. „Ела!“ 2. „Къде си?“ 3. „Гладен ли си?“

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Да дойда, 2-Къде съм, 3-Дали съм гладен
Correct mapping of command, wh-question, and yes/no question.

Score: /8

سوالات متداول (8)

Yes, but it's less common and sounds more informal. For example, `Той попита идвам ли` is okay, but `Той попита дали идвам` is better for exams and formal writing.

Generally, no. Bulgarian keeps the tense of the original speaker. If they said 'I was eating', you say 'He said he was eating'. If they said 'I will eat', you say 'He said he will eat'.

They must change to match the new subject. If Ivan says 'Мия се' (I wash myself), you report it as 'Иван каза, че се мие' (Ivan said he washes himself).

Use the verb `моля` (to request) or `бихте ли` in the reported clause. Example: `Тя ме помоли дали бих могъл да й помогна`.

Yes, in the context of questions. But 'if' as in 'If it rains, I'll stay' is `ако` in Bulgarian. Don't confuse them!

The renarrative mood (`казал, че бил...`) is used when you want to emphasize that you are just repeating what you heard and don't necessarily vouch for its truth. At B2, you should recognize it, but stick to the indicative for simple reporting.

The verb after `да` must be in the plural. Example: `Учителят ни каза да внимаваме` (The teacher told us to pay attention).

In casual speech, yes. `Той: Дали идвам?` (Him: [Asking] if I'm coming?). But in writing, always use a verb like `питам`.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English moderate

Reported speech with 'if/whether' and 'to-infinitive'.

No back-shifting of tenses in Bulgarian.

French partial

Discours rapporté with 'si' and 'de + infinitive'.

Bulgarian uses a conjugated verb for commands, not an infinitive.

German low

Indirekte Rede with 'ob' and Konjunktiv I.

German's use of Konjunktiv I vs Bulgarian's indicative.

Japanese none

~ka dou ka (whether) and ~te kudasai (reported).

Sentence-final markers in Japanese vs sentence-initial particles in Bulgarian.

Arabic moderate

Reported speech with 'idha' (if) and 'an' (to).

Arabic's complex agreement rules vs Bulgarian's verb-subject agreement.

Chinese low

Reported speech with 'shifou' (whether).

Bulgarian's morphological complexity vs Chinese's isolating structure.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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