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A1 noun #3,000 le plus courant 8 min de lecture

سنگ

sang
Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces سنگ en 30 secondes
Explication سنگ in your Level:
At the A1 level, سنگ (Sang) is one of the first nouns you learn. It simply means 'stone' or 'rock'. You use it to describe basic objects in nature or construction. For example, 'The stone is big' (سنگ بزرگ است). At this stage, you don't need to worry about complex idioms. Just focus on the physical object. You might see it in children's books or hear it when someone points at a mountain. It is a 'concrete' noun, meaning you can touch it and see it. Remember that it is pronounced 'Sang' (rhymes with 'sung' but with an 'a' like in 'father' or 'cat' depending on the accent, usually a short 'a'). It's a very short and easy word to remember. You can also learn that 'heavy' is 'sangin', which is very useful for shopping or carrying bags.
At the A2 level, you start using سنگ (Sang) in more descriptive sentences and basic compound forms. You might talk about 'Nan-e Sangak' (a type of bread) or 'sang-e sakhteman' (building stone). You begin to see how 'Sang' is used with adjectives: 'white stone' (سنگ سفید), 'hard stone' (سنگ سخت). You also learn the plural form 'sang-ha'. At this level, you might encounter the word in simple stories where a character throws a stone or finds a beautiful stone by the river. You should also be able to use the adjective 'sangin' (heavy) to describe things like a 'heavy suitcase' (چمدان سنگین). This is the stage where you move from just naming the object to describing its properties and basic uses in daily life.
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At the B1 level, you move into the metaphorical and idiomatic world of سنگ (Sang). You will learn common phrases like 'del-sang' (stone-hearted) to describe someone who is not kind. You also start to see 'Sang' in historical or cultural contexts, such as the stones used in ancient Persian architecture like Persepolis (Takht-e Jamshid). You might learn about 'sang-tarashi' (stone carving) as a traditional craft. Grammatically, you'll use it in more complex sentences: 'If I hadn't hit the stone, I wouldn't have fallen.' You also begin to understand the difference between 'sang' and 'sakhreh' (rock/cliff). This level is about expanding your vocabulary to include the cultural and figurative meanings that Persians attach to the concept of stone.
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At the B2 level, you are expected to use سنگ (Sang) in sophisticated idioms and formal contexts. You should be familiar with 'sang-e tamam gozashtan' (to do one's best) and 'sang-andazi' (sabotage/creating obstacles). You can discuss environmental issues, like 'erosion of stones' or 'mining'. You will also encounter 'Sang' in more classical literature and poetry, where it often symbolizes the ego or a difficult obstacle. You should be able to distinguish between different types of stones, like 'sang-e marmar' (marble) or 'sang-e khara' (granite). Your usage should reflect an understanding of how 'Sang' contributes to the 'weight' or 'seriousness' of a conversation, especially when using the derivative 'sangin' for social situations (e.g., a 'heavy' atmosphere).
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At the C1 level, your understanding of سنگ (Sang) should be deep and nuanced. You can analyze the use of 'Sang' in the poetry of Hafez or Rumi, where it often represents the material world or the hard heart of the seeker that must be softened by love. You are comfortable with obscure proverbs like 'kolukh-andaz ra padash sang ast'. You can use 'Sang' in technical discussions, whether they are geological, medical (kidney stones), or architectural. You understand the historical evolution of the word from Old Persian. You can also use it in high-level social commentary, such as discussing the 'sang-e bana' (foundation stone) of a political movement or a social theory. Your command of the word allows you to use it with precision and poetic flair.
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At the C2 level, you have a native-like grasp of سنگ (Sang). You can use it to create your own metaphors and understand the most subtle puns in Persian literature. You are aware of the dialectal variations in how 'Sang' might be pronounced or used across the Persian-speaking world (Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan). You can engage in professional-level translation of texts involving 'Sang', capturing the exact emotional and cultural weight it carries. You might explore the philosophical implications of 'Sang' in Iranian mysticism. For you, 'Sang' is no longer just a word; it's a versatile tool that you can use to describe anything from the literal foundations of the earth to the most abstract concepts of human existence and resistance.
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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

سنگ en 30 secondes

  • Sang means stone or rock in Persian and is a basic A1 level noun.
  • It is used literally for building materials and nature, and figuratively for weight or coldness.
  • The adjective 'sangin' (heavy) is a very common derivative used in daily life.
  • Famous Persian bread 'Sangak' is named after the small stones it is baked on.

The Persian word سنگ (Sang) is a foundational noun in the Persian language, representing the physical essence of earth and mineral stability. At its most basic level, it refers to a hard, solid, non-metallic mineral matter—a rock or stone. However, its semantic range in Persian is vast, spanning from the literal geological objects found in nature to profound metaphorical representations of weight, hardness, and permanence. In the Iranian plateau, a land characterized by rugged mountains and ancient stone architecture, the concept of 'Sang' is deeply embedded in the collective consciousness. It is the material of the Achaemenid palaces in Persepolis and the humble pebbles in a mountain stream.

Geological Essence
In a scientific context, sang encompasses everything from igneous basalt to sedimentary limestone. It is the raw material of the earth's crust.
Metaphorical Hardness
It often describes human character. A person with a 'heart of stone' (دل‌سنگ) is someone perceived as cold, unyielding, or lacking empathy.
Unit of Weight
Historically, stones were used as standardized weights in bazaars. Even today, the concept of 'sangin' (heavy) is derived directly from this root.

"این دیوار از سنگ ساخته شده است." (This wall is made of stone.)

— Basic descriptive usage in modern Persian.

Understanding 'Sang' requires looking at its physical properties: it is cold to the touch, heavy in the hand, and resistant to the elements. In Persian poetry, 'Sang' is often contrasted with 'Shisheh' (glass), representing the eternal struggle between the fragile and the indestructible. This duality is a recurring theme in the works of Hafez and Rumi, where the 'stone' of the ego must be broken to reveal the 'gem' within. Furthermore, the word serves as a prefix or suffix in numerous compound nouns, such as 'sang-farsh' (pavement) or 'sang-tarash' (stonemason), highlighting its role as a building block of both language and civilization.

"سنگ بزرگ نشانه نزدن است."

— A famous proverb meaning: Picking up a stone too big to throw is a sign you won't throw it (setting unrealistic goals leads to failure).

The word's etymology traces back to Middle Persian 'sang' and Old Persian 'asanga-'. This long history means the word has remained remarkably stable for millennia. Whether you are talking about a gemstone (سنگ قیمتی), a kidney stone (سنگ کلیه), or a milestone (سنگ نشان), the core concept remains the same: a concentrated piece of the earth's solid reality. For a learner, mastering 'Sang' is not just about identifying a rock; it's about unlocking a gateway to Persian idioms that describe gravity, difficulty, and the very foundation of things.

"دلش مثل سنگ است."

— Metaphorical usage: His/her heart is like stone.

Using the word سنگ (Sang) effectively in Persian involves understanding its grammatical versatility and its role in forming compound verbs and adjectives. As a noun, it functions simply, but its true power lies in how it combines with other words to describe textures, weights, and emotional states. In everyday conversation, you will use it to describe construction materials, natural landscapes, and even health issues. It is essential to distinguish between the literal stone and the figurative 'weight' it implies.

Compound Verbs
Persian relies heavily on light verbs. For example, سنگ زدن (sang zadan) literally means to throw stones, but in specific contexts, it can imply stoning or attacking. سنگ تمام گذاشتن (sang-e tamam gozashtan) is a vital idiom meaning to do one's absolute best or to leave no stone unturned.
Adjectival Forms
The adjective سنگی (sangi) means 'stony' or 'made of stone'. For example, mojasame-ye sangi (a stone statue). The word سنگین (sangin), meaning 'heavy', is also a direct derivative and is used much more frequently in daily life than the root noun itself.

When describing objects, 'Sang' often acts as a modifier. If you are in a jewelry shop, you would ask for سنگ‌های قیمتی (sang-haye gheymati)—precious stones. If you are at a construction site, you might talk about سنگ نما (sang-e nama)—the facade stone used for the exterior of buildings. Note that in Persian, the Ezafe construction (the short 'e' sound) is used to link 'sang' to its descriptors, as in sang-e sefid (white stone).

In medical contexts, 'Sang' is used to describe calculi. Sang-e kolliyeh (kidney stone) and sang-e safra (gallstone) are common terms. In sports, particularly in the traditional Iranian gym (Zurkhaneh), 'Sang' refers to large wooden shields used for strength training, mimicking the weight of actual stones. This shows how the word transcends its material definition to represent the concept of resistance and weight across various domains of Persian life.

The word سنگ (Sang) resonates through various layers of Iranian society, from the high-brow verses of classical poetry to the gritty reality of a construction site or the rhythmic chants of a bazaar. If you walk through an Iranian city, you will see 'Sang' everywhere—literally. Most Iranian houses are clad in travertine or granite, and you will hear people discussing the quality of the sang-e sakhteman (building stone). In the bazaar, you might hear a merchant say sangin ast, referring to the weight of a carpet or a bag of saffron.

"سنگ رو سنگ بند نمی‌شه."

— Heard in chaotic situations: "Stone won't stay on stone" (Everything is falling apart/disorganized).

In the kitchen, 'Sang' appears in the name of one of Iran's most famous breads: نان سنگک (Nan-e Sangak). The word 'Sangak' means 'little stone' or 'pebble,' referring to the bed of hot river stones upon which the bread is baked. When you visit a traditional bakery, the sound of the baker scraping the bread to remove small stuck pebbles is a quintessential Iranian auditory experience. Here, 'Sang' is associated with the warmth and smell of fresh bread.

Furthermore, in political or social discourse, 'Sang' is used in the phrase سنگ‌اندازی کردن (sang-andazi kardan), which means 'to throw stones' but is used metaphorically to mean 'to create obstacles' or 'to sabotage' a process. You will hear this on the news when one party accuses another of hindering progress. Whether it is the physical stone of a mountain, the culinary stone of a bakery, or the metaphorical stone of a political hurdle, the word is omnipresent in the Persian-speaking world.

For learners of Persian, the word سنگ (Sang) is generally straightforward, but nuances in its application can lead to common errors. One of the most frequent mistakes is failing to distinguish between 'Sang' and its related terms for different sizes and types of rocks. While 'Sang' is the generic term, using it for a massive mountain cliff or a tiny grain of sand might sound imprecise to a native speaker.

Mistake 1: Overusing 'Sang' for 'Heavy'
Learners often say in sang ast to mean 'this is heavy'. This is incorrect. You must use the adjective سنگین (sangin). 'Sang' is the noun (stone), while 'sangin' is the adjective (heavy).
Mistake 2: Confusing 'Sang' with 'Sakhreh'
While 'Sang' is a stone, صخره (Sakhreh) refers to a large rock formation or a cliff. If you are talking about rock climbing, you usually climb a 'sakhreh', not just a 'sang'.
Mistake 3: Literal Translation of Idioms
Translating 'stone' idioms from English directly into Persian often fails. For example, 'to kill two birds with one stone' is ba yek tir do neshan zadan (to hit two targets with one arrow) in Persian, not using a stone.

Another subtle mistake involves the pluralization. While sang-ha is correct for multiple stones, when talking about 'stones' as a material (e.g., "This floor is made of stones"), Persian speakers often use the singular sang to represent the material itself. Saying in kaf az sang-ha sakhte shode sounds like it's made of individual, loose stones rather than a solid stone surface. Understanding these collective vs. individual nuances is key to sounding natural.

To truly master سنگ (Sang), one must understand its neighborhood of related terms. Persian has a rich vocabulary for earth-based materials, each carrying a different weight, texture, and connotation. Comparing 'Sang' to these words helps define its boundaries and specific uses in both literal and figurative contexts.

صخره (Sakhreh) - Rock/Cliff
This refers to large, immovable geological formations. While a 'sang' can be picked up, a 'sakhreh' is part of the landscape. It implies grandeur and permanence.
کلوخ (Kolukh) - Clod of Earth
Often confused by beginners, a 'kolukh' is a hard lump of dried clay or dirt. It looks like a stone but breaks easily when hit or soaked in water. There is a famous proverb: kolukh-andaz ra padash sang ast (the reward for a clod-thrower is a stone).
جواهر (Javaher) - Jewel/Gem
While technically a 'sang-e gheymati' (precious stone), 'javaher' is the specific term for jewelry-grade minerals. 'Sang' is the raw material; 'Javaher' is the refined, valuable end product.
ریزه سنگ (Rizeh-sang) - Pebble/Gravel
Used for very small stones, typically found on riverbeds or used in landscaping. 'Rizeh' means tiny.

In a more abstract sense, 'Sang' can be compared to آهن (Ahan - Iron). Both represent strength and hardness, but 'Sang' is brittle and natural, while 'Ahan' is malleable and industrial. In Persian literature, the 'stone' is often the obstacle, while the 'iron' is the tool used to overcome it. Understanding these relationships allows a learner to choose the right word for the right level of 'hardness' or 'weight' they wish to convey.

"تفاوت سنگ و کلوخ در سختی آن‌هاست."

— The difference between a stone and a clod is in their hardness.

How Formal Is It?

Niveau de difficulté

Grammaire à connaître

Ezafe construction

Pluralization with -ha

Adjective-Noun agreement

Compound verb formation

Material 'az' construction

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Exemples par niveau

1

این یک سنگ است.

This is a stone.

Simple 'Subject + Verb' structure.

2

سنگ بزرگ است.

The stone is big.

Adjective follows the noun.

3

من یک سنگ دارم.

I have a stone.

Use of the verb 'dashtan' (to have).

4

سنگ کجاست؟

Where is the stone?

Interrogative 'kojast'.

5

آن سنگ سیاه است.

That stone is black.

Color adjective usage.

6

سنگ روی زمین است.

The stone is on the ground.

Preposition 'ru-ye' (on).

7

این سنگ کوچک است.

This stone is small.

Adjective 'kuchek' (small).

8

سنگ سخت است.

Stone is hard.

General statement about a material.

1

او یک سنگ به آب انداخت.

He threw a stone into the water.

Past tense 'andakht'.

2

دیوار خانه از سنگ است.

The house wall is made of stone.

Preposition 'az' indicating material.

3

نان سنگک خیلی خوشمزه است.

Sangak bread is very delicious.

Cultural noun 'Sangak'.

4

سنگ‌ها سنگین هستند.

The stones are heavy.

Plural 'ha' and adjective 'sangin'.

5

من سنگ‌های رنگی را دوست دارم.

I like colored stones.

Plural noun with adjective.

6

او سنگ را در جیبش گذاشت.

He put the stone in his pocket.

Preposition 'dar' (in).

7

این سنگ خیلی صاف است.

This stone is very smooth.

Adverb 'kheyli' (very).

8

کوه از سنگ ساخته شده است.

The mountain is made of stone.

Passive construction 'sakhte shode'.

1

او دل‌سنگ است و به کسی کمک نمی‌کند.

He is stone-hearted and doesn't help anyone.

Compound adjective 'del-sang'.

2

سنگ کلیه می‌تواند بسیار دردناک باشد.

Kidney stones can be very painful.

Medical terminology.

3

آن‌ها برای ساختن مجسمه از سنگ مرمر استفاده کردند.

They used marble to make the statue.

Specific stone type 'sang-e marmar'.

4

سنگ بزرگ نشانه نزدن است.

A big stone is a sign of not throwing (proverb).

Proverbial usage.

5

رودخانه سنگ‌های صیقلی زیبایی دارد.

The river has beautiful polished stones.

Adjective 'seyghali' (polished).

6

او سنگ تمام گذاشت تا مهمانی عالی باشد.

He went all out to make the party excellent.

Idiom 'sang-e tamam gozashtan'.

7

سنگ‌تراش با دقت روی سنگ کار می‌کرد.

The stonemason was working carefully on the stone.

Job title 'sang-tarash'.

8

این جاده با سنگ‌فرش پوشیده شده است.

This road is covered with cobblestones.

Compound noun 'sang-farsh'.

1

دولت در مسیر پروژه سنگ‌اندازی می‌کند.

The government is creating obstacles in the project's path.

Metaphorical 'sang-andazi'.

2

سنگ روی سنگ بند نمی‌شود در این اداره.

Nothing is organized in this office (chaos).

Idiom for lack of organization.

3

او مثل سنگ در برابر مشکلات ایستادگی کرد.

He stood firm like a rock against problems.

Simile for resilience.

4

این انگشتر با یک سنگ قیمتی تزیین شده است.

This ring is decorated with a precious stone.

Term 'sang-e gheymati'.

5

سنگ محک برای سنجش عیار طلا به کار می‌رود.

A touchstone is used to measure the purity of gold.

Technical term 'sang-e mahak'.

6

او با یک سنگ دو نشان زد.

He killed two birds with one stone (lit: hit two targets with one stone).

Idiomatic expression.

7

نمای ساختمان از سنگ تراورتن است.

The building's facade is made of travertine stone.

Architectural context.

8

سنگینی بار مسئولیت بر دوش او بود.

The weight of responsibility was on his shoulders.

Abstract noun 'sangini'.

1

در ادبیات فارسی، سنگ نماد سختی و بی‌وفایی معشوق است.

In Persian literature, stone is a symbol of the beloved's hardness and infidelity.

Literary analysis.

2

کلوخ‌انداز را پاداش سنگ است.

The reward for a clod-thrower is a stone (retribution).

Classical proverb.

3

او سنگ بنای یک امپراتوری بزرگ را نهاد.

He laid the foundation stone of a great empire.

Metaphorical 'sang-e bana'.

4

فرسایش سنگ‌ها هزاران سال به طول می‌انجامد.

The erosion of rocks takes thousands of years.

Scientific/Academic context.

5

سنگ صبور کسی بودن به معنای گوش دادن به دردهای اوست.

To be someone's 'patient stone' means to listen to their sorrows.

Cultural concept 'Sang-e Sabur'.

6

او در نقد خود، سنگ روی سنگ باقی نگذاشت.

In his critique, he left no stone unturned (or destroyed everything).

Idiom for total destruction/thoroughness.

7

سنگواره‌های کشف شده قدمت این منطقه را نشان می‌دهند.

The discovered fossils show the antiquity of this region.

Technical term 'sangvareh' (fossil).

8

او با صلابت سنگی خود، همه را متعجب کرد.

With his stone-like firmness, he surprised everyone.

Advanced adjectival usage.

1

دیالکتیک میان شیشه و سنگ در اشعار بیدل دهلوی مشهود است.

The dialectic between glass and stone is evident in Bidel Dehlavi's poems.

High-level literary criticism.

2

او به مثابه سنگی در فلاخن سرنوشت بود.

He was like a stone in the sling of destiny.

Highly poetic/archaic metaphor.

3

استحاله سنگ به گوهر، بن‌مایه بسیاری از متون عرفانی است.

The transformation of stone into a gem is a motif in many mystical texts.

Mystical/Philosophical context.

4

سنگ‌نبشته‌های بیستون اسناد معتبر تاریخ هخامنشی هستند.

The Bisotun inscriptions are valid documents of Achaemenid history.

Historical term 'sang-nebeshteh'.

5

او در برابر وسوسه‌ها، قلبی از سنگ خارا داشت.

Against temptations, he had a heart of granite.

Metaphor using 'sang-e khara'.

6

سنگینی سکوت او گویای حقایق بسیاری بود.

The heaviness of his silence spoke many truths.

Abstract use of 'sangini'.

7

این نظریه، سنگ محک جدیدی برای فیزیک کوانتوم است.

This theory is a new touchstone for quantum physics.

Academic metaphorical use.

8

او با وقاری سنگین و متین وارد مجلس شد.

He entered the assembly with a heavy and dignified grace.

Describing personality/aura.

Collocations courantes

سنگ بزرگ
سنگ قیمتی
سنگ کلیه
سنگ تراش
سنگ فرش
سنگ نما
سنگ محک
سنگ صبور
سنگ ریزه
سنگ سیاه

Phrases Courantes

سنگ روی سنگ
دل سنگ
سنگ تمام
سنگ اندازی
مثل سنگ
نان سنگک
سنگ بنا
سنگ قبر
سنگ نمک
سنگ جادو

Souvent confondu avec

سنگ vs کلوخ (Clod)

سنگ vs صخره (Rock/Cliff)

سنگ vs جواهر (Jewel)

Expressions idiomatiques

"سنگ تمام گذاشتن"
"سنگ روی سنگ بند نشدن"
"سنگ کسی را به سینه زدن"
"سنگ بزرگ نشانه نزدن است"
"دلش از سنگ است"
"کلوخ‌انداز را پاداش سنگ است"
"سنگ پیش پا انداختن"
"سنگ روی یخ کردن"
"مثل سنگ ایستادن"
"سنگ صبور بودن"

Facile à confondre

سنگ vs

سنگ vs

سنگ vs

سنگ vs

سنگ vs

Structures de phrases

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Comment l'utiliser

weight

Root of the word for heavy (sangin).

medical

Used for kidney/gallstones.

material

Used as a collective noun for building materials.

Erreurs courantes
  • Using 'sang' instead of 'sangin' for 'heavy'.
  • Forgetting the ezafe in 'sang-e sefid'.
  • Confusing 'sang' with 'sakhreh' in a mountain climbing context.
  • Translating 'two birds with one stone' literally.
  • Using 'sang-ha' when referring to stone as a general building material.

Astuces

Learn Derivatives

Once you know 'sang', immediately learn 'sangin' (heavy). They are used constantly in daily Persian.

Try Sangak

If you visit an Iranian bakery, look for the stones in the oven. That is why it is called Sangak!

Ezafe is Key

Always use the 'e' sound (ezafe) to link 'sang' to an adjective, like 'sang-e bozorg'.

Use 'Sang-e Tamam'

When someone does a great job, tell them they 'sang-e tamam gozashtand'.

The Final G

Make sure to pronounce the final 'g' clearly; don't let it drop off like in some English words.

Compound Words

Notice how many Persian words start with 'sang-'. It's a very productive root.

Traffic Reports

You will hear 'terafik-e sangin' (heavy traffic) on the radio. It comes from 'sang'!

Poetry Symbols

In poems, if you see 'sang', look for 'shisheh' (glass) nearby. They are often opposites.

Health Terms

If you are at a doctor, 'sang' usually refers to stones in the kidney or gallbladder.

Visual Link

Imagine a stone (sang) singing (sang) a heavy song. This links the sound to the meaning.

Mémorise-le

Origine du mot

Middle Persian 'sang', Old Persian 'asanga-'.

Contexte culturel

Sangak bread is baked on hot pebbles.

The Sang-e Sabur is a recurring motif in folklore.

Iranian architecture uses 'Sang-e Nama' (facade stone) extensively.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Amorces de conversation

"آیا تا به حال نان سنگک خورده‌اید؟"

"این سنگ چه رنگی است؟"

"آیا در کشور شما خانه‌ها را از سنگ می‌سازند؟"

"بهترین سنگ برای انگشتر چیست؟"

"چرا این کیف اینقدر سنگین است؟"

Sujets d'écriture

یک سنگ زیبا را توصیف کنید که در طبیعت دیده‌اید.

درباره ضرب‌المثل 'سنگ بزرگ نشانه نزدن است' بنویسید.

اگر یک سنگ صبور داشتید، به او چه می‌گفتید؟

تفاوت سنگ و شیشه را از نظر خودتان بنویسید.

چرا سنگ در معماری ایران مهم است؟

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

It is a traditional Persian flatbread baked on a bed of small hot stones or pebbles. The name literally means 'little stone bread'.

You say 'sangin'. It is derived from the word 'sang' (stone).

It means 'stone-hearted' or 'cruel'. It is used to describe someone without empathy.

Yes, 'sang-e kolliyeh' is the standard term for kidney stones in Persian.

The plural is 'sang-ha' (سنگ‌ها).

Yes, 'sang-e gheymati' means precious stone or gem.

'Sang-e bozorg neshane-ye nazadan ast' means setting too big a goal is a sign of failure.

It is a neutral word used in all registers of Persian.

A stonemason is called a 'sang-tarash'.

It refers to pavement or cobblestones used on the ground.

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