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B2 adverb 9 min de lecture

به‌طور مستقل

be-tor-e mostaqel
Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces به‌طور مستقل en 30 secondes
Explication به‌طور مستقل in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'به‌طور مستقل' might be a bit complex, but you can think of it as 'alone' or 'without help.' Imagine a child saying 'I can do it!' In Persian, when you want to say you do something by yourself because you have learned how to do it, you use this word. It's like saying 'I work alone' or 'I study alone.' Even though it's a long phrase, you can remember it as three parts: 'be' (to), 'tour' (way), and 'mostaghel' (independent). Think of it as 'in an independent way.' At this level, don't worry about the big political meanings. Just use it to say you are doing your homework or your chores without your parents helping you. For example, 'Man be-tour-e mostaghel dars mikhanam' means 'I study independently.' It's a great word to show you are growing up and becoming a good student. You will hear it when teachers talk about students who don't need much help. It's a very positive word that makes you sound smart and capable. Try to practice saying it slowly: be-tour-e-mos-taghel. It's a long word, but once you learn it, you will see it everywhere in Persian books and on TV. It's a powerful way to say you are a strong person who can do things on your own.
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For A2 learners, 'به‌طور مستقل' is an important phrase for describing your daily life and work habits. You are moving beyond simple sentences, and this adverb helps you give more detail. Instead of just saying 'I work,' you can say 'I work independently' (Man be-tour-e mostaghel kar mikonam). This shows that you are a responsible person. You will encounter this word in job descriptions or when people talk about their hobbies. It's different from 'tanha' (alone). 'Tanha' means nobody is with you. 'Be-tour-e mostaghel' means you are the boss of your own work. You might have friends around you, but you are doing your own task. Use this word when you talk about your university projects or your new job. It's also useful when talking about technology. For example, a robot or a computer program that works 'be-tour-e mostaghel' is very cool because it doesn't need a human to tell it what to do every second. When you use this phrase, remember the 'e' sound in the middle—it's very important for the grammar. It links the words together. Learning this phrase helps you move toward more professional Persian because it's a 'grown-up' word that adults use all the time in Iran.
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At the B1 level, you should start using 'به‌طور مستقل' to express more abstract ideas. This is the level where you talk about your opinions and your future plans. You can use this phrase to describe your desire for independence. For example, 'I want to live independently' (Mikham be-tour-e mostaghel zendegi konam). This doesn't just mean living in a house alone; it means paying your own bills and making your own choices. You will also see this word in the news. When reporters talk about 'independent candidates' in an election, they call them 'kandida-ye mostaghel.' They aren't part of a big group; they stand 'be-tour-e mostaghel.' This word is also very common in the workplace. If your boss tells you that you can finish a project 'be-tour-e mostaghel,' it's a sign of trust. It means they don't need to check your work every hour. You should also notice the structure: 'be-tour-e' + [adjective]. This is a very common way to make adverbs in Persian. If you know this pattern, you can suddenly use hundreds of new adverbs. It's like a 'cheat code' for the Persian language. Practicing this word will help you sound more formal and precise, which is exactly what you need at the B1 level to bridge the gap between basic conversation and more serious topics.
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As a B2 learner, you are expected to understand the nuance and register of 'به‌طور مستقل.' At this level, you should distinguish it from synonyms like 'mostaghelan' (formal/literary) or 'jodagane' (separately). 'Be-tour-e mostaghel' is your go-to adverb for describing autonomy in professional, academic, and social contexts. You should be able to use it to discuss complex topics like 'independent journalism' (rouname-negari-ye mostaghel) or 'independent variables' in science (moteghayer-ha-ye mostaghel). This phrase is essential for describing the relationship between different parts of a system. For instance, in a complex machine or a legal system, different branches must function 'be-tour-e mostaghel' to ensure there is no corruption or failure. You will also find this phrase in psychological contexts, discussing how children develop the ability to think and act independently of their parents. Pay attention to the syntax; at B2, you should be placing this adverb correctly before compound verbs. For example, 'be-tour-e mostaghel tasmim gereftan' (to decide independently). Using this phrase correctly shows that you have moved beyond simple English-to-Persian translations and are beginning to grasp the conceptual framework of the Persian language, where the 'manner' (tour) of an action is often highlighted through these specific adverbial constructions.
At the C1 level, 'به‌طور مستقل' becomes a tool for sophisticated analysis. You will use it in essays, debates, and high-level professional environments to discuss structural independence. It is no longer just about 'doing things alone'; it is about the systemic lack of external influence. In a C1 context, you might discuss whether a central bank is operating 'be-tour-e mostaghel' from the government, or if a piece of literature can be analyzed 'be-tour-e mostaghel' from its historical context. You should also be comfortable with the more literary synonym 'mostaghelan' and know when to deploy it for rhetorical effect. At this level, you should be aware of the philosophical weight the word carries in Iranian intellectual history, particularly in the context of 'Esteghlal' (Independence), which was a central theme of the 1979 Revolution. Using 'be-tour-e mostaghel' in a political or historical discussion requires an understanding of this background. You can also use it to describe complex technological concepts, like 'independent components' in software architecture or 'autonomous systems' in AI. Your usage should be flawless, with perfect placement and correct ezafe usage, reflecting a deep internalization of Persian adverbial patterns. You should also be able to explain the difference between this and 'khod-mokhtar' (autonomous) or 'khod-kafa' (self-sufficient) to other learners, showing your mastery of Persian synonyms.
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For C2 mastery, 'به‌طور مستقل' is integrated into a vast web of related concepts and registers. You use it effortlessly in spontaneous, high-stakes communication, whether you are giving a lecture, writing a legal brief, or participating in a philosophical debate. You understand that while 'be-tour-e mostaghel' is the standard modern form, its roots and its Arabic-derived counterpart 'mostaghelan' carry different stylistic weights that can be used to signal your level of education and the formality of the occasion. You can use it to describe the 'independent' nature of a mathematical proof, the 'independent' spirit of a poetic movement, or the 'independent' functioning of a biological organ. At this level, you also recognize the subtle irony or sarcasm if someone uses it in an inappropriate context. You are familiar with its use in classical-style modern prose and how it differs from the way 'independence' was expressed in the Shahnameh or by Rumi. You can navigate the nuances between 'esteghlal' (independence), 'azadi' (freedom), and 'khod-gardani' (self-management) with precision. Your use of 'be-tour-e mostaghel' is not just grammatically correct; it is stylistically and culturally resonant, showing that you are not just a speaker of the language, but a participant in the deep intellectual and cultural life of the Persian-speaking world.
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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

به‌طور مستقل en 30 secondes

  • An essential adverbial phrase meaning 'independently' or 'autonomously,' used to describe actions done without external influence or help.
  • Formed by 'be-tour-e' (in the manner of) + 'mostaghel' (independent), following a standard Persian pattern for creating formal adverbs.
  • Commonly used in professional, academic, and political contexts to emphasize self-reliance, neutrality, or structural separation from a larger body.
  • Distinct from 'tanha' (alone), as it focuses on decision-making and agency rather than the mere physical absence of other people.

The Persian adverbial phrase به‌طور مستقل (be-tour-e mostaghel) is a cornerstone of modern Persian discourse, particularly in formal, academic, and professional contexts. At its core, it translates to 'independently' or 'autonomously.' Linguistically, it is a compound construction consisting of the preposition 'be' (to/in), the noun 'tour' (manner/way), and the adjective 'mostaghel' (independent), which originates from the Arabic root 'Q-L-L' relating to lifting or carrying one's own weight. When you use this phrase, you are describing an action performed without the aid, influence, or control of external parties. It suggests a sense of self-sufficiency and agency that is highly valued in modern Iranian society, especially regarding career paths and personal life choices.

Semantic Nuance
While often translated as 'alone,' it differs significantly from 'be-tanha-yi' (by oneself). While the latter focuses on the absence of people, به‌طور مستقل focuses on the absence of external command or financial reliance. You can work in a crowded office but still act به‌طور مستقل if you are making your own decisions.
Grammatical Function
As an adverbial phrase, it typically modifies verbs. It is versatile in its placement, often appearing before the verb in formal writing or at the end of a clause for emphasis. In the 'be-tour-e + [Adjective]' pattern, it follows a standard Persian template for transforming adjectives into adverbs, similar to adding '-ly' in English.

دانشجویان باید یاد بگیرند که به‌طور مستقل تحقیق کنند.

— Translation: Students must learn to research independently.

In contemporary Iran, this phrase is frequently heard in discussions about the 'Independent Cinema' (sinema-ye mostaghel), which operates outside state-funded structures, and in the burgeoning tech startup scene where developers strive to work 'mostaghel.' It carries a connotation of prestige, implying that the actor has reached a level of maturity or expertise where they no longer require constant supervision. It is also a key term in political science, used to describe the sovereignty of nations or the impartiality of judicial bodies.

این نرم‌افزار می‌تواند به‌طور مستقل از سیستم‌عامل اجرا شود.

— Translation: This software can run independently of the operating system.
Usage in Media
News anchors use this phrase to describe movements that are not affiliated with major political parties. For example, 'kandida-ye mostaghel' refers to an independent candidate. This usage emphasizes neutrality and lack of bias.

او پس از سال‌ها شاگردی، اکنون به‌طور مستقل کار می‌کند.

— Translation: After years of apprenticeship, he now works independently.

To master this phrase, one must understand that it is more than just a literal translation of 'independently.' it carries the weight of self-reliance, intellectual freedom, and structural separation. Whether you are talking about a child learning to tie their shoes or a nation determining its foreign policy, به‌طور مستقل provides the precise adverbial nuance needed to convey that the action is self-contained and self-directed.

Using به‌طور مستقل correctly requires an understanding of its position within the Persian sentence structure. Unlike some English adverbs that can float easily, this phrase usually anchors itself near the verb it modifies. In the standard Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure of Persian, you will often find it placed immediately before the verb or the complex predicate to emphasize the manner of the action.

The 'Be-Tour-e' Construction
This is a formal and very common way to create adverbs. You can replace 'mostaghel' with other adjectives like 'daghigh' (precise) to get 'be-tour-e daghigh' (precisely). This consistency makes the pattern easy to memorize once you understand the role of 'tour' as 'manner.'

قاضی پرونده را به‌طور مستقل بررسی کرد.

— Translation: The judge reviewed the case independently.

In this example, the adverbial phrase is placed after the object 'parvande ra' (the case) and before the verb 'barrasi kard' (reviewed). This is the most natural position for it in formal writing. If you were to place it at the beginning of the sentence, it would emphasize the 'independence' as the most crucial piece of information in the statement, often used in journalistic headlines.

او ترجیح می‌دهد به‌طور مستقل تصمیم بگیرد.

— Translation: He prefers to decide independently.
Comparison with 'Mostaghelan'
There is a more literary version of this word: 'mostaghelan' (مستقلاً). While 'be-tour-e mostaghel' is common in both speech and writing, 'mostaghelan' uses the Arabic tanwin ending and is found almost exclusively in high-register literature or legal documents. For B2 learners, 'be-tour-e mostaghel' is the safer and more natural choice.

هر بخش از این پروژه می‌تواند به‌طور مستقل تکمیل شود.

— Translation: Each part of this project can be completed independently.

When using this phrase with complex verbs (compounds), it should precede the entire verbal unit. For instance, in 'tasmim gereftan' (to decide), the adverb comes before 'tasmim.' This preserves the integrity of the compound verb while clearly modifying the action. Mastering these subtle shifts in placement will make your Persian sound significantly more fluent and professional.

If you find yourself in a Persian-speaking environment, you will encounter به‌طور مستقل in several specific domains. It is not a word of 'slang,' but rather a word of 'substance.' It is the language of the newsroom, the university lecture hall, and the corporate boardroom. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize the gravity of the word when it is spoken.

In Politics and News
Iranian news broadcasts (like IRINN or BBC Persian) frequently use this to describe international relations. A country acting 'be-tour-e mostaghel' is one that is resisting the hegemony of superpowers. You will hear it in phrases like 'siyasat-e khareji-ye mostaghel' (independent foreign policy).

گزارشگر به‌طور مستقل صحت اخبار را تایید کرد.

— Translation: The reporter independently verified the accuracy of the news.

In the academic world, professors encourage students to think به‌طور مستقل. This is a shift from traditional rote learning toward critical thinking. In a Persian university, if a teacher tells you 'bayad be-tour-e mostaghel fekr koni,' they are giving you a high compliment and a challenge to stop relying on textbooks alone.

او می‌خواهد در آینده به‌طور مستقل کسب‌وکار خود را راه بیندازد.

— Translation: He wants to start his own business independently in the future.
In Technology and Science
In technical manuals or scientific papers, this phrase describes variables or systems. 'Moteghayer-e mostaghel' is the 'independent variable.' If a machine is described as working 'be-tour-e mostaghel,' it means it is automated and requires no human intervention.

این حسگرها به‌طور مستقل داده‌ها را جمع‌آوری می‌کنند.

— Translation: These sensors collect data independently.

Finally, in the arts, particularly the vibrant Iranian cinema scene, 'mostaghel' is a badge of honor. Filmmakers who produce movies without the support (and thus without the censorship or creative control) of large state organizations are said to work به‌طور مستقل. When you hear this in an interview with a director, know that they are emphasizing their creative freedom.

Even at the B2 level, learners often stumble when using به‌طور مستقل. The most frequent errors involve confusion with similar words, incorrect prepositional use, or misplacing the phrase within a sentence. Let's break down these pitfalls to ensure your Persian remains precise and natural.

Mistake 1: Confusing with 'Tanha' (Alone)
Learners often say 'u be-tour-e mostaghel be bazar raft' when they mean 'he went to the market alone.' This is incorrect. 'Mostaghel' implies structural or functional independence. If he went alone simply because no one was with him, use 'tanha.' If he went 'be-tour-e mostaghel,' it implies he did so without his parents' permission or using his own funds for the first time.

Incorrect: او به‌طور مستقل به سینما رفت (وقتی منظور تنهایی است).
Correct: او تنها به سینما رفت.

Mistake 2: Redundant Adverbial Markers
Some students combine 'mostaghelan' (the Arabic form) with 'be-tour-e.' Saying 'be-tour-e mostaghelan' is a grammatical redundancy. You must choose one: either the Persian 'be-tour-e mostaghel' or the more formal 'mostaghelan.' Using both makes the sentence sound cluttered and uneducated.

Incorrect: ما به‌طور مستقلاً کار می‌کنیم.
Correct: ما به‌طور مستقل کار می‌کنیم.

Mistake 3: Forgetting the Ezafe
In speech, the ezafe (the short 'e' sound connecting 'tour' and 'mostaghel') is essential. Dropping it—saying 'be-tour mostaghel'—is a common error for English speakers whose native language doesn't have a similar linking sound. Without the ezafe, the phrase loses its grammatical glue.

Correct Pronunciation: Be-tour-e mostaghel.

Finally, be careful with the context of 'independence.' In Persian, 'azadi' (freedom) and 'esteghlal' (independence) are related but not interchangeable. You act به‌طور مستقل within a framework of rules, whereas 'azad-ane' (freely) implies a lack of restriction altogether. Choosing the right word demonstrates a high level of linguistic sensitivity.

To truly enrich your Persian vocabulary, you should understand how به‌طور مستقل relates to its synonyms and near-synonyms. While this phrase is versatile, sometimes a more specific word can convey your meaning with greater precision. Let's look at the alternatives and how they differ in register and context.

Mostaghelan (مستقلاً)
This is the most direct synonym. It is an Arabic-style adverb. Use it in very formal writing, such as a thesis or a legal contract. In daily conversation, it might sound a bit overly stiff or pretentious. 'Be-tour-e mostaghel' is the neutral equivalent used in 90% of situations.
Jodagane (جداگانه)
This means 'separately.' While independence often involves separation, 'jodagane' is more physical. If two people are working on the same project but in different rooms, they are working 'jodagane.' If they are working on different projects with no oversight from each other, they are working 'be-tour-e mostaghel.'

Comparison:
آن‌ها جداگانه غذا خوردند (They ate separately).
آن‌ها به‌طور مستقل تصمیم گرفتند (They decided independently).

Be-tanha-yi (به‌تنهایی)
Meaning 'by oneself' or 'alone.' This is the word you use for physical solitude. If you say 'I can do this be-tanha-yi,' you mean you don't need a physical helper. If you say 'I can do this be-tour-e mostaghel,' you mean you don't need guidance or external authority.

او به‌تنهایی به سفر رفت (Physical).
او به‌طور مستقل سفر را برنامه‌ریزی کرد (Functional/Decision-making).

In academic contexts, you might also see 'monfaredan' (individually), though it is less common. For a B2 learner, the goal is to distinguish between 'mostaghel' (agency), 'tanha' (solitude), and 'joda' (separation). Mastering these distinctions will allow you to describe complex social and professional dynamics in Persian with the same nuance you have in English.

How Formal Is It?

Formel

""

Neutre

""

Informel

""

Child friendly

""

Argot

""

Le savais-tu ?

The root 'Q-L-L' is also where the word 'ghalil' (few/little) comes from, because something small is easily lifted or carried alone. Independence, in its root sense, is about the ease of self-movement.

Guide de prononciation

UK /be tʊər-e mos.tæ.ɢel/
US /beɪ tʊr-eɪ mɑː.stæ.ɡel/
The primary stress in 'mostaghel' is on the final syllable '-ghel'. In the whole phrase, the stress falls on the end of the modified word.
Rime avec
محتمل (mohtamel - probable) متصل (mottasel - connected) منفصل (monfasel - detached) مبتذل (mobtazal - trite) مشتعل (moshta'el - inflamed) معتدل (mo'tadel - moderate) مختل (mokhtal - disrupted) مفصل (mofassal - detailed)
Erreurs fréquentes
  • Omitting the ezafe ('e') between 'tour' and 'mostaghel'.
  • Pronouncing 'gh' as a hard 'g' instead of the Persian guttural sound.
  • Misplacing the stress on the first syllable of 'mostaghel'.
  • Confusing 'tour' (manner) with 'toor' (net), though they sound similar.
  • Making the 'be' too long, like 'bee'.

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 3/5

The word is long but follows a very standard Persian pattern. Easy to recognize once learned.

Écriture 4/5

Requires correct spelling of 'mostaghel' (with 'gh' and 'l') and correct use of the ezafe.

Expression orale 4/5

Pronouncing the 'gh' correctly and maintaining the flow of the phrase takes practice.

Écoute 3/5

Easily identifiable in formal speech due to the clear 'be-tour-e' prefix.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

مستقل طور به تنها جدا

Apprends ensuite

مستقلاً خودمختار وابسته آزادانه اراده

Avancé

حاکمیت تفکیک قوا خودکفایی انفراد تجرید

Grammaire à connaître

Adverb Formation with 'be-tour-e'

به‌طور + Adjective = Adverb (e.g., به‌طور سریع = quickly).

Ezafe Construction

Linking 'tour' and 'mostaghel' with the short 'e' sound.

Adverb Placement

Adverbs usually precede the verb or the object they modify.

Arabic Tanwin vs Persian Adverbs

Choosing between 'mostaghelan' (Arabic) and 'be-tour-e mostaghel' (Persian).

Compound Verbs with Adverbs

The adverb 'be-tour-e mostaghel' comes before 'tasmim' in 'tasmim gereftan'.

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Exemples par niveau

1

من به‌طور مستقل درس می‌خوانم.

I study independently.

Simple adverbial use.

2

او به‌طور مستقل کار می‌کند.

He works independently.

Subject + adverb + verb.

3

بچه به‌طور مستقل راه می‌رود.

The child walks independently.

Describing a physical skill.

4

ما به‌طور مستقل بازی می‌کنیم.

We play independently.

Plural subject.

5

آن‌ها به‌طور مستقل می‌نویسند.

They write independently.

Present continuous sense.

6

من به‌طور مستقل غذا می‌خورم.

I eat independently.

Basic daily activity.

7

علی به‌طور مستقل ورزش می‌کند.

Ali exercises independently.

Proper noun + adverb.

8

آیا تو به‌طور مستقل یاد می‌گیری؟

Do you learn independently?

Question form.

1

من می‌توانم به‌طور مستقل سفر کنم.

I can travel independently.

Modal verb 'can' + adverb.

2

او به‌طور مستقل پروژه‌اش را تمام کرد.

She finished her project independently.

Past tense with object.

3

ما باید به‌طور مستقل فکر کنیم.

We must think independently.

Modal verb 'must'.

4

این دستگاه به‌طور مستقل کار می‌کند.

This device works independently.

Describing technology.

5

او به‌طور مستقل پول در می‌آورد.

He earns money independently.

Financial context.

6

دانش‌آموزان به‌طور مستقل تحقیق کردند.

The students researched independently.

Group acting individually.

7

او به‌طور مستقل از خانواده‌اش زندگی می‌کند.

He lives independently from his family.

Prepositional phrase 'az' (from).

8

آیا این بخش به‌طور مستقل عمل می‌کند؟

Does this section function independently?

Interrogative with 'amal kardan'.

1

او تصمیم گرفت به‌طور مستقل عمل کند.

He decided to act independently.

Infinitive phrase.

2

خبرنگاران باید به‌طور مستقل گزارش دهند.

Journalists must report independently.

Professional requirement.

3

این نرم‌افزار به‌طور مستقل به‌روزرسانی می‌شود.

This software updates independently.

Passive voice.

4

او می‌خواهد به‌طور مستقل کسب‌وکارش را مدیریت کند.

He wants to manage his business independently.

Compound verb 'modiriyat kardan'.

5

ما به‌طور مستقل از دولت فعالیت می‌کنیم.

We operate independently of the government.

Political independence.

6

او به‌طور مستقل به نتایج جدیدی رسید.

He reached new results independently.

Achievement through autonomy.

7

هر واحد به‌طور مستقل هزینه‌هایش را پرداخت می‌کند.

Each unit pays its expenses independently.

Organizational context.

8

او همیشه به‌طور مستقل تصمیم می‌گیرد.

He always decides independently.

Frequency adverb 'hamishe'.

1

قوه قضاییه باید به‌طور مستقل از قوه مجریه باشد.

The judiciary must be independent of the executive branch.

Legal/Political context.

2

او به‌طور مستقل از نظرات دیگران تحقیق کرد.

He researched independently of others' opinions.

Intellectual independence.

3

این ماژول به‌طور مستقل در سیستم نصب می‌شود.

This module is installed independently in the system.

Technical instruction.

4

او به‌طور مستقل برای آینده‌اش برنامه‌ریزی می‌کند.

She plans for her future independently.

Self-direction.

5

هنرمندان به‌طور مستقل آثار خود را خلق می‌کنند.

Artists create their works independently.

Creative autonomy.

6

این متغیر به‌طور مستقل تغییر می‌کند.

This variable changes independently.

Scientific terminology.

7

او به‌طور مستقل از کمک‌های مالی والدینش زندگی می‌کند.

She lives independently of her parents' financial support.

Financial independence.

8

ما به‌طور مستقل صحت این ادعا را بررسی کردیم.

We independently verified the truth of this claim.

Formal verification.

1

نهادهای مدنی باید به‌طور مستقل از قدرت سیاسی فعالیت کنند.

Civil institutions must operate independently of political power.

Socio-political analysis.

2

او به‌طور مستقل به تحلیل ابعاد مختلف مسئله پرداخت.

He proceeded to analyze the various dimensions of the issue independently.

Formal 'be... pardakhtan' structure.

3

این نظریه به‌طور مستقل توسط دو دانشمند مطرح شد.

This theory was proposed independently by two scientists.

Historical scientific fact.

4

او به‌طور مستقل از سنت‌های خانوادگی مسیرش را انتخاب کرد.

He chose his path independently of family traditions.

Cultural autonomy.

5

بانک مرکزی باید به‌طور مستقل سیاست‌های پولی را تنظیم کند.

The Central Bank must regulate monetary policies independently.

Economic independence.

6

او به‌طور مستقل در مورد فلسفه اگزیستانسیالیسم مطالعه کرد.

He studied existentialist philosophy independently.

Academic self-study.

7

این سازمان به‌طور مستقل از سازمان ملل عمل می‌کند.

This organization operates independently of the UN.

Institutional autonomy.

8

او به‌طور مستقل و بدون وابستگی به هیچ جناحی کاندید شد.

He ran for office independently and without affiliation to any faction.

Political neutrality.

1

اراده انسان می‌تواند به‌طور مستقل از شرایط محیطی عمل کند.

Human will can act independently of environmental conditions.

Philosophical abstraction.

2

او به‌طور مستقل به بازخوانی متون کلاسیک همت گماشت.

He independently committed himself to the re-reading of classical texts.

Highly formal 'hemmat gomashtan' verb.

3

این پارادایم به‌طور مستقل از تحولات علمی معاصر شکل گرفت.

This paradigm was formed independently of contemporary scientific developments.

Epistemological discussion.

4

او به‌طور مستقل به نقد ساختارهای قدرت در آثارش می‌پردازد.

He independently critiques power structures in his works.

Literary criticism.

5

سیستم‌های خودمختار به‌طور مستقل تصمیمات لحظه‌ای می‌گیرند.

Autonomous systems take split-second decisions independently.

Advanced tech terminology.

6

او به‌طور مستقل از نفوذ لابی‌های قدرت به فعالیت خود ادامه داد.

He continued his activities independently of the influence of power lobbies.

Political resistance.

7

این اثر هنری باید به‌طور مستقل از زندگی خالقش قضاوت شود.

This work of art must be judged independently of its creator's life.

Aesthetic theory.

8

او به‌طور مستقل به تبیین جایگاه عقل در کلام شیعی پرداخت.

He independently proceeded to explain the position of reason in Shiite theology.

High-level religious discourse.

Collocations courantes

تصمیم گرفتن به‌طور مستقل
کار کردن به‌طور مستقل
تحقیق کردن به‌طور مستقل
زندگی کردن به‌طور مستقل
عمل کردن به‌طور مستقل
بررسی کردن به‌طور مستقل
اداره کردن به‌طور مستقل
فکر کردن به‌طور مستقل
تامین مالی به‌طور مستقل
رشد کردن به‌طور مستقل

Phrases Courantes

به‌طور مستقل و آزاد

— Independently and freely. Often used in political speeches.

ما باید به‌طور مستقل و آزاد زندگی کنیم.

به‌طور کاملاً مستقل

— Completely independently. Adds emphasis.

این دو موضوع به‌طور کاملاً مستقل هستند.

به‌طور نسبتاً مستقل

— Relatively independently. Softens the claim.

او به‌طور نسبتاً مستقل عمل می‌کند.

به‌طور غیرمستقل

— Not independently; dependently. The direct negative.

این بخش به‌طور غیرمستقل فعالیت می‌کند.

به‌طور مستقل از هم

— Independently of each other.

آن‌ها به‌طور مستقل از هم کار می‌کنند.

به‌طور مستقل از شرایط

— Independently of the conditions.

او به‌طور مستقل از شرایط تصمیم گرفت.

به‌طور مستقل از منابع خارجی

— Independently of external resources.

تولید به‌طور مستقل از منابع خارجی انجام شد.

به‌طور مستقل از والدین

— Independently of parents.

او به‌طور مستقل از والدینش زندگی می‌کند.

به‌طور مستقل از دولت

— Independently of the government.

این روزنامه به‌طور مستقل از دولت منتشر می‌شود.

به‌طور مستقل از زمان

— Independently of time.

این قانون به‌طور مستقل از زمان صادق است.

Souvent confondu avec

به‌طور مستقل vs تنها (Tanha)

Means 'alone' physically. 'Mostaghel' means 'autonomously' functionally.

به‌طور مستقل vs جدا (Joda)

Means 'separate.' Something can be separate but still controlled by the same person, unlike 'mostaghel'.

به‌طور مستقل vs آزاد (Azad)

Means 'free.' Freedom is a state of being, while 'mostaghel' is a state of functioning without reliance.

Expressions idiomatiques

"روی پای خود ایستادن"

— To stand on one's own feet. This is the idiomatic equivalent of being independent.

او بالاخره روی پای خود ایستاد و به‌طور مستقل زندگی کرد.

Informal/Neutral
"آقای خود و نوکر خود بودن"

— To be one's own master and servant. Means being completely independent.

او ترجیح می‌دهد آقای خود و نوکر خود باشد و به‌طور مستقل کار کند.

Informal/Proverbial
"افسار خود را به دست داشتن"

— To hold one's own reins. Implies full control and independence.

او همیشه افسار زندگی‌اش را به دست دارد و به‌طور مستقل تصمیم می‌گیرد.

Literary/Metaphorical
"خودم و خودم"

— Just me and myself. Emphasizes total independence or solitude.

در این پروژه فقط خودم و خودم به‌طور مستقل کار کردیم.

Informal
"نان خور کسی نبودن"

— Not eating someone else's bread. Means not being financially dependent.

او نان خور کسی نیست و به‌طور مستقل خرجش را در می‌آورد.

Informal
"بی‌نیاز از غیر"

— Needless of others. A formal/mystical way to say independent.

او با تلاش فراوان، بی‌نیاز از غیر و به‌طور مستقل به موفقیت رسید.

Formal/Literary
"راه خود را رفتن"

— To go one's own way. Acting independently of others' advice.

او همیشه راه خود را می‌رود و به‌طور مستقل فکر می‌کند.

Neutral
"کلاه خود را قاضی کردن"

— To make one's own hat the judge. To decide independently and fairly by oneself.

او کلاه خود را قاضی کرد و به‌طور مستقل به نتیجه رسید.

Informal/Idiomatic
"یک‌تنه به قاضی رفتن"

— To go to the judge alone. Sometimes used to mean acting or deciding without consulting others.

او یک‌تنه به قاضی رفت و به‌طور مستقل عمل کرد.

Informal
"ساز خود را زدن"

— To play one's own tune. Acting independently, sometimes with a connotation of not cooperating.

او همیشه ساز خود را می‌زند و به‌طور مستقل برنامه می‌ریزد.

Informal

Facile à confondre

به‌طور مستقل vs مستقلاً

It's the same meaning but a different grammatical form.

It is an Arabic tanwin adverb, whereas 'be-tour-e mostaghel' is a Persian prepositional phrase.

او مستقلاً تصمیم گرفت.

به‌طور مستقل vs خودمختار

Both imply independence.

'Khod-mokhtar' is usually for political entities or regions, while 'mostaghel' is for individuals or tasks.

کردستان یک منطقه خودمختار است.

به‌طور مستقل vs خودکفا

Both relate to self-sufficiency.

'Khod-kafa' is specifically about resources and economics (not needing to import).

ایران در تولید گندم خودکفا شد.

به‌طور مستقل vs انفرادی

Both mean 'individual.'

'Enferadi' often implies 'one by one' or 'solitary' (like solitary confinement).

او به حبس انفرادی محکوم شد.

به‌طور مستقل vs جداگانه

Both imply separation.

'Jodagane' is more about the 'where' or 'how' of separation, 'mostaghel' is about the 'who' of control.

صورت‌حساب‌ها را جداگانه بیاورید.

Structures de phrases

A1

من به‌طور مستقل [Verb].

من به‌طور مستقل مطالعه می‌کنم.

A2

او می‌تواند به‌طور مستقل [Infinitive].

او می‌تواند به‌طور مستقل کار کند.

B1

ما تصمیم گرفتیم به‌طور مستقل [Verb].

ما تصمیم گرفتیم به‌طور مستقل عمل کنیم.

B2

[Subject] به‌طور مستقل از [Noun] [Verb].

او به‌طور مستقل از والدینش زندگی می‌کند.

C1

لازم است که [Subject] به‌طور مستقل [Subjunctive Verb].

لازم است که نهادها به‌طور مستقل فعالیت کنند.

C2

این پدیده به‌طور مستقل از [Abstract Noun] قابل تحلیل است.

این پدیده به‌طور مستقل از تاریخ قابل تحلیل است.

B2

او به‌طور مستقل به [Noun] پرداخت.

او به‌طور مستقل به تحقیق پرداخت.

B1

آیا شما به‌طور مستقل [Verb]؟

آیا شما به‌طور مستقل برنامه‌ریزی می‌کنید؟

Famille de mots

Noms

استقلال Independence (Esteghlal)
استقلال‌طلبی Independence-seeking

Verbes

مستقل شدن To become independent
استقلال یافتن To gain independence

Adjectifs

مستقل Independent
غیرمستقل Dependent / Non-independent

Apparenté

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Comment l'utiliser

frequency

Very high in news, academic writing, and professional evaluations.

Erreurs courantes
  • به‌طور مستقلاً → به‌طور مستقل

    Combining the Persian 'be-tour-e' with the Arabic tanwin '-an' is redundant and incorrect.

  • او مستقل کار می‌کند → او به‌طور مستقل کار می‌کند

    You cannot use the adjective 'mostaghel' as an adverb without 'be-tour-e' or the tanwin ending.

  • من به‌طور مستقل به خانه رفتم (تنهایی) → من تنها به خانه رفتم

    Using 'mostaghel' for simple physical solitude is unnatural.

  • به‌طور مستقلِ از → به‌طور مستقل از

    Do not add an ezafe after 'mostaghel' when followed by the preposition 'az'.

  • به‌طور مستقل تصمیم گرفتن (Wrong Order) → به‌طور مستقل تصمیم گرفتن

    Actually, the order is correct here, but learners often put it after the verb 'gereftan'.

Astuces

The Ezafe is Key

Always remember the short 'e' sound after 'tour'. It is the glue that holds the phrase together.

Synonym Choice

Use 'mostaghelan' in your university essays to impress your professors with your formal register.

Independence Milestone

In Iran, moving out to live 'be-tour-e mostaghel' is a major life event often discussed in media.

Position Matters

Place the phrase right before the verb for the most natural-sounding Persian.

Don't Rush

It's a long phrase. Say it clearly to ensure the listener hears the 'mostaghel' part distinctly.

Avoid Redundancy

Don't say 'be-tour-e mostaghelan'. It's like saying 'in an independently way'.

Context Clues

If you hear 'mostaghel' in the news, think about sovereignty and political autonomy.

The 'Tour' Pattern

Learn other adverbs like 'be-tour-e kamel' (completely) to reinforce the pattern.

Professionalism

Use this word to describe your work style in a Persian job interview.

Mostaghel vs Tanha

Always ask: Am I talking about being alone (tanha) or being autonomous (mostaghel)?

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of 'be-tour-e' as 'by way of' and 'mostaghel' as 'must-act-well.' To be independent, you 'must act well' by yourself.

Association visuelle

Imagine a person standing on top of a mountain (independence) holding a sign that says 'I carry my own weight' (the root Q-L-L).

Word Web

استقلال (Independence) تصمیم (Decision) آزادی (Freedom) قدرت (Power) تنهایی (Solitude) کار (Work) فکر (Thought) دولت (Government)

Défi

Try to write three sentences about your job or studies using 'be-tour-e mostaghel' to describe how you handle your responsibilities without your boss or teacher.

Origine du mot

The phrase is a Persian construction. 'Mostaghel' is derived from the Arabic 'mustaqill' (مستقل), which is the active participle of the tenth form of the root 'Q-L-L' (قلل). In Arabic, this root relates to lifting or carrying, implying that an independent person carries their own weight.

Sens originel : The original Arabic sense implies 'being able to carry something by oneself' or 'standing alone.'

Persian (Indo-European) using an Arabic loanword (Afro-Asiatic).

Contexte culturel

Be careful not to use 'mostaghel' to imply you are rejecting family help in a rude way; use it to show your capability instead.

In English, 'independently' is often synonymous with 'alone.' In Persian, 'be-tour-e mostaghel' has a stronger connotation of 'autonomously' and 'professionally.'

The slogan 'Esteghlal, Azadi, Jomhouri-ye Eslami' (Independence, Freedom, Islamic Republic). Sinema-ye Mostaghel-e Iran (Independent Iranian Cinema). Kandida-ye Mostaghel (The concept of the independent political candidate in Iranian elections).

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Workplace

  • مدیریت مستقل
  • گزارش مستقل
  • کارمند مستقل
  • بودجه مستقل

Academia

  • تحقیق مستقل
  • تفکر مستقل
  • یادگیری مستقل
  • منابع مستقل

Politics

  • سیاست مستقل
  • کشور مستقل
  • کاندیدای مستقل
  • رای مستقل

Technology

  • سیستم مستقل
  • ماژول مستقل
  • پردازش مستقل
  • برنامه مستقل

Personal Growth

  • زندگی مستقل
  • تصمیم مستقل
  • شخصیت مستقل
  • مالی مستقل

Amorces de conversation

"آیا ترجیح می‌دهی به‌طور مستقل کار کنی یا در یک تیم؟ (Do you prefer to work independently or in a team?)"

"چگونه می‌توان به‌طور مستقل یک زبان جدید یاد گرفت؟ (How can one learn a new language independently?)"

"فکر می‌کنی بچه‌ها از چه سنی باید به‌طور مستقل زندگی کنند؟ (At what age do you think children should live independently?)"

"آیا اخبار را به‌طور مستقل از چند منبع چک می‌کنی؟ (Do you check the news independently from several sources?)"

"چقدر برایت مهم است که در تصمیم‌گیری‌هایت به‌طور مستقل عمل کنی؟ (How important is it for you to act independently in your decisions?)"

Sujets d'écriture

درباره زمانی بنویسید که برای اولین بار به‌طور مستقل یک کار بزرگ را انجام دادید. (Write about a time you did something big independently for the first time.)

مزایا و معایب کار کردن به‌طور مستقل چیست؟ (What are the pros and cons of working independently?)

چرا استقلال فکری برای یک جامعه مهم است؟ (Why is intellectual independence important for a society?)

چگونه می‌توانید در زندگی مالی خود به‌طور مستقل عمل کنید؟ (How can you act independently in your financial life?)

تفاوت بین تنهایی و به‌طور مستقل عمل کردن را شرح دهید. (Describe the difference between being alone and acting independently.)

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

Yes, but it becomes an adjective. 'U mostaghel ast' means 'He is independent.' To say 'He works independently,' you must use 'be-tour-e mostaghel' or 'mostaghelan'.

Neither is 'better.' 'Mostaghelan' is more formal and academic. 'Be-tour-e mostaghel' is more versatile and common in modern Persian.

Use 'be-tour-e mostaghel az'. For example: 'Mostaghel az nazarat-e digaran' (Independent of others' opinions).

No. 'Alone' is 'tanha.' 'Mostaghel' means you are doing it without help or control, even if people are around you.

Yes, very often. It describes independent countries, candidates, or political movements.

Absolutely. It describes software modules or hardware that function without needing the main system.

The most common opposite is 'be-tour-e vabaste' (dependently) or 'taht-e nazar' (under supervision).

Yes, it is a high-frequency word for anyone at the B2 level and above.

No, adverbs in Persian do not have plural forms.

It is a voiced uvular fricative, similar to the French 'r' or the sound you make when gargling.

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Teste-toi 190 questions

writing

Write a sentence about your work style using 'به‌طور مستقل'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Translate: 'The judge must decide independently.'

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Describe your university experience using this phrase.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a short paragraph about the importance of independent thinking.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Translate: 'I want to live independently of my parents.'

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Use 'به‌طور مستقل' in a sentence about technology.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Compare 'به‌طور مستقل' and 'تنها' in two sentences.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a formal email sentence about an independent project.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Translate: 'Independent journalists play a key role in society.'

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a sentence about a child learning a new skill independently.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Explain the meaning of 'Sinema-ye mostaghel' in Persian.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Translate: 'Each part of the system works independently.'

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a dialogue between a boss and an employee using this phrase.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Translate: 'He reached the conclusion independently.'

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a sentence using the formal synonym 'مستقلاً'.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Translate: 'I can manage my own business independently.'

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a sentence about an independent candidate in an election.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Translate: 'The software updates independently.'

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Write a sentence about financial independence.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
writing

Translate: 'We should think independently about this issue.'

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
speaking

Explain why you want to work 'به‌طور مستقل'.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Talk about a person you know who lives 'به‌طور مستقل'.

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speaking

Discuss the pros of living 'به‌طور مستقل' from parents.

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speaking

How can a student research 'به‌طور مستقل'?

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speaking

Describe a project you completed 'به‌طور مستقل'.

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speaking

Talk about 'Sinema-ye mostaghel' in Iran.

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speaking

Is it important for a judge to act 'به‌طور مستقل'? Why?

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speaking

How does a robotic vacuum work 'به‌طور مستقل'?

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speaking

What are the challenges of acting 'به‌طور مستقل' in politics?

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speaking

Why should we think 'به‌طور مستقل' about the news?

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speaking

Talk about financial independence.

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speaking

Describe the difference between 'tanha' and 'mostaghel' in speech.

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speaking

Explain a scientific experiment with independent variables.

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speaking

How can one be 'mostaghel' in a relationship?

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speaking

Talk about the 'Esteghlal' slogan in Iranian history.

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speaking

Discuss the role of independent NGOs.

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speaking

Tell a story about a child doing something 'mostaghel'.

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speaking

How do you manage your time 'به‌طور مستقل'?

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speaking

Why is 'mostaghel' a positive trait in a worker?

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speaking

Discuss the independence of the Central Bank.

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listening

Listen to the sentence: 'او به‌طور مستقل کار می‌کند.' What is the adverb?

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listening

Listen for the ezafe in: 'به‌طورِ مستقل'. Is it there?

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a news clip and identify 'mostaghel'. What was it referring to?

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Identify if the speaker said 'mostaghel' or 'mostaghelan'.

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a description of a robot. Did it work 'mostaghel'?

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a student talking. What did they do independently?

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listening

Identify the stress in 'mostaghel' from the audio.

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listening

Listen to a discussion on cinema. What is 'Sinema-ye mostaghel'?

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen for the preposition 'az' after 'mostaghel'. What followed it?

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a sentence about living. Who does the person live with?

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listening

Listen to a formal speech. How many times was 'mostaghel' used?

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen for the difference between 'mostaghel' and 'mostaghelan'.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a toddler's parent. What can the toddler do?

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to a scientist. What was 'mostaghel' in the lab?

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen for the 'be-tour-e' pattern in other words.

Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :

/ 190 correct

Perfect score!

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