حواس و جملات: افعال حسی
bare infinitive و ing form هستن.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the base verb for a completed action and the -ing form for an action in progress when using sensory verbs.
- Use the bare infinitive (no 'to') for finished actions: 'I saw her cross the street.'
- Use the -ing form for ongoing or partial actions: 'I saw her crossing the street.'
- Never use 'to' after perception verbs in active voice: 'I heard him sing' (NOT 'to sing').
مرور کلی
drop میکنه. یا شاید وقتی داری سعی میکنی درس بخونی، صدای هماتاقیت رو میشنوی که توی حمام داره singing میکنه. این لحظات روزمره دقیقاً همون جاهایی هستن که این قانون گرامری به کار میاد.see, hear, watch, notice, feel, و smell میشن.cross the street' یا 'I saw him crossing the street'؟ هر دو درست هستن. با این حال، اونا داستان کمی متفاوتی رو روایت میکنن.bare infinitive (مصدر بدون to) هست یا gerund (حالت ingدار).bare infinitive همون شکل ساده فعله بدون to. gerund همون شکل -ing فعله. ما از این الگو برای صحبت درباره چیزهایی که میبینیم یا میشنویم استفاده میکنیم.smell یا taste قلقهای خاص خودشون رو دارن.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
bare infinitive استفاده کن.gerund استفاده کن. مثلاً تصور کن یه دوست داره جک میگه. اگه کل جک رو شنیدی، بگو 'I heard him tell a joke'.telling a joke'. همهچیز به مدت زمان و کامل بودن برمیگرده. یکی یه اتفاق تموم شدهست، اون یکی کاریه که در حال انجامه.
الگوی ساخت
I, You, We.
saw, heard, watched, felt.
him, her, the cat, my phone.
base form (شکل ساده) یا -ing.
Subject + Verb of Perception + Object + Bare Infinitive.
I heard the door slam. (کل صدا).
Subject + Verb of Perception + Object + Gerund.
I heard the door slamming. (شاید چند بار محکم بسته شد).
کی استفاده کنیم
bare infinitive استفاده کن. این برای کارهای سریع مثل jump, drop, یا hit رایجه. اگه یه فیلم کامل رو ببینی، تو اونو watched it play out کردی.gerund استفاده کن. این برای صداهای پسزمینه مثل شنیدن آواز پرندهها singing یا باریدن بارون falling رایجه. همچنین برای کارهای تکراری هم جواب میده.knocking میکنن. توی زندگی مدرن، این برای تکنولوژی هم مفیده: 'I saw the battery icon flashing'. این یعنی برای مدتی ادامه داشته.flicker'. این یعنی یه اتفاق تکباره و سریع.
اشتباهات رایج
to هست. هیچوقت نگو 'I saw him to dance'. این شبیه رباتیه که داره سعی میکنه انسان باشه. فقط از فعل ساده یا حالت -ing استفاده کن. یه اشتباه دیگه استفاده از bare infinitive با smell هست. ما تقریباً همیشه میگیم 'I smell something burning'. خیلی کمه که بگیم 'I smell something burn'. این یه جورایی شاعرانه و عجیبه. حواست به مجهول (passive) هم باشه! این یه تله در سطح B2 هست! اگه 'They saw him leave' رو به مجهول تبدیل کنی، میشه 'He was seen to leave'. اون to به طرز جادویی توی حالت مجهول ظاهر میشه! مثل یه روح گرامریه. همچنین see رو با look at اشتباه نگیر. ما معمولاً از see برای چیزهایی که اتفاقی پیش میان استفاده میکنیم، و از watch یا look at برای چیزهایی که خودمون انتخاب میکنیم تماشا کنیم.مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
verb + object + to-infinitive رو با فعلهایی مثل want, ask, یا tell بلد باشی (مثلاً: 'I asked him to help'). اما فعلهای ادراکی خاص هستن: اونا to رو حذف میکنن. چرا؟see that... مقایسه کن. 'I saw that he was angry' یه فکته. 'I saw him looking angry' یه مشاهده مستقیمه.watch رو با see مقایسه کن.watch میکنی، اما یه پرنده رو که رد میشه (اتفاقی) see میکنی. گرامر هر دو یکیه، اما قصد متفاوته.سؤالات رایج
see با to استفاده کنم؟to enter'.notice و see هست؟notice یعنی لزوماً نگاه نمیکردی اما ذهنت شکارش کرده.smell بیشتر از -ing استفاده میکنه؟crying'؟listen to چطور؟play the piano'.Active vs. Passive Perception Patterns
| Voice | Perception Verb | Object | Complement Form | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Active
|
saw
|
him
|
Bare Infinitive
|
I saw him leave.
|
|
Active
|
saw
|
him
|
Present Participle
|
I saw him leaving.
|
|
Passive
|
was seen
|
-
|
To-Infinitive
|
He was seen to leave.
|
|
Passive
|
was seen
|
-
|
Present Participle
|
He was seen leaving.
|
|
Active
|
heard
|
the bell
|
Bare Infinitive
|
I heard the bell ring.
|
|
Active
|
heard
|
the bell
|
Present Participle
|
I heard the bell ringing.
|
Meanings
Verbs of perception (see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell) follow a specific pattern where they take an object followed by either a bare infinitive or a present participle to indicate the state of the action being perceived.
Completed Action (Bare Infinitive)
Used when the speaker perceives the entire action from start to finish.
“I saw the magician disappear.”
“We heard the bomb explode.”
In-Progress Action (Present Participle)
Used when the speaker perceives only a part of the action or emphasizes that it was ongoing at the time.
“I saw the children playing in the park.”
“Can you smell something burning?”
Passive Perception
When the perception verb is used in the passive voice, the 'to' infinitive returns.
“He was seen to enter the building.”
“The suspect was heard to shout at the guard.”
Reference Table
| فعل | الگوی ۱ (عمل کامل) | الگوی ۲ (عمل در حال انجام) | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
|
See
|
Object + Bare Infinitive
|
Object + -ing
|
I saw him run / I saw him running
|
|
Hear
|
Object + Bare Infinitive
|
Object + -ing
|
We heard her sing / We heard her singing
|
|
Watch
|
Object + Bare Infinitive
|
Object + -ing
|
They watched the movie end / They watched the movie playing
|
|
Feel
|
Object + Bare Infinitive
|
Object + -ing
|
I felt the ground shake / I felt the ground shaking
|
|
Notice
|
Object + Bare Infinitive
|
Object + -ing
|
She noticed him pack / She noticed him packing
|
|
Observe
|
Object + Bare Infinitive
|
Object + -ing
|
Police observed the suspect enter / Police observed the suspect entering
|
طیف رسمیت
He was observed to depart from the premises. (Workplace observation)
I saw him leave the office. (Workplace observation)
I caught him heading out. (Workplace observation)
I seen him bounce. (Workplace observation)
افعال حسی: چیزی که میبینی، میشنوی یا حس میکنی
فعل ساده (عمل کامل)
- see I saw him leave.
- hear We heard the bell ring.
- feel She felt the car swerve.
شکل ing (عمل در حال انجام)
- watch I watched her dancing.
- notice Did you notice him shouting?
- observe They observed the birds flying.
فعل ساده در مقابل شکل ing
انتخاب الگوی درست برای افعال حسی
آیا کل عمل رو از اول تا آخر حس کردی؟
(برای فعل ساده) آیا جمله معلوم است؟
افعال حسی رایج
دیدن
- • see
- • watch
- • notice
- • observe
شنیدن
- • hear
- • listen to
لمس و احساس
- • feel
سایر حواس
- • smell
- • taste
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I see him run.
I see him run.
I hear her sing.
I hear her sing.
We watch the cat play.
We watch the cat play.
Did you feel the rain fall?
Did you feel the rain fall?
I saw them eating lunch.
I saw them eating lunch.
She heard someone calling her name.
She heard someone calling her name.
We watched the sun going down.
We watched the sun going down.
I felt the wind blowing.
I felt the wind blowing.
I watched him fix the car.
I watched him fix the car.
I watched him fixing the car.
I watched him fixing the car.
Can you smell the bread baking?
Can you smell the bread baking?
I noticed her leave the room quietly.
I noticed her leave the room quietly.
I heard the floorboards creak in the middle of the night.
I heard the floorboards creak in the middle of the night.
He was seen to enter the building through the back door.
He was seen to enter the building through the back door.
I felt my skin crawling as he told the ghost story.
I felt my skin crawling as he told the ghost story.
We observed the chemicals react in the test tube.
We observed the chemicals react in the test tube.
I perceived a slight tremor shake his hands.
I perceived a slight tremor shake his hands.
The witness was heard to testify that the light was red.
The witness was heard to testify that the light was red.
I watched the ink slowly bleeding into the parchment.
I watched the ink slowly bleeding into the parchment.
She felt herself being pulled into the argument.
She felt herself being pulled into the argument.
One could hear the distant thunder rumbling across the plains for hours.
One could hear the distant thunder rumbling across the plains for hours.
The suspect, having been seen to discard the weapon, was immediately detained.
The suspect, having been seen to discard the weapon, was immediately detained.
I watched the seasons shift from the window of my study.
I watched the seasons shift from the window of my study.
He felt the weight of the world pressing down upon his shoulders.
He felt the weight of the world pressing down upon his shoulders.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners confuse 'I smell the bread burning' (perception) with 'The bread smells burnt' (linking verb + adjective).
Learners don't know when to use 'I saw him leave' vs 'I saw that he left'.
Learners forget to add 'to' in passive sentences because they are so used to the active 'no-to' rule.
اشتباهات رایج
I saw him to go.
I saw him go.
I hear her sang.
I hear her sing.
I see him is running.
I see him running.
I watch the movie.
I watch him play.
I felt the house to shake.
I felt the house shake.
Did you see him left?
Did you see him leave?
I smelled the cake to burn.
I smelled the cake burning.
I saw him cross the street for ten minutes.
I saw him crossing the street for ten minutes.
He was seen enter the bank.
He was seen to enter the bank.
I noticed him to be angry.
I noticed that he was angry.
I observed the star to explode.
I observed the star explode.
She was heard singing the whole song.
She was heard to sing the whole song.
الگوهای جملهسازی
I saw ___ ___ (base verb).
I heard ___ ___ (verb-ing).
___ was seen to ___ (base verb).
I felt ___ ___ (verb-ing) ___.
Real World Usage
I saw the suspect enter the building at 9 PM.
We see him driving toward the hoop, he shoots, he scores!
POV: You hear your mom calling your name from downstairs.
You'll see the sugar start to caramelize and turn brown.
Have you noticed your joints swelling in the morning?
I watched the team's productivity increase after we implemented the new system.
تفاوت Bare و ing
I watched him paint the wall.
بدون to استفاده کن!
I saw him leave the room.
زمان انجام کار مهمه
I heard a balloon pop.
توصیف دقیق در داستان
I could smell the bread baking.
Smart Tips
Use the bare infinitive to emphasize the suddenness and completion.
Use the passive 'was seen to' to sound more objective and professional.
Be careful! This rule only applies to physical perception. For emotions, use 'that' clauses.
Use the -ing form to show that the action happened over and over.
تلفظ
Stress on the Action
In these sentences, the primary stress usually falls on the second verb (the action being perceived), not the perception verb itself.
Reduced 'him/her'
The object pronouns 'him' and 'her' are often reduced in natural speech, making the perception verb and the object sound like one word.
Falling Intonation for Facts
I saw him ↘cross.
Conveys a completed, factual observation.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Perception verbs are 'to-free' zones in the active voice.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a camera. The bare infinitive is a 'Wide Shot' showing the whole scene. The -ing form is a 'Zoom' showing a close-up of the action happening.
Rhyme
If you see or hear or feel, skip the 'to' to keep it real.
Story
I watched a bird land on a branch (whole action). While I was watching, I saw it eating a worm (ongoing). Suddenly, I heard a cat meow (sudden/whole), and I felt the bird fly away (whole).
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look out your window for 2 minutes. Write 3 sentences using 'I see...' and 2 sentences using 'I hear...', alternating between the base form and the -ing form.
نکات فرهنگی
In some UK dialects, especially in the North, you might hear 'I seen him do it' instead of 'I saw him do it'. While common, this is considered non-standard in formal writing.
Southern American English often uses 'watch' or 'see' with a present participle to describe long, habitual actions in a storytelling context.
In legal contexts across the English-speaking world, the passive 'was seen to' is the standard way to report evidence without attributing it to a specific witness.
The bare infinitive after perception verbs is a remnant of Old English, where certain 'light' verbs did not require the 'to' marker (which was originally a preposition meaning 'towards').
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Have you ever seen something truly strange happen in public?
What's the most beautiful thing you've ever watched someone do?
Describe a time you heard a mysterious noise at night.
If you were a witness to a crime, how would you describe what you saw to the police?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
Score: /4
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesI saw the bird ___ from the tree and fly away.
I could hear her ___ in the shower for over twenty minutes.
Find and fix the mistake:
He was seen leave the building late at night.
Active: They heard him shout. Passive: He ___.
I noticed him to be very quiet during the meeting.
A: Did you see the accident? B: Yes, I saw the car ___ the wall.
Select the correct form.
1. I saw him cross. 2. I saw him crossing.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesWe often smell delicious food ___ (cook/cooking) from that new restaurant next door.
Did you ever feel the earth ___ (shake/shaking) during a minor tremor?
The audience watched the magician performed a trick flawlessly.
I distinctly heard my alarm to go off this morning.
Choose the correct sentence:
Which sentence best conveys a continuous observation?
این جمله رو به انگلیسی ترجمه کن: 'معلم رو دیدم که داشت موضوع سخت رو توضیح میداد.'
این جمله رو به انگلیسی ترجمه کن: 'وزش باد سرد رو حس کردم.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the verbs of perception with the correct complement type.
Match the sentences that highlight continuous observation.
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
Only in the passive voice (e.g., `He was seen to leave`). In active voice, it is always incorrect.
`I saw him run` means you saw the whole action from start to finish. `I saw him running` means you saw him while he was in the middle of the action.
Yes, but they almost always take the `-ing` form because smells and tastes are usually perceived as ongoing states.
No. Perception verbs don't work with perfect infinitives. Use a 'that' clause: `I saw that he had gone`.
This is a quirk of English history. When the verb becomes passive, it loses its 'light' status and requires the standard infinitive marker `to`.
Yes, `I watched him perform` is correct and implies you saw the whole performance.
No. The second verb must be the base form (`sing`) or the `-ing` form (`singing`).
Yes, they follow the same pattern: `I noticed him leave` or `I noticed him leaving`.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Ver/Oír + Infinitivo
Spanish doesn't have a direct equivalent to the -ing participle in this specific perception structure.
Voir/Entendre + Infinitif
French never uses the gerund (en partant) in this perception pattern.
Sehen/Hören + Infinitiv
German lacks a present participle (-ing) equivalent for this pattern, so the infinitive covers both completed and ongoing actions.
Verb + no/koto + o mita
Japanese requires a nominalizer, whereas English connects the verb directly to the object.
Ra'a / Sami'a + Present Tense
Arabic uses a conjugated verb rather than an infinitive or participle.
Kànjiàn / Tīngjiàn + Verb
Chinese has no morphological markers like -ing, so context determines if the action is complete or ongoing.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
03:04 Infinite (2021) - Crazy Car Chase Scene | Movieclips
05:40 If you had the chance to be immortal, would you take it? - Sarah Stroud and Michael Vazquez
04:55 ML Kit's GenAI Prompt API
آموزش گرامر افعال حسی (Verbs of Perception)
English with Farzad
تفاوت see و watch و کاربرد آنها با فعل دوم
Learn English with Maryam
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