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B1 adjective #4,500 le plus courant 9 min de lecture

چرمی

charmī Top 4,500

Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces چرمی en 30 secondes

Explication چرمی in your Level:

At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'charmi' means 'leather' when talking about things you wear or carry. Think of it as a label for your basic belongings. You will mostly see it in very simple sentences like 'My bag is leather' or 'I have leather shoes.' At this stage, don't worry too much about the complex grammar; just focus on recognizing the word when you go shopping or describe your clothes. It always comes after the object name. If you know the words for bag (kif), shoes (kafsh), and belt (kamarband), you can already start using 'charmi' to describe them. It's one of the first 'material' words you learn, alongside 'parcheh-i' (cloth) and 'plastiki' (plastic). Just remember the 'i' sound at the end makes it an adjective. Without the 'i', you are just saying the name of the material, not describing the object.

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At the A2 level, you start to use 'charmi' to build slightly more descriptive sentences. You can now combine it with colors, like 'black leather' (meshki-ye charmi). You are also learning to use it in questions, such as asking a salesperson if a specific item is leather. You should be comfortable with the Ezafe connection, which is the little 'e' sound that links the noun to 'charmi'. For example, 'kot-e charmi' (leather coat). At this level, you might also start to distinguish between 'natural' (tabi'i) and 'artificial' (masnu'i) leather, as these are common terms in Iranian shops. You can describe your preferences, like 'I like leather jackets.' Your sentences are getting longer, and 'charmi' helps you provide the necessary detail to distinguish your items from others.

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At the B1 level, you are expected to use 'charmi' fluently in various contexts, including shopping, fashion, and home decor. You understand that leather is a significant part of Iranian industry, particularly from cities like Tabriz. You can discuss the advantages and disadvantages of leather, such as its durability versus its price. You are also able to use 'charmi' in more complex grammatical structures, like 'The bag that I bought is leather.' You can handle situations where you need to complain about the quality of a 'charmi' product or ask for specific care instructions (like how to clean leather). You also start to encounter the word in broader contexts, like 'leather-bound books' in a library or 'leather seats' in a car review. Your vocabulary is expanding to include related terms like 'jeer' (suede) and you can compare them using 'charmi' as a baseline.

At the B2 level, you use 'charmi' with a high degree of precision. You can talk about different grades of leather (heavy vs. light) and specific animal sources (cow, sheep, goat) using their respective adjectives alongside 'charmi'. You might participate in discussions about the environmental impact of the leather industry or the ethics of using animal products, using 'charmi' as your core term. You are also familiar with idiomatic or semi-idiomatic uses, such as describing a texture as 'leathery' in a more literary sense. Your understanding of the word includes its role in Iranian cultural heritage and the prestige associated with 'Tabriz Leather'. You can read articles about fashion trends or manufacturing processes where 'charmi' is used frequently and understand the technical nuances surrounding it.

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At the C1 level, your use of 'charmi' extends into professional and academic domains. You might encounter the word in historical texts describing ancient Persian crafts or in economic reports about Iran's export of leather goods. You understand the stylistic nuances of using 'charmi' in literature to evoke specific imagery—perhaps the smell of an old leather workshop or the sound of leather boots on a stone floor. You can use the word in sophisticated arguments about traditional vs. modern manufacturing. Your grasp of the word's etymology and its relationship to other Indo-European leather terms might also begin to develop. You are comfortable with the word in any register, from slang used by young fashionistas to the formal language used in high-end luxury marketing.

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At the C2 level, you have a near-native command of 'charmi'. You understand its subtle connotations in classical Persian poetry or modern prose where it might be used metaphorically to describe something tough, seasoned, or traditional. You can distinguish between various archaic terms for leather that might appear in historical manuscripts and relate them back to the modern 'charmi'. You are capable of discussing the chemistry of tanning or the intricacies of leather restoration in Persian. The word is no longer just a vocabulary item but a tool for precise, evocative expression. You can effortlessly switch between discussing 'charmi' in a casual conversation about a new pair of shoes and a deep dive into the socio-economic history of the leather guilds in Isfahan or Tabriz.

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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

چرمی en 30 secondes

Charmi means 'leather' or 'made of leather' in Persian.
It is an adjective derived from the noun 'charm'.
It usually follows the noun it describes using the Ezafe link.
Commonly used for shoes, bags, jackets, and furniture.

The Persian word چرمی (pronounced 'charmi') is a fundamental adjective in the Persian language used to describe objects made of leather. Derived from the noun چرم (charm), which means leather, the addition of the suffix -i transforms it into a relative adjective. This linguistic pattern is common in Persian to denote material composition. When you walk through the historic corridors of the Grand Bazaar in Tehran or Tabriz, the scent of treated hides and the sight of polished goods immediately bring this word to the forefront of conversation. It is a word that carries connotations of durability, luxury, and traditional craftsmanship. In everyday life, you will use چرمی to specify the material of your clothing, accessories, and even furniture. It distinguishes a high-quality product from one made of synthetic materials or fabric. For English speakers, it functions exactly like the phrase 'made of leather' or the adjective 'leathery,' though in Persian, it is almost exclusively used for the material itself rather than just a texture description.

Material Description: Used to define any item constructed from animal hide. Example: کفش چرمی (Leather shoes).
Quality Indicator: Often implies a higher price point and better longevity compared to پلاستیکی (plastic).

این دستکش‌های چرمی برای زمستان بسیار گرم هستند.

Translation: These leather gloves are very warm for winter.

Historically, Iran has been a hub for leather production, specifically in Tabriz, which is world-renowned for its leather industry. Therefore, using the word چرمی often connects the speaker to a deep-rooted cultural heritage of leatherworking. Whether you are discussing a vintage کت چرمی (leather jacket) or a modern کیف پول چرمی (leather wallet), the word remains consistent across formal and informal registers. It is essential for B1 learners to master this word as it appears frequently in shopping contexts, fashion descriptions, and when discussing personal belongings. The word is versatile; it can describe the binding of an ancient manuscript or the seats of a luxury car. Its utility spans from the most mundane household items to the most expensive fashion statements, making it a cornerstone of descriptive Persian vocabulary.

او همیشه یک کمربند چرمی قهوه‌ای می‌پوشد.

Translation: He always wears a brown leather belt.

صندلی‌های چرمی این رستوران خیلی راحت هستند.

Translation: The leather seats of this restaurant are very comfortable.

Using چرمی correctly in a sentence requires an understanding of the Persian Ezafe construction. Since چرمی is an adjective, it almost always follows the noun it modifies. For example, if you want to say 'leather jacket,' you take the noun کت (kot) and add the Ezafe -e to get کتِ چرمی (kot-e charmi). This structure is the backbone of Persian descriptive phrases. It is important to note that the word itself does not change based on the gender of the noun (as Persian has no grammatical gender) or the number (plurality). Whether you are talking about one leather shoe or a hundred leather shoes, the word چرمی remains exactly the same. This makes it quite simple for English speakers once the Ezafe rule is internalized.

Attributive Use: When the adjective directly follows the noun. Example: کفش چرمی (Leather shoe).
Predicative Use: When the adjective is the complement of a verb like 'to be'. Example: این کیف چرمی است (This bag is leather).

آیا این مبل چرمی است یا پارچه‌ای؟

Translation: Is this sofa leather or fabric?

In more complex sentences, you might combine چرمی with other adjectives like colors or sizes. In Persian, the order of adjectives is typically: Noun + Color + Material. For instance, 'a black leather bag' would be کیف مشکی چرمی (kif-e meshki-ye charmi). Notice how the Ezafe connects each word in the chain. If you are describing the quality, you might say چرمی اصل (genuine leather). Understanding these sequences allows you to build rich, descriptive sentences that sound natural to native ears. Furthermore, in literary or formal contexts, چرمی can be used to describe metaphors of toughness or tradition, though its primary use remains physical. When writing, ensure the 'i' at the end is clearly written to distinguish it from the noun 'charm'.

من ترجیح می‌دهم کفش چرمی بخرم چون دوام بیشتری دارد.

Translation: I prefer to buy leather shoes because they have more durability.

جلد این کتاب قدیمی چرمی و بسیار باارزش است.

Translation: The cover of this old book is leather and very valuable.

If you find yourself in any Iranian city, the most likely place to hear the word چرمی is in the bazaar. Specifically, the 'Bazaar-e Kafsh-dooz-ha' (Shoemakers' Bazaar) or areas dedicated to clothing. Shopkeepers will use it as a selling point: «این چرم اصل تبریز است!» (This is genuine Tabriz leather!). You will hear it in advertisements for luxury goods, fashion shows, and during shopping trips with friends. It is a word that signifies status and taste. When people talk about interior design, specifically for offices or high-end living rooms, چرمی is frequently mentioned regarding sofas and chairs. In the automotive world, salespeople will highlight «روکش‌های چرمی» (leather upholstery) as a premium feature of a car. It is not just a technical term; it is a word embedded in the commercial and aesthetic vocabulary of daily Persian life.

At the Bazaar: Used by artisans and sellers to describe the material of bags, belts, and shoes.
In Fashion Media: Used in magazines and blogs to describe seasonal trends, like 'leather trends for autumn'.

فروشنده گفت که این کیف کاملاً چرمی و دست‌دوز است.

Translation: The seller said that this bag is completely leather and handmade.

Beyond commerce, you might hear چرمی in discussions about history and art. Museums displaying ancient Persian armor or horse saddles will use the term in their descriptions. In literature, a 'leather-bound' book is often a symbol of wisdom and preserved history. If you are watching a Persian movie or TV show, characters might compliment each other's outfits using this word, especially if someone is wearing a stylish jacket. It is also common in the context of gift-giving; a ست هدیه چرمی (leather gift set) containing a wallet and belt is a very popular choice for Father's Day or corporate gifts in Iran. Listening for the distinct 'ch' and 'r' sounds followed by the 'mi' suffix will help you identify this word in fast-paced conversations. It is a high-frequency word that bridges the gap between traditional craft and modern lifestyle.

او یک جفت بوت چرمی برای کوهنوردی خرید.

Translation: He bought a pair of leather boots for hiking.

در نمایشگاه، محصولات چرمی متنوعی وجود داشت.

Translation: In the exhibition, there were various leather products.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing the noun چرم (leather) with the adjective چرمی (leathern/made of leather). In English, 'leather' can function as both a noun and an adjective (e.g., 'the leather' vs. 'a leather bag'). However, in Persian, you must use the adjective form چرمی when describing an object. Saying *کیف چرم is grammatically incomplete; it should be کیفِ چرمی. Another common error involves the Ezafe. Beginners often forget to add the short 'e' sound between the noun and the adjective, which makes the sentence sound disjointed. Furthermore, learners sometimes confuse چرمی with پوستی (poosti). While both relate to animal skin, پوستی is usually used for items that still have fur or are more raw, whereas چرمی refers specifically to tanned, processed leather.

Noun vs. Adjective: Using 'Charm' (noun) instead of 'Charmi' (adjective) when describing materials.
Ezafe Omission: Forgetting the linking vowel between the object and the word 'charmi'.

اشتباه: این کیف چرم است. درست: این کیف چرمی است.

Explanation: You must use the adjective form 'charmi' to describe the bag's material.

Additionally, be careful with the word مصنوعی (masnu'i - artificial). In the modern market, many things are 'faux leather'. A common mistake is just saying چرمی when you actually mean چرم مصنوعی (synthetic leather). If you are looking for high quality, failing to specify چرم طبیعی (natural leather) might lead to confusion. Also, pay attention to pronunciation. The 'r' in چرمی is a tapped 'r', similar to the Spanish 'r'. Some English speakers might use a rhotic 'r' as in 'car,' which can make the word harder for native speakers to recognize immediately. Lastly, remember that چرمی is only for the material. If you want to describe a color that looks like leather (like a tan color), use قهوه‌ای روشن or specific color terms, not 'charmi' by itself.

اشتباه: دستکش چرم من گم شد. درست: دستکش چرمیِ من گم شد.

Explanation: The Ezafe and the suffix '-i' are both necessary here.

اشتباه: او کفش پوستی پوشیده. درست: او کفش چرمی پوشیده.

Explanation: 'Poosti' implies fur or raw skin; 'charmi' is the correct term for footwear.

While چرمی is the most common way to describe leather items, there are several alternatives and related words depending on the context. If you are specifically talking about the type of hide, you might hear گاوی (gavi - cowhide) or گوسفندی (goosfandi - sheepskin). These are technically adjectives too, and they provide more detail than just saying 'charmi'. For example, کت چرمی گاوی is a leather jacket made specifically from cowhide, which is known for being tougher. In contrast, جیر (jeer) is the Persian word for 'suede'. If something looks like leather but is made of fabric with a similar texture, you might use the term طرح چرم (leather-pattern/look). Understanding these nuances helps in becoming a more precise speaker.

چرمی vs. جیر (Jeer): چرمی refers to smooth, finished leather. جیر refers to the fuzzy texture of suede.
چرمی vs. پلاستیکی (Plastiki): چرمی is organic and breathable; پلاستیکی is synthetic and often used for cheaper imitations.
چرمی vs. ورنی (Varni): ورنی refers specifically to patent leather (shiny, polished leather).

این کفش‌ها از جیر ساخته شده‌اند، نه از چرم معمولی.

Translation: These shoes are made of suede, not ordinary leather.

Another important distinction is between طبیعی (tabi'i - natural) and مصنوعی (masnu'i - artificial). You will often see these words paired with چرمی in product descriptions. چرمِ مصنوعی is very common in fast fashion and is often called 'vegan leather' in English. In Persian, it’s strictly 'artificial leather'. If you are looking for durability, you want چرمِ سنگین (heavy leather) which is usually cowhide, versus چرمِ سبک (light leather) like goat or sheep skin. Using these specific terms will make you sound much more like a native speaker, especially when discussing quality or price. Lastly, دباغی شده (dabbaghi shodeh) means 'tanned,' which is the process that creates the چرمی material. While not used as a daily adjective for items, it's a key word in the industry.

کیف‌های مصنوعی ارزان‌تر هستند اما زود خراب می‌شوند.

Translation: Artificial (leather) bags are cheaper but break down quickly.

این دستکش از چرم بزی ساخته شده و بسیار نرم است.

Translation: This glove is made of goatskin leather and is very soft.

How Formal Is It?

Le savais-tu ?

The word 'charm' (leather) is cognate with words in other Indo-European languages related to skin, though it is a distinct development within the Iranian branch. In some dialects, it still refers simply to 'skin'.

Guide de prononciation

UK /t͡ʃæɾmiː/

US /t͡ʃæɾmi/

The stress is on the second syllable: char-MI.

Rime avec

گرمی (Garmi - warmth) نرمی (Narmi - softness) سررمی (Sar-rami - specific term) شرمی (Sharmi - shyness/modesty) سرمی (Sarmi - related to serum) فرمی (Formi - formal/form-related) خرمی (Khorrami - happiness) اهرمی (Ahromi - related to levers)

Erreurs fréquentes

Pronouncing the 'r' too heavily like the English 'r' in 'car'.
Making the first vowel 'a' sound like 'ah' instead of the short 'ae' sound.
Forgetting to pronounce the final 'i' clearly.
Stressing the first syllable instead of the second.
Confusing the 'ch' sound with 'sh'.

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 2/5

Easy to recognize due to the distinct 'ch' and 'r' letters.

Écriture 3/5

Requires remembering the final 'i' and the Ezafe connection.

Expression orale 3/5

The tapped 'r' can be tricky for English speakers.

Écoute 2/5

Clear pronunciation makes it easy to hear in context.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

چرم (Leather - noun) کیف (Bag) کفش (Shoes) کت (Coat) رنگ (Color)

Apprends ensuite

پارچه‌ای (Fabric-made) پلاستیکی (Plastic-made) دباغی (Tanning) باکیفیت (High quality) مصنوعی (Artificial)

Avancé

تیماج (Goat leather) جیر (Suede) ورنی (Patent leather) صحافی (Bookbinding) یراق‌آلات (Fittings/Hardware)

Grammaire à connaître

Ezafe Construction

کیفِ چرمی (The link '-e' connects the noun to the material adjective).

Adjective Suffix '-i'

چرم (noun) + ی = چرمی (adjective).

Adjective Order

کیف (Noun) + بزرگ (Size) + قهوه‌ای (Color) + چرمی (Material).

No Gender Agreement

کت چرمی (Masculine-equivalent) / دامن چرمی (Feminine-equivalent) - 'Charmi' remains same.

Plurality of Adjectives

In 'کیف‌های چرمی', only the noun 'کیف' takes the plural 'ها'.

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Exemples par niveau

این یک کیف چرمی است.

This is a leather bag.

Simple 'Noun + Adjective + Verb' structure.

کفش چرمی من کجاست؟

Where are my leather shoes?

Note the Ezafe after 'kafsh'.

او کمربند چرمی دارد.

He has a leather belt.

Direct object usage.

کلاه چرمی گرم است.

The leather hat is warm.

Subject-adjective relationship.

من دستکش چرمی می‌خواهم.

I want leather gloves.

Verb 'want' with a descriptive noun.

این مبل چرمی است.

This sofa is leather.

Predicative adjective.

کاپشن چرمی مشکی است.

The leather jacket is black.

Two adjectives used together.

کیف پول چرمی کوچک است.

The leather wallet is small.

Describing size and material.

آیا شما کفش چرمی قهوه‌ای دارید؟

Do you have brown leather shoes?

Noun + Material + Color sequence.

من این کیف چرمی را دوست دارم.

I like this leather bag.

Using 'ra' for a specific direct object.

این صندلی چرمی خیلی راحت است.

This leather chair is very comfortable.

Using 'kheyli' (very) with the adjective.

او همیشه دستکش چرمی می‌پوشد.

She always wears leather gloves.

Adverb 'hamishe' (always) with the phrase.

قیمت این کت چرمی چقدر است؟

How much is the price of this leather coat?

Inquiry about price of a specific material.

من به دنبال یک جفت بوت چرمی هستم.

I am looking for a pair of leather boots.

Present continuous construction.

این کیف چرمی از چرم طبیعی است.

This leather bag is made of natural leather.

Distinguishing between noun and adjective.

آیا این مبل چرمی مصنوعی است؟

Is this leather sofa artificial?

Asking about the type of material.

محصولات چرمی تبریز در سراسر جهان معروف هستند.

Tabriz leather products are famous all over the world.

Subject is a plural material-based noun phrase.

اگر کفش چرمی بخرید، پاهای شما عرق نمی‌کند.

If you buy leather shoes, your feet won't sweat.

Conditional sentence using the material.

من ترجیح می‌دهم از کیف چرمی استفاده کنم چون با دوام است.

I prefer to use a leather bag because it is durable.

Reasoning with 'chon' (because).

این کت چرمی قدیمی یادگار پدربزرگم است.

This old leather coat is a memento from my grandfather.

Describing an heirloom.

او یک ست هدیه چرمی برای تولد برادرش خرید.

He bought a leather gift set for his brother's birthday.

Compound noun phrase.

صنعت چرمی ایران تاریخچه‌ای طولانی دارد.

Iran's leather industry has a long history.

Abstract noun modified by 'charmi'.

آیا می‌توانید این لکه را از روی مبل چرمی پاک کنید؟

Can you clean this stain off the leather sofa?

Modal verb 'can' with material context.

بوی چرم در این فروشگاه محصولات چرمی خیلی قوی است.

The smell of leather in this leather goods store is very strong.

Using both noun and adjective in one sentence.

طراحان مد امسال دوباره به استفاده از پارچه‌های چرمی روی آورده‌اند.

Fashion designers have turned back to using leather fabrics this year.

Complex verb 'ru avardan' (to turn towards).

نگهداری از لباس‌های چرمی نیاز به دقت و واکس مخصوص دارد.

Maintaining leather clothes requires care and special wax.

Gerund/Infinitival subject 'negahdari'.

در این نمایشگاه، انواع صنایع دستی چرمی به نمایش گذاشته شده است.

In this exhibition, various types of leather handicrafts are on display.

Passive construction 'be nemayesh gozashte shode'.

برخی افراد به دلیل مسائل اخلاقی از پوشیدن کفش چرمی خودداری می‌کنند.

Some people refrain from wearing leather shoes due to ethical issues.

Complex prepositional phrase 'be dalil-e'.

روکش‌های چرمی صندلی‌های هواپیما بسیار باکیفیت به نظر می‌رسند.

The leather upholstery of the airplane seats looks very high-quality.

Compound subject with multiple Ezafes.

تولید کیف‌های چرمی دست‌دوز یکی از مشاغل پردرآمد در این منطقه است.

Producing handmade leather bags is one of the high-income jobs in this region.

Superlative 'yaki az' (one of).

او با دقت جلد چرمی کتاب خطی را لمس کرد.

He carefully touched the leather cover of the manuscript.

Adverbial use 'ba deghat'.

تفاوت بین چرم طبیعی و چرمی که به روش صنعتی تولید شده، کاملاً واضح است.

The difference between natural leather and leather produced by industrial methods is quite clear.

Relative clause 'ke be rosh-e...'.

ظرافتِ به کار رفته در این دستکش‌های چرمی نشان از مهارت استادکار دارد.

The elegance used in these leather gloves indicates the master's skill.

Sophisticated subject-verb agreement.

بافتِ چرمی و منعطفِ این محصول، آن را از نمونه‌های مشابه متمایز می‌کند.

The leathery and flexible texture of this product distinguishes it from similar models.

Using 'charmi' to describe texture and material simultaneously.

در متون تاریخی، از سپرهای چرمی به عنوان ابزاری دفاعی یاد شده است.

In historical texts, leather shields are mentioned as defensive tools.

Passive voice in formal register.

استفاده از آسترهای چرمی در لباس‌های زمستانی، عایق بسیار خوبی در برابر سرماست.

The use of leather linings in winter clothes is a very good insulator against the cold.

Material used as an internal component.

رایحه‌ی تلخ و چرمیِ این عطر، حس قدرت و اعتماد به نفس را القا می‌کند.

The bitter and leathery scent of this perfume conveys a sense of power and confidence.

Metaphorical use in the context of fragrance.

تکنولوژی نانو در فرآوری محصولات چرمی، انقلابی در این صنعت ایجاد کرده است.

Nano-technology in processing leather products has created a revolution in this industry.

Technical/Scientific context.

او مجموعه‌ای بی‌نظیر از نسخه‌های خطی با جلدهای چرمیِ حکاکی شده دارد.

He has a unique collection of manuscripts with engraved leather covers.

Triple adjective sequence.

صادرات کالاهای چرمی سهم بسزایی در اقتصاد غیرنفتی کشور ایفا می‌کند.

The export of leather goods plays a significant role in the country's non-oil economy.

Economic terminology.

در ژرفای تاریخ، نخستین پوشش‌های بشری از جنسی چرمی و ناپرداخته بودند.

In the depths of history, the first human coverings were of a leathery and unrefined nature.

Archaic/Literary tone.

آنچنان که از شواهد برمی‌آید، صحافی‌های چرمی در دوران صفویه به اوج شکوفایی رسیدند.

As evidence suggests, leather bindings reached their peak of flourishing during the Safavid era.

Complex historical analysis sentence.

تصلبِ بافتِ چرمی در اثر مرور زمان، نیازمند فرآیندهای پیچیده‌ی بازسازی است.

The hardening of the leather texture over time requires complex restoration processes.

Highly technical restoration vocabulary.

سیاحان در سفرنامه‌های خود از بازارهای چرمیِ پررونقِ شرق با شگفتی یاد کرده‌اند.

Travelers in their travelogues have mentioned the thriving leather markets of the East with wonder.

Literary plural and formal verb choice.

تجلیِ هنرِ سوخت روی چرم در جلدهای چرمیِ نفیس، پیوندی میان صنعت و معنویت است.

The manifestation of the art of 'Sukht' on leather in exquisite leather covers is a bond between industry and spirituality.

Philosophical/Artistic analysis.

او با نگاهی موشکافانه، اصالتِ بافتِ چرمیِ قطعه‌ی باستانی را مورد واکاوی قرار داد.

With a scrutinizing gaze, he analyzed the authenticity of the ancient piece's leather texture.

Advanced compound verb 'morede vakavi gharar dad'.

امتزاجِ بویِ باران و کتِ چرمیِ کهنه، فضایی نوستالژیک در داستان پدید آورده بود.

The blend of the smell of rain and the old leather coat had created a nostalgic atmosphere in the story.

Evocative literary imagery.

تطورِ شیوه‌های دباغی، از روش‌های سنتی به تکنیک‌های مدرن، بر کیفیتِ نهاییِ کالای چرمی تأثیری شگرف داشته است.

The evolution of tanning methods, from traditional to modern techniques, has had a tremendous impact on the final quality of the leather good.

Abstract noun 'tatawwur' (evolution).

Collocations courantes

کفش چرمی

کیف چرمی

کت چرمی

کمربند چرمی

دستکش چرمی

مبل چرمی

جلد چرمی

چرم طبیعی

چرم مصنوعی

واکس چرمی

Phrases Courantes

چرم اصل

— Genuine leather. Used to verify authenticity.

آیا این چرم اصل است؟

ست چرمی

— A leather set, usually a matching wallet and belt.

یک ست چرمی هدیه گرفتم.

بوی چرم

— The smell of leather.

بوی چرم را خیلی دوست دارم.

صنایع چرمی

— Leather industry or leather crafts.

او در صنایع چرمی کار می‌کند.

محصولات چرمی

— Leather products.

محصولات چرمی ایران باکیفیت هستند.

چرمِ دباغی شده

— Tanned leather.

این چرمِ دباغی شده بسیار نرم است.

چرمِ خام

— Raw leather/hide.

آن‌ها چرمِ خام را صادر می‌کنند.

چرمِ تبریز

— Tabriz leather (known for high quality).

این کفش از چرمِ تبریز است.

چرمِ براق

— Shiny/Glossy leather.

او کیف چرمِ براق را انتخاب کرد.

چرمِ مات

— Matte leather.

من کت چرمِ مات را ترجیح می‌دهم.

Souvent confondu avec

چرمی vs چرم

This is the noun (leather). You cannot use it to describe an object directly without the '-i' suffix.

چرمی vs پوستی

Refers to skin or fur. While related, it's used for different types of goods like fur hats.

چرمی vs جیر

This is suede. It's a type of leather but has a fuzzy texture and is treated as a separate category.

Expressions idiomatiques

"زبانِ چرمی"

— Literally 'leather tongue'. Used to describe someone who is very eloquent or persuasive, though not very common in modern daily speech.

او با زبانِ چرمی‌اش همه را راضی کرد.

Literary

"چرمِ کرگدن"

— Literally 'rhino leather'. Used to describe someone who is thick-skinned or insensitive.

او پوستش مثل چرمِ کرگدن است.

Informal/Metaphorical

"کفشِ چرمی پاره کردن"

— Literally 'to tear leather shoes'. A metaphor for traveling a long distance or working hard for a long time.

برای رسیدن به این مقام، کفش‌های چرمی زیادی پاره کرده است.

Idiomatic

"زینِ چرمی"

— Often used in stories to denote readiness for a journey or battle.

زینِ چرمی را بر اسب نهاد.

Historical

"بندِ چرمی"

— Sometimes used metaphorically for being bound or restricted.

در بندِ چرمیِ روزگار گرفتار شد.

Poetic

"تازیانه‌ی چرمی"

— Leather whip. Symbol of authority or punishment.

تازیانه‌ی چرمی در دست داشت.

Literary

"کیسه‌ی چرمی"

— Leather pouch. Often used in fairy tales for holding gold or magic items.

کیسه‌ی چرمی را باز کرد.

Folklore

"چرم‌وار"

— Like leather. Used to describe texture.

پوستش چرم‌وار شده بود.

Literary

"چرم‌پوش"

— Leather-clad.

سوارانِ چرم‌پوش از راه رسیدند.

Historical/Epic

"چرم‌ساز"

— Leather maker/Tanner. Sometimes used as a surname.

آقای چرم‌ساز همسایه‌ی ماست.

Neutral

Facile à confondre

چرمی vs چرب

Sounds similar (charb vs charm).

Charb means 'greasy' or 'fatty'. Charmi means 'leathery'. One describes oil/fat, the other describes material.

این غذا چرب است (This food is greasy) vs این کیف چرمی است (This bag is leather).

چرمی vs چرخی

Visually similar in script (only one dot difference).

Charkhi means 'wheeled' or 'rotating'. Charmi means 'leather'.

صندلی چرخی (Wheeled chair) vs صندلی چرمی (Leather chair).

چرمی vs چرمی (Name)

It can be a surname.

Context will tell if it's a person's name or a material description.

آقای چرمی (Mr. Charmi).

چرمی vs پلاستیکی

Often used as the opposite in quality discussions.

Plastiki is synthetic; Charmi is animal-based.

کفش پلاستیکی ارزان است.

چرمی vs پارچه‌ای

Another material adjective.

Parcheh-i is fabric; Charmi is leather.

کیف پارچه‌ای سبک است.

Structures de phrases

این [اسم] چرمی است.

این کیف چرمی است.

من یک [اسم] چرمی [رنگ] دارم.

من یک کت چرمی مشکی دارم.

[اسم] چرمی از [اسم] پارچه‌ای بهتر است.

کفش چرمی از کفش پارچه‌ای بهتر است.

به دلیل [دلیل]، من محصولات چرمی می‌خرم.

به دلیل دوام زیاد، من محصولات چرمی می‌خرم.

اگرچه [اسم] چرمی گران است، اما [مزیت].

اگرچه مبل چرمی گران است، اما بسیار شیک است.

در طول تاریخ، [اسم] چرمی نقشی [صفت] ایفا کرده است.

در طول تاریخ، جلدهای چرمی نقشی حیاتی در حفظ کتب ایفا کرده‌اند.

Any

آیا این [اسم] چرمی اصل است؟

آیا این کمربند چرمی اصل است؟

Any

من به دنبال [اسم] چرمی می‌گردم.

من به دنبال دستکش چرمی می‌گردم.

Famille de mots

Noms

چرم (Leather)

چرم‌سازی (Tanning/Leather making)

چرم‌دوزی (Leather sewing)

چرم‌فروشی (Leather shop)

Verbes

چرم کردن (To cover with leather - rare)

دباغی کردن (To tan leather)

Adjectifs

چرمی (Leather/Leathern)

چرم‌مانند (Leather-like)

چرمین (Archaic form of leather-made)

Apparenté

دباغ (Tanner)

پوست (Skin/Hide)

جیر (Suede)

ورنی (Patent leather)

واکس (Polish/Wax)

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Comment l'utiliser

frequency

High, especially in commercial and fashion contexts.

Erreurs courantes

Using 'charm' instead of 'charmi'. → کیف چرمی
You need the adjective form to describe the bag. 'Kif-e charm' sounds like 'bag of leather' in a way that is grammatically awkward.
Forgetting the Ezafe. → کفشِ چرمی
Without the 'e' sound, the two words don't link correctly in Persian grammar.
Using 'poosti' for leather shoes. → کفش چرمی
'Poosti' implies raw skin or fur. For processed leather footwear, 'charmi' is the correct term.
Misplacing the adjective. → کت چرمی بزرگ
While Persian is flexible, putting the material after the noun is the standard. Don't put it before the noun like in English.
Confusing 'charmi' with 'charb'. → غذای چرب / کیف چرمی
One means oily, the other means leather. Be careful with the last letter!

Astuces

Suffix Check

Always look for the 'i' at the end. If it's just 'charm', it's the noun. If it's 'charmi', it's the adjective describing something else.

Common Pairs

Memorize 'charmi' with 'kif' (bag) and 'kafsh' (shoes). These are the most common pairings you will encounter.

Tabriz Connection

Mentioning 'Charmi-ye Tabriz' will make you sound like an expert on Iranian quality goods.

The Tapped R

Don't let your tongue curl back for the 'r'. Keep it forward and tap it quickly to sound native.

Authenticity

Look for labels that say 'Charm-e Tabi'i' to ensure you are buying real leather and not synthetic.

Adjective Chain

If you have a color, say it first: 'kif-e meshki-ye charmi' (black leather bag).

Leather Care

The word for leather wax is 'vaks'. You'll need it for your 'kafsh-e charmi'!

Ancient Roots

The word hasn't changed much since Middle Persian, showing how long leatherwork has been important in Iran.

Toughness

Use 'charmi' to describe things that are durable and high-quality, not just for clothes.

Bazaar Sounds

In the bazaar, 'charmi' might be yelled out by vendors. It's a key word for identifying the leather section.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of a 'CHarming' person wearing a 'CHARMi' jacket. The 'ch' and 'r' are the same!

Association visuelle

Imagine the smell of a leather shop in an old bazaar. Associate that rich, earthy scent with the word 'Charmi'.

Word Web

کفش (Shoes) کیف (Bag) کت (Coat) کمربند (Belt) صندلی (Chair) تبریز (Tabriz) بو (Smell) دباغی (Tanning)

Défi

Go around your house and identify 3 things that are 'charmi'. Say out loud: 'این [نام شیء] چرمی است'.

Origine du mot

The word comes from the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) word 'charm', which has roots in Old Persian. It is a native Iranian word that has remained remarkably stable over centuries. The suffix '-i' is the standard Persian 'Ya-ye Nesbat' used to create adjectives of relation or material.

Sens originel : Skin or hide of an animal.

Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> Persian.

Contexte culturel

Be aware that some people (vegans/vegetarians) avoid leather. In such cases, 'Charm-e Masnu'i' (artificial leather) is the relevant term.

In English, 'leather' is both noun and adjective. In Persian, you MUST use 'charmi' for the adjective. English speakers often forget the 'i'.

Tabriz Leather Bazaar (UNESCO heritage context) Modern brands like 'Charm-e Mashhad' Classical poetry mentioning 'Zin-e Charmi' (Leather saddles)

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Shopping for clothes

این کت چرمی است؟
قیمت این کیف چرمی چنده؟
چرم طبیعیه یا مصنوعی؟
رنگ‌های دیگه‌ای هم دارید؟

Describing furniture

مبل چرمی خیلی شیکه.
تمیز کردن چرم راحته.
این صندلی چرمی نرمه.
چرمش پوسته پوسته شده.

In a repair shop

می‌تونید این کفش چرمی رو واکس بزنید؟
بند چرمی ساعتم پاره شده.
کفش چرمی‌ام نیاز به تعمیر داره.
رنگ چرمش رفته.

Fashion discussion

امسال چرم خیلی مده.
تیپ چرمی خیلی جذابه.
ست چرمی قهوه‌ای قشنگه.
او همیشه محصولات چرمی می‌پوشه.

Gift giving

یک ست چرمی براش خریدم.
کیف پول چرمی هدیه خوبیه.
این یک هدیه چرمی نفیسه.
امیدوارم از این کمربند چرمی خوشش بیاد.

Amorces de conversation

"آیا شما محصولات چرمی را به پارچه‌ای ترجیح می‌دهید؟ (Do you prefer leather products over fabric ones?)"

"به نظر شما بهترین برند محصولات چرمی در ایران کدام است؟ (In your opinion, what is the best leather brand in Iran?)"

"چطور می‌توان تشخیص داد که یک کیف از چرم طبیعی است؟ (How can one tell if a bag is made of natural leather?)"

"آیا تا به حال به بازار چرم تبریز رفته‌اید؟ (Have you ever been to the Tabriz leather bazaar?)"

"شما برای تمیز کردن کفش‌های چرمی خود از چه روشی استفاده می‌کنید؟ (What method do you use to clean your leather shoes?)"

Sujets d'écriture

درباره اولین وسیله چرمی که خریدید و خاطره‌ای که از آن دارید بنویسید. (Write about the first leather item you bought and the memory you have of it.)

تفاوت‌های بین محصولات چرمی طبیعی و مصنوعی را از نظر خودتان شرح دهید. (Describe the differences between natural and artificial leather products from your perspective.)

چرا محصولات چرمی در فرهنگ ایران جایگاه ویژه‌ای دارند؟ (Why do leather products have a special place in Iranian culture?)

اگر بخواهید یک ست چرمی به کسی هدیه دهید، چه وسایلی را انتخاب می‌کنید؟ (If you wanted to give a leather set as a gift, what items would you choose?)

آیا استفاده از چرم در دنیای امروز با محیط زیست سازگار است؟ نظر خود را بنویسید. (Is using leather compatible with the environment in today's world? Write your opinion.)

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

No, in Persian, adjectives do not change to match the number of the noun. You say 'kif-e charmi' for one bag and 'kif-ha-ye charmi' for many bags. The adjective remains 'charmi' in both cases.

You can say 'charm-e asl' (genuine leather) or 'charmi-ye tabi'i' (natural leather). Both are very common in shops to distinguish from synthetic materials.

'Charm' is the noun meaning 'leather' (the material itself). 'Charmi' is the adjective meaning 'made of leather'. Use 'charmi' when describing an object.

Generally, no. 'Charmi' refers to the material. For the color, you would use 'ghahve-i-ye roshan' (light brown) or 'shatori' (camel color).

Yes, but you should add the word 'masnu'i' (artificial). So, 'charmi-ye masnu'i' is the term for synthetic or vegan leather.

The stress is on the last syllable: char-MI. This is typical for most Persian adjectives ending in the '-i' suffix.

In very old or poetic texts, you might see 'charmin', but in 99% of modern formal and informal contexts, 'charmi' is the standard word.

You can ask: 'Aya in charmi-ye tabi'i ast?' (Is this natural leather?) or simply 'In charmi-ye?' (Is this leather?).

Suede is called 'jeer'. While it is a type of leather, Persians usually use the specific word 'jeer' rather than 'charmi' to describe it.

No, 'charmi' is only for processed animal hide. For human skin, the word is 'poost'. If you say someone's skin is 'charmi', it would sound like a weird metaphor for being very tough or tanned.

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