B1 · متوسط فصل 32

Relative Clauses: Connecting Ideas with 'Who' and 'Which'

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Chapter in 30 Seconds

Transform your simple sentences into fluid, sophisticated Croatian narratives using relative clauses.

  • Identify the correct relative pronoun based on noun gender and case.
  • Combine simple sentences using 'koji', 'što', and 'tko'.
  • Apply correct punctuation rules to define or describe nouns.
Connect your thoughts with precision and grace.

چی یاد می‌گیری

Master the use of relative pronouns (tko, što, koji) to form relative clauses. This allows you to combine sentences and provide more detailed information about nouns.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Construct complex sentences using 'koji' to describe people and objects.

نکات و ترفندها (4)

💡

Check the Noun

Always look at the noun before 'koji'. Its gender and number dictate the form of 'koji'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Introduction to Relative Clauses
💡

Check the Noun

Before you write 'koji', look at the noun it modifies. Is it masculine? Feminine? Neuter? That's your first step.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Pronoun 'Koji' (Which, Who, That)
💡

Check the Case

Always identify the case of the noun first. It will tell you which form of 'koji' to use.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Declension of 'Koji' (Gender, Number, Case Agreement)
💡

The Comma Rule

Always put a comma before 'što' when it introduces a relative clause. It's a hallmark of good Croatian writing.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Pronoun 'Što' (What, That)

واژگان کلیدی (6)

koji which/who tko who što what/that rečenica sentence imenica noun zarez comma

Real-World Preview

coffee

Meeting a New Friend

Review Summary

  • Noun + koji/koja/koje + verb

اشتباهات رایج

Use 'tko' for people when the antecedent is missing or general.

Wrong: Čovjek koji radi...
صحیح: Čovjek tko radi...

Gender agreement failure. Knjiga is feminine.

Wrong: Knjiga koji čitam.
صحیح: Knjiga koju čitam.

Accusative case confusion for inanimate objects.

Wrong: Grad kojeg volim
صحیح: Grad koji volim

Next Steps

You've mastered the art of connection! Keep practicing these structures in your daily writing.

Read a Croatian news article and highlight all relative pronouns.

Continue to: Conditional Sentences (Type I): Real Possibilities

تمرین سریع (10)

Fill in the blank.

Ovo je prijateljica s ___ idem na kavu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kojom
Instrumental case after 's'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Pronoun 'Koji' (Which, Who, That)

Add the missing punctuation.

Grad ___ u kojem živim ___ je jako star.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
An embedded relative clause needs commas on both sides.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Punctuation in Relative Clauses

Fill in the blank.

Ovo je čovjek ___ radi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koji
Masculine nominative.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Declension of 'Koji' (Gender, Number, Case Agreement)

Fill in the correct form of 'tko'.

Onaj ___ uči, taj i zna.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tko
The subject of the clause is needed, so we use the nominative 'tko'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Pronoun 'Tko' (Who)

Choose the correct case after the preposition.

To je ono o ___ razmišljam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: čemu
The preposition 'o' (about) requires the locative case 'čemu'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Pronoun 'Što' (What, That)

Choose the correct sentence.

Which one is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Since we have a specific noun 'čovjek', we must use 'koji', not 'tko'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Pronoun 'Tko' (Who)

Choose the correctly punctuated sentence.

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
A comma is mandatory before the relative pronoun 'koji'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Punctuation in Relative Clauses

Correct the case of 'tko'.

Find and fix the mistake:

Tko se ne sviđa ovaj film, neka izađe.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kome
The verb 'sviđati se' requires the dative case.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Pronoun 'Tko' (Who)

Fill in the correct form of 'koji' with the preposition.

Grad u ___ živim je velik.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kojem
Locative case.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Introduction to Relative Clauses

Choose the correct form.

Knjiga ___ čitam je dobra.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koju
Accusative feminine.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Declension of 'Koji' (Gender, Number, Case Agreement)

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

Use 'koji' to modify a noun (relative clause). Use 'da' to connect a verb to a clause (e.g., 'Želim da dođeš').
Yes, it changes based on gender, number, and case.
No, you must match the gender and number of the noun. Also, use 'što' for abstract concepts.
Croatian is a case-based language. The pronoun must reflect the grammatical role it plays in the sentence.
It changes to match the noun's gender, number, and case.
Look at the role of the noun in the relative clause.
فصل بعدی
Conditional Sentences (Type I): Real Possibilities
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