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B1 preposition #3,000 le plus courant 10 min de lecture

के विरुद्ध

ke viruddh
Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces के विरुद्ध en 30 secondes
Explication के विरुद्ध in your Level:
At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn how to express basic ideas. 'के विरुद्ध' (ke viruddh) might seem a bit long, but you can think of it as the Hindi word for 'against.' At this stage, you mostly use it to say you don't like something or are on the 'other side.' For example, in a game, you might say 'Team A against Team B.' The most important thing for an A1 learner is to remember the 'के' (ke) part. You can't just say 'विरुद्ध' alone. Think of it as a small puzzle piece that always needs 'के' to fit into a sentence. You will mostly hear this in very simple contexts like sports or simple 'yes/no' stances. Even though it's a B1 word, knowing it early helps you sound more serious and clear when you want to say you disagree with something simple, like a rule in a game or a choice of food.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'के विरुद्ध' in slightly more descriptive sentences. You might use it to talk about simple rules or preferences. For example, 'It is against the rules' (यह नियमों के विरुद्ध है). You are also learning how pronouns change. Instead of saying 'I against' (मैं विरुद्ध), you learn to say 'मेरे विरुद्ध' (against me). This is a big step! You can use this word when talking about your daily life, like when you are 'against' a certain plan your friends made. It sounds a bit more formal than the word 'खिलाफ' (khilaaf), which you might also know. Using 'विरुद्ध' at this level shows you are paying attention to the 'official' way of speaking Hindi. You can also use it to describe simple physical things, like swimming 'against' the water current, which helps you describe actions more accurately.
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At the B1 level, you are the target audience for this word. You should be able to use 'के विरुद्ध' to discuss social issues, legal matters, and abstract ideas. You can talk about 'struggling against poverty' or 'voting against a bill.' You understand that this word carries a formal tone and is used in news, books, and official speeches. You can now distinguish between 'विरुद्ध' (active opposition) and 'विपरीत' (just being different). You should be comfortable using it with complex nouns and understanding how it functions in longer sentences. For example, 'The villagers protested against the new factory' (गांव वालों ने नई फैक्ट्री के विरुद्ध विरोध किया). At this stage, you are expected to use the correct oblique forms of nouns and pronouns consistently with this postposition. It becomes a key tool for expressing your opinions on more complex topics like politics, environment, and ethics.
At the B2 level, you use 'के विरुद्ध' with precision and nuance. You understand its role in formal arguments and can use it to construct persuasive speeches or essays. You might use it in phrases like 'तर्क के विरुद्ध' (against logic) or 'प्राकृतिक न्याय के विरुद्ध' (against natural justice). You are also aware of the historical and cultural weight the word carries, often appearing in discussions about the Indian Constitution or historical movements. You can use it to describe subtle oppositions, such as 'working against one's own interests.' Your vocabulary is rich enough to choose 'विरुद्ध' over 'खिलाफ' when you want to sound more professional or academic. You also start to recognize it in classical Hindi literature where the themes of 'Dharma' (duty) and 'Adharma' (that which is against duty) are discussed. You can handle complex sentence structures where 'के विरुद्ध' might be followed by other clauses.
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At the C1 level, 'के विरुद्ध' is a natural part of your high-level discourse. You use it to navigate complex legal, philosophical, and socio-political landscapes. You can analyze a text and discuss why the author chose 'विरुद्ध' instead of a synonym to convey a specific tone of authority or tradition. You might use it in very specific collocations like 'साक्ष्यों के विरुद्ध' (against the evidence) in a legal analysis. You understand the etymological roots (Sanskrit) and how that influences the word's 'purity' (Shuddh-ness) in modern Hindi. You can use it in creative writing to create a formal or archaic atmosphere. You are also capable of using it in rapid, spontaneous conversation during a debate without pausing to think about the 'के' or the oblique case. It is no longer just a vocabulary word; it is a tool for precise conceptual mapping in your mind.
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At the C2 level, your mastery of 'के विरुद्ध' is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. You can use it to express the most subtle shades of opposition, including irony or paradox. You might use it in a scholarly paper on linguistics or political science. You are aware of how the word has evolved in its usage from ancient texts to modern legal jargon. You can effortlessly switch between 'विरुद्ध' and its synonyms to match the exact register of your audience, whether you are giving a keynote speech or writing a legal brief. You might even use it in a meta-linguistic way to discuss the nature of opposition itself. In C2 level proficiency, the word is used with complete stylistic control, appearing in complex rhetorical devices and sophisticated literary constructions. You understand every possible connotation and can use it to evoke specific emotional or intellectual responses in your listeners.
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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

के विरुद्ध en 30 secondes

  • A formal Hindi postposition meaning 'against' or 'in opposition to.'
  • Requires the preceding noun or pronoun to be in the oblique case with 'के'.
  • Commonly used in legal, news, and sports contexts for professional tone.
  • More formal than the common synonym 'के खिलाफ' (ke khilaaf).

The Hindi postposition के विरुद्ध (ke viruddh) is a formal and precise way to express the concept of 'against' or 'in opposition to.' While daily conversation often employs the more common Urdu-derived synonym के खिलाफ (ke khilaaf), the term के विरुद्ध carries a certain weight and gravitas, making it the preferred choice in legal, academic, and formal journalistic contexts. It is derived from the Sanskrit root 'rudh' (to obstruct), prefixed with 'vi' (meaning apart or away), creating a sense of something that stands in direct obstruction or contradiction to something else.

Grammatical Function
It acts as a compound postposition. In Hindi, the 'के' (ke) is essential because it links the noun or pronoun in the oblique case to the prepositional head 'विरुद्ध'. Without 'के', the sentence would be grammatically incomplete.
Semantic Range
It covers physical opposition (leaning against a wall), competitive opposition (Team A vs Team B), and abstract opposition (being against an idea or a law).

अन्याय के विरुद्ध आवाज उठाना हमारा कर्तव्य है। (It is our duty to raise our voice against injustice.)

When you use के विरुद्ध, you are often describing a situation where there is a conflict of interest or a formal challenge. For instance, in a courtroom, a case is filed 'against' someone. In a scientific debate, evidence might go 'against' a hypothesis. The word implies a structured or significant level of opposition rather than just a minor disagreement.

यह कदम प्रकृति के नियमों के विरुद्ध है। (This step is against the laws of nature.)

Historically, the term has been used in classical literature to describe the clash of armies or the defiance of moral codes (Dharma). In modern times, it has transitioned into the administrative lexicon. You will see it on official documents regarding 'Complaints against corruption' or 'Laws against pollution.' It provides a sense of authority and finality to the opposition being described.

Register and Tone
The tone is objective and serious. It is less emotional than 'के खिलाफ' and more analytical. It suggests a principled stance.

वह अपनी इच्छा के विरुद्ध वहाँ गया। (He went there against his will.)

सरकार ने आतंकवाद के विरुद्ध नया कानून बनाया है। (The government has made a new law against terrorism.)

In summary, के विरुद्ध is your 'academic and formal' tool for expressing opposition. It is the language of rights, laws, and principled disagreements. Understanding this word helps you transition from basic conversational Hindi to a more sophisticated, professional level of expression.

Using के विरुद्ध (ke viruddh) correctly requires an understanding of Hindi's postpositional structure. Unlike English, where 'against' comes before the noun, 'विरुद्ध' comes after the noun, and it is almost always preceded by the possessive marker 'के' (ke). This marker indicates that the preceding noun is in the oblique case.

Structure: [Noun/Pronoun] + के + विरुद्ध
Example: 'कानून (Law) + के + विरुद्ध' = 'Against the law'. If using a pronoun like 'आप' (you), it becomes 'आपके विरुद्ध' (against you).

उन्होंने भ्रष्टाचार के विरुद्ध अभियान शुरू किया। (They started a campaign against corruption.)

One of the most common applications is in expressing conflict or competition. In sports or legal battles, this term defines the opposing parties. It creates a clear boundary between the subject and the object of opposition. It is also used to describe actions that go against one's nature, principles, or desires.

Abstract Opposition
When talking about ideas, beliefs, or policies. Example: 'इस नीति के विरुद्ध' (Against this policy).
Physical Resistance
Though less common than 'से टकराकर' or 'के सहारे', it can be used for physical forces. Example: 'हवा के विरुद्ध' (Against the wind).

वह धारा के विरुद्ध तैर रहा था। (He was swimming against the current.)

In formal Hindi, you will often see this paired with verbs like 'खड़े होना' (to stand), 'लड़ना' (to fight), or 'बोलना' (to speak). The combination 'के विरुद्ध संघर्ष' (struggle against) is a very common collocation in historical and political texts. It emphasizes the difficulty and the principled nature of the struggle.

किसी के के विरुद्ध गवाही देना मुश्किल होता है। (Giving testimony against someone is difficult.)

Furthermore, when you want to express that something is counter-intuitive or paradoxical, के विरुद्ध serves as a strong bridge. 'तर्क के विरुद्ध' (against logic) or 'विवेक के विरुद्ध' (against conscience) are phrases that highlight a deep contradiction. It is the language of critical thinking.

Common Phrasal Usage
'नियमों के विरुद्ध' (Against the rules) is perhaps the most frequent everyday formal use of this phrase.

बिना अनुमति के प्रवेश करना अनुशासन के विरुद्ध है। (Entering without permission is against discipline.)

By mastering the placement and the oblique case requirement of के विरुद्ध, you can construct complex sentences that discuss laws, ethics, and strategies with the precision of a native speaker. It is a foundational block for B1 level proficiency and beyond.

To hear के विरुद्ध (ke viruddh) in its natural habitat, you should look towards formal Hindi media. It is a staple of news broadcasts, particularly when reporting on legal proceedings, political protests, or international conflicts. Unlike the colloquial 'khilaaf', which might be heard in a Bollywood movie during a heated argument, 'viruddh' is what the news anchor uses to maintain a professional and neutral distance.

In the News
Headline: 'विपक्ष ने सरकार के विरुद्ध प्रदर्शन किया' (The opposition protested against the government). This conveys a structured, political action.

अदालत ने उनके के विरुद्ध वारंट जारी किया है। (The court has issued a warrant against him.)

In educational settings, teachers use this word when explaining scientific principles or historical events. A history teacher might talk about the Indian independence movement as a 'struggle against British rule' (ब्रिटिश शासन के विरुद्ध संघर्ष). In physics, one might discuss 'frictional force acting against motion' (गति के विरुद्ध घर्षण बल). The word's precision makes it ideal for these descriptive roles.

टीम ए ने टीम बी के विरुद्ध शानदार जीत हासिल की। (Team A achieved a splendid victory against Team B.)

Sports commentary is another place where this word shines. While 'vs' is often used in English, Hindi commentators will say 'भारत के विरुद्ध ऑस्ट्रेलिया' (Australia against India). It sets the stage for a grand competition. Similarly, in literature and high-end poetry, 'viruddh' is used to describe internal conflicts—the heart against the mind, or the individual against society.

Legal and Official Documents
FIRs (First Information Reports) and court petitions exclusively use 'के विरुद्ध' to name the respondent or the accused.

सत्य के मार्ग पर चलना दुनिया के विरुद्ध जाने जैसा हो सकता है। (Walking on the path of truth can be like going against the world.)

If you attend a public rally or a protest in India, the slogans written on posters often use this word. 'महंगाई के विरुद्ध हल्ला बोल' (Raise your voice against inflation). It serves as a call to action that feels morally grounded. By paying attention to these contexts, you'll start to feel the 'weight' that के विरुद्ध carries compared to its synonyms.

प्रदूषण के विरुद्ध हम सबको मिलकर लड़ना होगा। (We all must fight together against pollution.)

In essence, के विरुद्ध is the language of the 'public sphere.' It is used whenever an individual or a group interacts with systems, laws, or opposing teams in a formal capacity.

Learning के विरुद्ध (ke viruddh) involves navigating a few common pitfalls that English speakers often encounter. The most frequent error is the omission of the possessive marker 'के'. Because 'against' is a single word in English, learners often try to use 'विरुद्ध' alone, which is ungrammatical in Hindi.

Mistake 1: Omitting 'के'
Incorrect: 'वह कानून विरुद्ध है' (Vah kanoon viruddh hai). Correct: 'वह कानून के विरुद्ध है'. The 'के' is the glue that holds the phrase together.

गलत: मेरे विरुद्ध नहीं, सही: मेरे के विरुद्ध (Wait! Pronouns are tricky—see below).

This leads to the second major pitfall: Pronoun cases. When using pronouns like 'मैं' (I), 'तुम' (you), or 'वह' (he/she), you must use the possessive form that matches 'के'. So, 'against me' becomes 'मेरे विरुद्ध' (mere viruddh), not 'मैं विरुद्ध'. Many learners accidentally use the direct case of the pronoun.

सही: क्या आप हमारे के विरुद्ध हैं? (Are you against us?)

Another mistake is confusing 'विरुद्ध' (viruddh) with 'विरोधी' (virodhi). While they share the same root, 'विरुद्ध' is a postposition (against), whereas 'विरोधी' is a noun or adjective (opponent/opposing). You cannot say 'He is against me' using 'विरोधी' in the same way. You would say 'He is my opponent' (वह मेरा विरोधी है) or 'He is against me' (वह मेरे विरुद्ध है).

Mistake 3: Misusing Gender
Learners sometimes think the 'ke' should change to 'ki' if the noun is feminine. This is wrong. It is always 'के विरुद्ध' regardless of the gender of the noun it follows.

सही: योजना (fem) के विरुद्ध. गलत: योजना की विरुद्ध.

Finally, watch out for word order. In English, we say 'Against the wind'. In Hindi, it's 'Wind against' (हवा के विरुद्ध). Beginners often try to place 'विरुद्ध' before the noun because of English interference. Always remember: Hindi postpositions 'post-position' themselves after the noun!

वह अपनी प्रकृति के विरुद्ध कार्य कर रहा है। (He is working against his nature.)

By avoiding these four common errors—omitting 'ke', pronoun case errors, confusing it with 'virodhi', and English word order—you will sound much more like a fluent speaker.

Hindi offers several ways to express the idea of 'against,' each with its own nuance and register. Understanding these alternatives will help you choose the right word for the right situation. The most prominent alternative to के विरुद्ध (ke viruddh) is के खिलाफ (ke khilaaf).

के विरुद्ध vs. के खिलाफ
'विरुद्ध' is Sanskrit-based (Tatsam) and formal. 'खिलाफ' is Arabic/Persian-based and very common in everyday speech. Use 'विरुद्ध' for laws and 'खिलाफ' for personal grudges or casual sports talk.

वह मेरे खिलाफ है। (Casual: He is against me.) vs. वह मेरे विरुद्ध है। (Formal: He is in opposition to me.)

Another similar term is के विपरीत (ke vipreet). This specifically means 'contrary to' or 'opposite of.' While 'viruddh' implies active opposition or conflict, 'vipreet' implies a difference in direction or nature. For example, if a result is 'contrary to expectations,' you use 'vipreet.'

के विपरीत (Ke Vipreet)
Usage: 'आशा के विपरीत' (Contrary to hope). It describes a mismatch rather than a fight.

नतीजे हमारी उम्मीदों के विपरीत थे। (The results were contrary to our expectations.)

Then there is के प्रतिकूल (ke pratikool). This is a very formal, almost academic term meaning 'adverse to' or 'unfavorable.' It is often used in medical or environmental contexts. For instance, 'adverse weather conditions' would be 'प्रतिकूल मौसम'. It suggests that the opposition is causing a negative effect.

यह दवा स्वास्थ्य के प्रतिकूल हो सकती है। (This medicine can be adverse to health.)

Lastly, for physical placement, you might hear के सामने (ke saamne) in the sense of 'facing' or 'opposite to' in a spatial sense. If two buildings are 'against' each other in a street, they are 'saamne'. If you are leaning 'against' a wall, you might use 'से टिककर' (se tikk-kar). 'विरुद्ध' is rarely used for simple physical leaning.

Summary of Alternatives
1. के खिलाफ (Casual/General), 2. के विपरीत (Contrary/Opposite), 3. के प्रतिकूल (Adverse/Negative Impact), 4. के उलट (The reverse of).

सच्चाई इसके उलट है। (The truth is the reverse of this.)

Choosing 'के विरुद्ध' shows that you have a command over formal Hindi and understand the nuances of principled opposition. It is the gold standard for intermediate and advanced learners.

How Formal Is It?

Le savais-tu ?

The root 'rudh' is also the ancestor of the word 'Roddh' in many Indian languages, and it relates to the concept of creating a barrier. When you are 'viruddh', you are essentially acting as a barrier to someone else's path.

Guide de prononciation

UK /keː ʋɪ.ɾʊd̪d̪ʱ/
US /keɪ vɪ.rud̪d̪ʰ/
The primary stress is on the first syllable of 'Viruddh' (Vi-).
Rime avec
शुद्ध (shuddh - pure) बुद्ध (buddh - enlightened) युद्ध (yuddh - war) क्रुद्ध (kruddh - angry) अवरुद्ध (avruddh - blocked) प्रबुद्ध (prabuddh - awakened) संबद्ध (sambaddh - related) बद्ध (baddh - bound)
Erreurs fréquentes
  • Pronouncing 'ddh' as a simple English 'd'.
  • Saying 'Viruddh' without the preceding 'ke'.
  • Using a hard 'v' like 'victory' instead of the softer Hindi 'v/w'.
  • Pronouncing 'ke' as a short 'e' like 'get'.
  • Skipping the aspiration (the 'h' sound) at the end of 'viruddh'.

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 3/5

Easy to recognize in texts once the 'ke' pattern is understood.

Écriture 4/5

Requires correct oblique case and pronoun forms.

Expression orale 4/5

Pronouncing the 'ddh' correctly and using it naturally in flow takes practice.

Écoute 3/5

Very distinct sound, easy to pick up in formal broadcasts.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

के (ke) खिलाफ (khilaaf) विरोध (virodh) नियम (niyam) कानून (kanoon)

Apprends ensuite

के विपरीत (ke vipreet) के अनुकूल (ke anukool) के बावजूद (ke bavajood) के अतिरिक्त (ke atirikt) के बजाय (ke bajay)

Avancé

प्रतिकूलता (adversity) विरोधाभासी (paradoxical) प्रतिरोधक क्षमता (immunity/resistance) अवरोध (obstruction) व्यतिरेक (contrast)

Grammaire à connaître

Compound Postpositions

Words like 'के विरुद्ध', 'के लिए', 'के साथ' all follow the same structure.

Oblique Case Requirement

Nouns like 'लड़का' become 'लड़के' before 'के विरुद्ध'.

Pronoun Transformation

'मैं' becomes 'मेरे', 'हम' becomes 'हमारे'.

Gender Invariance

Even with 'सरकार' (fem), it remains 'सरकार के विरुद्ध'.

Plural Oblique

'नियम' becomes 'नियमों' when used in plural before 'के विरुद्ध'.

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Exemples par niveau

1

यह खेल के नियमों के विरुद्ध है।

This is against the rules of the game.

'नियमों' is the plural oblique form of 'नियम'.

2

क्या आप मेरे विरुद्ध हैं?

Are you against me?

'मेरे' is the possessive form of 'मैं' used before 'विरुद्ध'.

3

टीम ए टीम बी के विरुद्ध खेल रही है।

Team A is playing against Team B.

'के विरुद्ध' acts as 'against' in a competitive context.

4

वह दीवार के विरुद्ध खड़ा था।

He was standing against the wall.

'दीवार' is the noun being opposed physically.

5

झूठ बोलना धर्म के विरुद्ध है।

Telling a lie is against religion/duty.

'धर्म' is the moral standard being violated.

6

यह मेरी इच्छा के विरुद्ध है।

This is against my wish.

'इच्छा' is feminine, but we still use 'के'.

7

हम प्रदूषण के विरुद्ध हैं।

We are against pollution.

'प्रदूषण' is the object of opposition.

8

वह हवा के विरुद्ध चल रहा है।

He is walking against the wind.

Shows physical resistance.

1

पुलिस ने चोर के विरुद्ध मामला दर्ज किया।

The police registered a case against the thief.

Formal legal usage.

2

वह धारा के विरुद्ध तैर रहा था।

He was swimming against the current.

'धारा' means current or stream.

3

यह हमारे देश के विरुद्ध है।

This is against our country.

'हमारे' is the plural possessive pronoun.

4

उन्होंने अन्याय के विरुद्ध आवाज उठाई।

They raised their voice against injustice.

'अन्याय' (Injustice) is a common abstract noun here.

5

वह अपनी आदत के विरुद्ध जल्दी उठा।

He woke up early, against his habit.

Expresses something contrary to a routine.

6

सच्चाई के विरुद्ध मत बोलो।

Do not speak against the truth.

Imperative sentence using 'मत'.

7

यह योजना किसानों के विरुद्ध है।

This scheme is against the farmers.

'किसानों' is the plural oblique of 'किसान'.

8

क्या यह कानून के विरुद्ध है?

Is this against the law?

Standard question format.

1

सरकार ने भ्रष्टाचार के विरुद्ध कड़े कदम उठाए हैं।

The government has taken strict steps against corruption.

Uses present perfect tense 'उठाए हैं'.

2

अदालत ने आरोपी के विरुद्ध फैसला सुनाया।

The court announced the verdict against the accused.

'आरोपी' means the accused person.

3

यह दवा शरीर के विरुद्ध काम कर सकती है।

This medicine can work against the body.

Describes a biological reaction.

4

हमें भेदभाव के विरुद्ध लड़ना चाहिए।

We should fight against discrimination.

Uses 'चाहिए' for obligation.

5

उसकी बातें तर्क के विरुद्ध लग रही थीं।

His words were sounding against logic.

'तर्क' means logic or reasoning.

6

विपक्ष ने नए बिल के विरुद्ध मतदान किया।

The opposition voted against the new bill.

'मतदान' means voting.

7

यह कदम मानवता के विरुद्ध एक अपराध है।

This step is a crime against humanity.

'मानवता' is humanity.

8

वह अपनी अंतरात्मा के विरुद्ध नहीं जा सका।

He could not go against his conscience.

'अंतरात्मा' is conscience.

1

वैज्ञानिक प्रमाण इस सिद्धांत के विरुद्ध हैं।

Scientific evidence is against this theory.

'प्रमाण' is evidence.

2

यह कार्य संवैधानिक मूल्यों के विरुद्ध है।

This act is against constitutional values.

'संवैधानिक' is constitutional.

3

उन्होंने समाज की रूढ़ियों के विरुद्ध संघर्ष किया।

They struggled against the stereotypes of society.

'रूढ़ियों' means stereotypes or outdated traditions.

4

शिकायतकर्ता ने अधिकारी के विरुद्ध गवाही दी।

The complainant testified against the officer.

'शिकायतकर्ता' is the complainant.

5

यह नीति छोटे उद्योगों के विरुद्ध जाती है।

This policy goes against small industries.

The verb 'जाना' (to go) is used figuratively here.

6

उसने अपनी गरिमा के विरुद्ध कोई समझौता नहीं किया।

He did not make any compromise against his dignity.

'गरिमा' means dignity.

7

जनता ने तानाशाही के विरुद्ध विद्रोह कर दिया।

The public rebelled against the dictatorship.

'विद्रोह' means rebellion.

8

यह निर्णय बहुमत की राय के विरुद्ध था।

This decision was against the opinion of the majority.

'बहुमत' means majority.

1

यह कृत्य प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांतों के विरुद्ध है।

This act is against the principles of natural justice.

'कृत्य' is a formal word for act/deed.

2

लेखक ने सत्ता के विरुद्ध अपनी लेखनी का प्रयोग किया।

The author used his pen against the power/regime.

'लेखनी' is a poetic word for pen.

3

परिस्थितियाँ उसके विरुद्ध होती चली गईं।

Circumstances kept going against him.

Uses the compound verb 'होती चली गईं'.

4

यह दलील स्थापित तथ्यों के विरुद्ध है।

This argument is against established facts.

'दलील' means argument/plea.

5

उसने अपनी विचारधारा के विरुद्ध कार्य करने से मना कर दिया।

He refused to work against his ideology.

'विचारधारा' means ideology.

6

यह कानून अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता के विरुद्ध है।

This law is against the freedom of expression.

'अभिव्यक्ति' means expression.

7

उसकी चुप्पी उसके विरुद्ध एक प्रमाण बन गई।

His silence became an evidence against him.

Silence as evidence.

8

युद्ध मानवता के अस्तित्व के विरुद्ध एक संकट है।

War is a crisis against the existence of humanity.

'अस्तित्व' means existence.

1

यह दार्शनिक चिंतन स्थापित मान्यताओं के विरुद्ध एक क्रांति है।

This philosophical thought is a revolution against established beliefs.

'मान्यताओं' means beliefs or conventions.

2

प्रकृति के विरुद्ध किया गया हर हस्तक्षेप आत्मघाती होता है।

Every interference made against nature is suicidal.

'हस्तक्षेप' means interference.

3

उसका मौन मुखर विरोध के विरुद्ध अधिक प्रभावशाली था।

His silence was more effective than vocal opposition.

Comparing two types of opposition.

4

यह नीति वैश्विक आर्थिक हितों के विरुद्ध एक बड़ी चुनौती है।

This policy is a major challenge against global economic interests.

'वैश्विक' means global.

5

साहित्य अक्सर समाज की जड़ता के विरुद्ध एक स्वर होता है।

Literature is often a voice against the inertia of society.

'जड़ता' means inertia or stagnation.

6

उसने भाग्य के विरुद्ध अपनी नियति स्वयं लिखी।

He wrote his own destiny against fate.

'नियति' and 'भाग्य' both mean fate/destiny.

7

यह शोध प्रचलित चिकित्सा पद्धतियों के विरुद्ध नए द्वार खोलता है।

This research opens new doors against prevalent medical practices.

'प्रचलित' means prevalent/current.

8

नैतिकता के विरुद्ध कोई भी उपलब्धि अर्थहीन है।

Any achievement against morality is meaningless.

'उपलब्धि' means achievement.

Synonymes

के खिलाफ के विपरीत के प्रतिकूल के उलट विरोध में के मुकाबले के आमने-सामने के प्रतिरोधी

Antonymes

के पक्ष में के समर्थन में के अनुकूल के साथ

Collocations courantes

कानून के विरुद्ध
इच्छा के विरुद्ध
भ्रष्टाचार के विरुद्ध
नियमों के विरुद्ध
अन्याय के विरुद्ध
धारा के विरुद्ध
प्रकृति के विरुद्ध
तर्क के विरुद्ध
बहुमत के विरुद्ध
साक्ष्यों के विरुद्ध

Phrases Courantes

किसी के विरुद्ध जाना

— To go against someone or their wishes.

मैं अपने माता-पिता के विरुद्ध नहीं जा सकता।

के विरुद्ध अभियान

— A campaign against something (like a social evil).

नशे के विरुद्ध अभियान शुरू किया गया है।

के विरुद्ध गवाही देना

— To testify against someone in court.

उसने अपने ही भाई के विरुद्ध गवाही दी।

के विरुद्ध आवाज उठाना

— To speak up or protest against something.

हमें गलत के विरुद्ध आवाज उठानी चाहिए।

के विरुद्ध मुकदमा

— A lawsuit or case against someone.

कंपनी के विरुद्ध मुकदमा दायर किया गया।

के विरुद्ध खड़ा होना

— To stand up or oppose someone/something.

वह हर मुश्किल के विरुद्ध खड़ा रहा।

के विरुद्ध वोट देना

— To vote against a proposal or candidate.

कई लोगों ने इस प्रस्ताव के विरुद्ध वोट दिया।

के विरुद्ध षड्यंत्र

— A conspiracy against someone.

राजा के विरुद्ध षड्यंत्र रचा गया था।

के विरुद्ध कार्रवाई

— Action taken against someone (legal or disciplinary).

दोषियों के विरुद्ध सख्त कार्रवाई की जाएगी।

के विरुद्ध जहर उगलना

— To speak very bitterly or maliciously against someone.

वह हमेशा दूसरों के विरुद्ध जहर उगलता रहता है।

Souvent confondu avec

के विरुद्ध vs विरोधी (virodhi)

Virodhi is a noun (opponent), while ke viruddh is a postposition (against).

के विरुद्ध vs विपरीत (vipreet)

Vipreet means 'opposite' in direction or nature, while viruddh implies active opposition.

के विरुद्ध vs अवरुद्ध (avruddh)

Avruddh means 'blocked' or 'obstructed' physically, whereas viruddh is a stance.

Expressions idiomatiques

"धारा के विरुद्ध बहना"

— To go against the popular opinion or trend.

समाज में बदलाव लाने के लिए अक्सर धारा के विरुद्ध बहना पड़ता है।

Literary
"हवा के विरुद्ध चलना"

— To attempt something very difficult against all odds.

इस प्रोजेक्ट को पूरा करना हवा के विरुद्ध चलने जैसा है।

Metaphorical
"समय के विरुद्ध दौड़ना"

— To race against time.

परीक्षा के लिए हम समय के विरुद्ध दौड़ रहे हैं।

Common
"अपनी ही छाया के विरुद्ध लड़ना"

— To be paranoid or fight imaginary enemies.

वह अपनी ही छाया के विरुद्ध लड़ रहा है, उसे कोई खतरा नहीं है।

Figurative
"किस्मत के विरुद्ध संघर्ष"

— Struggle against fate.

उसका पूरा जीवन किस्मत के विरुद्ध संघर्ष की कहानी है।

Literary
"सच्चाई के विरुद्ध आँखें मूँदना"

— To ignore the truth (turn a blind eye).

सच्चाई के विरुद्ध आँखें मूँदने से समस्या हल नहीं होगी।

Metaphorical
"आत्मा के विरुद्ध जाना"

— To do something that violates one's own morality.

रिश्वत लेना मेरी आत्मा के विरुद्ध जाना होगा।

Moral
"दीवार के विरुद्ध पीठ होना"

— To have one's back against the wall (to be in a desperate situation).

अब मेरी पीठ दीवार के विरुद्ध है, मुझे लड़ना ही होगा।

Idiomatic
"नियमों के विरुद्ध खेल"

— Foul play or unethical behavior.

राजनीति में नियमों के विरुद्ध खेल आम बात है।

Cynical
"प्रकृति के विरुद्ध काम"

— An unnatural act.

पेड़ काटना प्रकृति के विरुद्ध काम है।

General

Facile à confondre

के विरुद्ध vs के खिलाफ

They have the same meaning.

'Ke viruddh' is Sanskrit-based and formal. 'Ke khilaaf' is Persian-based and casual.

Use 'viruddh' in a court application, 'khilaaf' when talking to a friend.

के विरुद्ध vs के सामने

Both can mean 'opposite'.

'Ke saamne' is for physical location (facing). 'Ke viruddh' is for conflict or opposition.

My house is 'ke saamne' the park. I am 'ke viruddh' the park's closure.

के विरुद्ध vs के विपरीत

Both imply a 'contrary' state.

'Vipreet' is used for outcomes or directions. 'Viruddh' is for actions or stances against something.

The wind is 'vipreet' (opposite direction). I am 'viruddh' the wind (fighting it).

के विरुद्ध vs विरोध

It's the root word.

'Virodh' is the noun (protest). 'Ke viruddh' is the postposition (against).

I did a 'virodh'. I am 'ke viruddh' the law.

के विरुद्ध vs के प्रतिकूल

Both mean 'against' in a way.

'Pratikool' means 'adverse' or 'unfavorable'. 'Viruddh' is just 'opposed'.

Smoking is 'pratikool' to health. I am 'viruddh' smoking.

Structures de phrases

A1

[Noun] के विरुद्ध है।

यह नियमों के विरुद्ध है।

A2

मैं [Noun] के विरुद्ध हूँ।

मैं इस बदलाव के विरुद्ध हूँ।

B1

[Subject] ने [Noun] के विरुद्ध [Action] किया।

पुलिस ने चोर के विरुद्ध मामला दर्ज किया।

B2

यह [Abstract Noun] के विरुद्ध जाता है।

यह नीति हमारे सिद्धांतों के विरुद्ध जाती है।

C1

[Gerund] [Noun] के विरुद्ध एक [Noun] है।

झूठ बोलना नैतिकता के विरुद्ध एक अपराध है।

C1

परिस्थितियाँ [Pronoun] के विरुद्ध थीं।

परिस्थितियाँ उनके विरुद्ध थीं।

C2

यह [Complex Noun] के विरुद्ध एक [Metaphor] है।

यह पुस्तक अन्याय के विरुद्ध एक मशाल है।

C2

बिना [Noun] के [Noun] के विरुद्ध जाना असंभव है।

बिना साहस के समाज के विरुद्ध जाना असंभव है।

Famille de mots

Noms

विरोध (virodh) - opposition/protest
विरोधी (virodhi) - opponent/adversary

Verbes

विरोध करना (virodh karna) - to oppose/protest

Adjectifs

विरुद्ध (viruddh) - opposed/contrary
विरोधाभासी (virodhabhasi) - paradoxical

Apparenté

अवरुद्ध (blocked)
प्रतिरोध (resistance)
गतिरोध (deadlock)
अनुरोध (request - antonymous root)
निरोध (prevention)
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Comment l'utiliser

frequency

High in formal writing and news; medium in daily speech.

Erreurs courantes
  • मैं विरुद्ध हूँ। → मैं इसके विरुद्ध हूँ।

    You cannot use 'विरुद्ध' alone without a reference. You must say 'against this' or 'against that'.

  • वह मेरा विरुद्ध है। → वह मेरे विरुद्ध है।

    Pronouns must be in the possessive-oblique form (mere, aapke, unke) before 'के विरुद्ध'.

  • नियम के विरुद्ध → नियमों के विरुद्ध

    When talking about 'the rules' in general, use the plural oblique form 'नियमों'.

  • हिंसा की विरुद्ध → हिंसा के विरुद्ध

    The 'के' in 'के विरुद्ध' does not change to 'की' even if the noun is feminine.

  • विरुद्ध कानून → कानून के विरुद्ध

    Postpositions in Hindi come AFTER the noun, unlike English prepositions which come before.

Astuces

Always use 'के'

Never skip the 'के'. It's like the bridge that connects your noun to the opposition. 'कानून के विरुद्ध' is the only way.

Formal vs Informal

Use 'के विरुद्ध' for exams, work, and news. Use 'के खिलाफ' for friends and movies. It helps you sound context-aware.

The 'DDH' Sound

The end of 'Viruddh' is not a sharp 'D'. It's a soft, dental, breathy sound. Practice saying 'Shuddh' and 'Viruddh' together.

Oblique Nouns

Remember that plural nouns change their ending before 'के विरुद्ध'. 'नियम' becomes 'नियमों'. This is a common B1-level test point.

Debating Skill

In a debate, starting a sentence with 'मैं इस तर्क के विरुद्ध हूँ...' (I am against this argument...) makes you sound very articulate.

Listen for Legal News

Watch a 5-minute Hindi news clip about a court case. You will almost certainly hear 'के विरुद्ध' multiple times.

Moral Stance

Use this word when you want to emphasize that your opposition is based on principles, not just personal dislike.

V for Versus

Link the 'V' in 'Viruddh' to the 'V' in 'Versus'. It's the easiest way to remember the meaning instantly.

Check the Context

If you see 'विरुद्ध' at the end of a long sentence, look back for the 'के' to find what exactly is being opposed.

Constitutional Hindi

Learning this word opens up the world of Indian law and official documents to you. It's a key 'power word'.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of 'Viruddh' sounding a bit like 'Veto'. When you 'Veto' something, you are 'Viruddh' (against) it. Also, remember 'V' for 'Versus'.

Association visuelle

Imagine two people pulling a rope in opposite directions (Tug of War). The space between them is where 'ke viruddh' happens.

Word Web

Against Opposition Conflict Law Protest Versus Contrary Resistance

Défi

Try to write three sentences today using 'ke viruddh'—one about a sport, one about a rule, and one about a personal opinion.

Origine du mot

Derived from the Sanskrit word 'Viruddha' (विरुद्ध). It is a combination of the prefix 'vi-' (apart, away, opposite) and the root 'rudh' (to obstruct, to stop).

Sens originel : Obstructed, hindered, or contrary to.

Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit)

Contexte culturel

While the word itself is neutral, using it against sensitive religious or national sentiments can be seen as very strong and confrontational.

English speakers should note that 'ke viruddh' is more formal than 'against' can sometimes be. It's closer to 'in contravention of' or 'in opposition to'.

The movie 'Viruddh... Family Comes First' (2005) starring Amitabh Bachchan. Slogans like 'भ्रष्टाचार के विरुद्ध जंग' (War against corruption). Legal case titles in Hindi news: 'सरकार के विरुद्ध याचिका' (Petition against the government).

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Legal Matters

  • कानून के विरुद्ध
  • मेरे विरुद्ध गवाही
  • कोर्ट के विरुद्ध
  • एफआईआर के विरुद्ध

Sports

  • भारत के विरुद्ध
  • टीम के विरुद्ध
  • रिकॉर्ड के विरुद्ध
  • चैंपियन के विरुद्ध

Personal Opinions

  • मेरी इच्छा के विरुद्ध
  • आपकी राय के विरुद्ध
  • सोच के विरुद्ध
  • आदत के विरुद्ध

Social Activism

  • अन्याय के विरुद्ध
  • गरीबी के विरुद्ध
  • हिंसा के विरुद्ध
  • प्रथाओं के विरुद्ध

Science and Logic

  • तर्क के विरुद्ध
  • तथ्यों के विरुद्ध
  • प्रकृति के विरुद्ध
  • सिद्धांत के विरुद्ध

Amorces de conversation

"क्या आप इस नई नीति के विरुद्ध हैं?"

"अन्याय के विरुद्ध आवाज उठाना क्यों जरूरी है?"

"क्या आपने कभी अपनी इच्छा के विरुद्ध कोई काम किया है?"

"अगले मैच में भारत किसके विरुद्ध खेलेगा?"

"भ्रष्टाचार के विरुद्ध सबसे अच्छा हथियार क्या है?"

Sujets d'écriture

एक ऐसी घटना के बारे में लिखें जब आप किसी सामाजिक नियम के विरुद्ध खड़े हुए।

क्या आपको लगता है कि कभी-कभी धारा के विरुद्ध बहना जरूरी होता है? क्यों?

अपनी इच्छा के विरुद्ध काम करने के अनुभव को विस्तार से लिखें।

अगर आपको अन्याय के विरुद्ध एक भाषण देना हो, तो आप क्या कहेंगे?

क्या विज्ञान के कुछ प्रयोग प्रकृति के विरुद्ध हैं? अपने विचार लिखें।

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

No, in standard Hindi, 'विरुद्ध' requires the linking postposition 'के' to function as 'against'. For example, 'कानून के विरुद्ध' is correct, but 'कानून विरुद्ध' is incomplete and grammatically incorrect.

In daily conversation, 'के खिलाफ' is much more common. However, in formal settings like news, courts, and textbooks, 'के विरुद्ध' is the preferred and more professional term.

You must use the possessive form of the pronoun. 'Against me' is 'मेरे विरुद्ध'. Similarly, 'against you' is 'आपके विरुद्ध' and 'against us' is 'हमारे विरुद्ध'.

No. Unlike some other Hindi phrases, 'के विरुद्ध' is invariant. Even if the noun is feminine (like 'हिंसा' - violence), you still say 'हिंसा के विरुद्ध', not 'हिंसा की विरुद्ध'.

While technically possible, it's rare. For leaning against a wall, Hindi speakers usually say 'दीवार से टिककर' or 'दीवार के सहारे'. 'के विरुद्ध' implies a sense of resistance or conflict.

Yes, 'विरुद्ध' is a Tatsam word, meaning it is borrowed directly from Sanskrit into Hindi. This is why it sounds more formal and 'pure'.

'विरुद्ध' is a postposition meaning 'against'. 'विरोधी' is a noun or adjective meaning 'opponent' or 'opposing'. Example: 'वह मेरा विरोधी है' (He is my opponent) vs 'वह मेरे विरुद्ध है' (He is against me).

Yes, absolutely. It is very common in sports journalism. Example: 'भारत के विरुद्ध इंग्लैंड' (England versus India).

Yes, it is frequently used in the Hindi version of the Constitution to describe actions that are 'against the law' or 'against the spirit of the Constitution'.

The most direct opposite is 'के पक्ष में' (in favor of) or 'के समर्थन में' (in support of).

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Teste-toi 200 questions

writing

Write a sentence using 'के विरुद्ध' about a rule at your school or workplace.

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writing

Describe a situation where someone might have to go 'against their will'.

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writing

Write a short news headline about a protest against pollution.

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writing

Use 'के विरुद्ध' in a sentence about a sports competition.

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writing

Explain why it is important to speak up 'against injustice'.

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writing

Create a sentence using 'मेरे विरुद्ध' (against me).

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writing

Write a sentence about a law being 'against the Constitution'.

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writing

Use 'के विरुद्ध' in a sentence about scientific evidence.

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writing

Write a sentence about swimming against the current.

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writing

Describe a character who stands 'against the whole world'.

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writing

Write a sentence about a campaign against corruption.

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writing

Use 'के विरुद्ध' to describe a paradox or something against logic.

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writing

Write a sentence about a crime against humanity.

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writing

Create a sentence about a decision taken against the majority.

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writing

Write a sentence about a struggle against poverty.

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writing

Use 'के विरुद्ध' in a sentence about a legal testimony.

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writing

Write a sentence about acting against one's own nature.

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writing

Describe a historical movement against British rule.

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writing

Write a sentence about a challenge against global warming.

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writing

Create a sentence using 'आपकी इच्छा के विरुद्ध'.

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speaking

Pronounce 'के विरुद्ध' clearly three times.

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speaking

Say 'It is against the rules' in Hindi.

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speaking

Say 'Are you against me?' in Hindi.

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speaking

Express your opposition to pollution using 'के विरुद्ध'.

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speaking

Ask a friend if they are playing 'against' a certain team.

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speaking

Say 'We must fight against injustice' in Hindi.

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speaking

Pronounce 'भ्रष्टाचार के विरुद्ध' (Against corruption).

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speaking

Say 'This is against my will' in Hindi.

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speaking

Explain a sports match result: 'India won against England.'

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speaking

Say 'Testifying against someone is difficult' in Hindi.

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speaking

Discuss a law: 'This law is against the Constitution.'

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speaking

Say 'He is swimming against the current' in Hindi.

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speaking

Pronounce 'संवैधानिक मूल्यों के विरुद्ध' (Against constitutional values).

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speaking

Say 'Don't speak against the truth' in Hindi.

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speaking

Express: 'The results were against our expectations.'

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speaking

Say 'This policy is against small farmers' in Hindi.

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speaking

Pronounce 'प्राकृतिक न्याय के विरुद्ध' (Against natural justice).

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speaking

Ask: 'Why are you against this plan?'

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speaking

Say 'It was a crime against humanity.'

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speaking

Say 'His silence was evidence against him.'

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listening

Listen to: 'यह कानून के विरुद्ध है।' What does it mean?

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listening

Listen to: 'वह मेरे विरुद्ध गवाही देगा।' Who is testifying?

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listening

Listen to: 'अन्याय के विरुद्ध लड़ो।' What is the command?

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listening

Listen to: 'टीम ए के विरुद्ध कौन खेल रहा है?' What is being asked?

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listening

Listen to: 'यह मेरी इच्छा के विरुद्ध था।' Was the action voluntary?

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listening

Listen to: 'भ्रष्टाचार के विरुद्ध अभियान।' What is the topic?

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listening

Listen to: 'तर्क के विरुद्ध बातें मत करो।' What is the advice?

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listening

Listen to: 'धारा के विरुद्ध तैरना कठिन है।' What is difficult?

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listening

Listen to: 'संविधान के विरुद्ध कोई काम मत करो।' What should be avoided?

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listening

Listen to: 'उनके विरुद्ध वारंट निकला है।' What was issued?

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listening

Listen to: 'प्रकृति के विरुद्ध हस्तक्षेप महंगा पड़ेगा।' What will be the consequence?

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listening

Listen to: 'बहुमत के विरुद्ध फैसला।' Was the decision popular?

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listening

Listen to: 'मानवता के विरुद्ध अपराध।' What kind of crime is it?

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listening

Listen to: 'साक्ष्यों के विरुद्ध गवाही।' Is the testimony matching the evidence?

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Correct ! Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte :
listening

Listen to: 'अपनी अंतरात्मा के विरुद्ध मत जाओ।' What should you listen to?

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