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B1 noun 11 min de lecture

विषाणु

vishanu
Exemples
Explication विषाणु in your Level:
At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'विषाणु' (vishanu) means 'virus'. You might see this word on signs or hear it in very basic health warnings. Since it is a bit of a difficult word for beginners, you might also hear people use the English word 'virus' directly in Hindi sentences. At this stage, focus on recognizing the word and knowing it is something that can make you sick. For example, 'यह एक विषाणु है' (This is a virus). You don't need to worry about complex grammar, just remember it is a masculine noun. If you see it in a book, it will usually be accompanied by a picture of a germ or a sick person. Try to associate the sound 'visha' with 'poison' to help you remember it. Even at A1, knowing this formal word will make you sound more like a native speaker who has studied the language properly. Keep your sentences short and simple. Use it with basic verbs like 'hai' (is) or 'nahin hai' (is not). If you are talking about being sick, you can say 'mujhe vishanu hai' although 'mujhe bukhar hai' (I have a fever) is more common. The goal here is just identification and basic association with health and illness.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'विषाणु' in simple sentences to describe health and hygiene. You should be able to say things like 'विषाणु छोटा होता है' (The virus is small) or 'विषाणु से बचें' (Avoid the virus). You are now learning that Hindi nouns have gender, and 'विषाणु' is masculine. This means you should use masculine adjectives like 'chhota' (small) and 'khatarnak' (dangerous). You can also start using the word with basic postpositions. For example, 'विषाणु के बारे में' (about the virus). At this level, you might talk about simple ways to stay healthy, such as 'हाथ धोने से विषाणु मर जाते हैं' (Viruses die by washing hands). You should also be able to distinguish 'विषाणु' from 'जीवाणु' (bacteria) if you see them in a simple science context. Your vocabulary is growing, so you can pair 'विषाणु' with words like 'bimari' (illness) or 'hawa' (air). For instance, 'यह विषाणु हवा में है' (This virus is in the air). Practice making small sentences about why you are staying home or why you are wearing a mask. This will help you integrate the word into daily life scenarios. Remember, in plural, it stays 'विषाणु' unless there is a 'ka/se/mein' after it.
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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'विषाणु' in a variety of contexts, including health, science, and technology. You are expected to understand that this is the formal term for 'virus' and use it instead of the English loanword in formal situations. You should be able to describe how a virus spreads using verbs like 'phailna' (to spread) and 'sankramit karna' (to infect). For example, 'यह विषाणु बहुत तेज़ी से फैलता है' (This virus spreads very quickly). You can also use the oblique plural form 'विषाणुओं' correctly with postpositions, such as 'विषाणुओं से होने वाले रोग' (diseases caused by viruses). At this level, you can participate in discussions about public health or computer security. You might say, 'मेरे कंप्यूटर में विषाणु आ गया है' (A virus has entered my computer). You should also be familiar with related terms like 'roktham' (prevention), 'lakshan' (symptoms), and 'teeka' (vaccine). Your sentences can be more complex, using conjunctions like 'isliye' (therefore) or 'kyonki' (because). For instance, 'हमें मास्क पहनना चाहिए क्योंकि विषाणु हवा में फैल सकता है' (We should wear a mask because the virus can spread in the air). This is the stage where you move from simple identification to explaining processes and reasons involving the word.
At the B2 level, you can use 'विषाणु' to engage in detailed discussions about science, medicine, and social issues. You should be able to understand and use technical terms associated with viruses, such as 'sanrachna' (structure), 'utparivartan' (mutation), and 'pratirodhak kshamta' (immunity). You can discuss the impact of a virus on society or the economy. For example, 'विषाणु के प्रसार ने वैश्विक अर्थव्यवस्था को प्रभावित किया है' (The spread of the virus has affected the global economy). You are expected to use the word accurately in formal writing, such as essays or reports. You should also be able to understand metaphorical uses of the word in literature or opinion pieces. For instance, 'भ्रष्टाचार एक सामाजिक विषाणु है' (Corruption is a social virus). At this level, your grammar should be precise, correctly handling the masculine gender and the oblique plural cases. You can also compare and contrast 'विषाणु' with 'जीवाणु' in detail, explaining why antibiotics don't work on the former. You might also talk about 'antivirus' software using the term 'विषाणु-रोधी' (vishanu-rodhi). Your ability to use the word in abstract and complex sentences shows a high level of fluency and a deep understanding of Hindi vocabulary and its formal registers.
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At the C1 level, you have a sophisticated command of the word 'विषाणु' and can use it in academic, professional, and literary contexts. You can read complex scientific papers or news analyses in Hindi that discuss viral load, transmission rates, and genetic sequencing. You can use the word to construct nuanced arguments about public health policy or the ethics of vaccination. For example, 'विषाणु के उत्परिवर्तन की दर को समझना टीकाकरण रणनीति के लिए आवश्यक है' (Understanding the rate of mutation of the virus is essential for vaccination strategy). You are also sensitive to the stylistic choices of using 'विषाणु' versus 'वायरस' and can choose the appropriate term based on the audience and purpose. In literature, you can analyze how authors use the concept of a virus to explore themes of decay, fear, or connectivity. Your spoken Hindi is fluent, and you can give a presentation on a topic like 'विषाणु विज्ञान' (Virology) with ease. You understand the historical etymology of the word and how it has evolved in modern usage. You can also handle complex grammatical structures involving the word, such as passive voice or conditional sentences, without any errors. Your vocabulary is rich enough to use synonyms and related terms like 'rogjanak' (pathogen) or 'sookshmajivi' (microorganism) interchangeably where appropriate.
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At the C2 level, you possess a near-native or native-like mastery of the word 'विषाणु'. You can use it with complete spontaneity and precision in any context, from a highly technical medical conference to a philosophical debate about the nature of life. You can appreciate and use the word in its most subtle metaphorical and idiomatic senses. You might discuss the 'virology of ideas' or the 'viral nature of digital information' with academic rigor. Your understanding of the word is integrated into a vast web of scientific, cultural, and historical knowledge. You can effortlessly switch between different registers, using 'विषाणु' in a formal speech and 'वायरस' in a casual chat, while being fully aware of the social implications of each choice. You can write authoritative articles or books where the word 'विषाणु' is a central concept. You are also capable of understanding and creating puns, wordplay, or complex metaphors involving the word. For example, you might write a poem where the virus is a metaphor for the invisible threads that connect all living beings. Your command of the language is such that you can use the word to express the most complex and abstract thoughts with clarity and elegance. You are a master of the Hindi language, and 'विषाणु' is just one of the many tools you use to communicate with profound depth.
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Exemples

The Hindi word विषाणु (pronounced as vi-shaa-nu) is the formal and scientific term for a 'virus'. In a world where health and technology are constantly evolving, this word has become a cornerstone of both medical and digital vocabularies. Linguistically, the word is a compound derived from Sanskrit roots: visha meaning poison and anu meaning atom or particle. Therefore, it literally translates to a 'poisonous particle'. This etymology perfectly captures the biological essence of a virus as a microscopic agent that can cause disease and disruption within a host organism.

Biological Context
In biology, a विषाणु refers to a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Whether you are discussing the common cold, influenza, or more complex global pandemics, this is the precise term used in textbooks, news reports, and formal medical discussions in Hindi.

वैज्ञानिक इस नए विषाणु की संरचना का अध्ययन कर रहे हैं। (Scientists are studying the structure of this new virus.)

Beyond biology, the word is also used in the context of computer science. Just as a biological virus infects a body, a computer virus infects a system. When a Hindi speaker talks about their computer being slow or files being corrupted due to a malicious software program, they might use the term कंप्यूटर विषाणु, although the English loanword 'virus' is very common in informal tech talk. However, in formal documentation or software interfaces translated into Hindi, you will consistently find विषाणु.

Metaphorical Usage
Occasionally, the word is used metaphorically to describe a toxic idea, a harmful habit, or a negative influence that spreads rapidly through a society or organization. For example, corruption might be described as a 'social virus' (samajik vishanu).

नफरत एक ऐसा विषाणु है जो समाज को खोखला कर देता है। (Hatred is such a virus that hollows out society.)

Understanding the difference between a विषाणु (virus) and a जीवाणु (bacteria) is crucial for learners. In Hindi, these are distinct terms just as they are in English. A learner at the B1 level should start distinguishing between these microorganisms to communicate effectively about health. The word is masculine in gender, which affects the adjectives and verbs associated with it. For instance, you would say 'khatharnak vishanu' (dangerous virus) using the masculine form.

Formal Frequency
You will hear this word most frequently in Hindi news bulletins (Samachar), health awareness campaigns by the government, and in school science textbooks. It carries a weight of authority and scientific accuracy.

हवा के माध्यम से फैलने वाले विषाणु से सावधान रहें। (Be careful of viruses that spread through the air.)

Using the word विषाणु correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical properties as a masculine noun. In Hindi, nouns dictate the agreement of surrounding words. Since विषाणु is masculine, adjectives like 'dangerous' (khatharnak) or 'small' (chhota) will take their masculine forms. Furthermore, when the word is the subject of a sentence, the verb must also agree with its masculine gender. For example, 'The virus spreads' is translated as 'विषाणु फैलता है' (vishanu phailta hai), where 'phailta' is the masculine singular form of the verb.

Singular and Plural Usage
In the direct case (without a postposition), the word does not change its form in the plural. 'One virus' is 'एक विषाणु' and 'Many viruses' is 'कई विषाणु'. However, when followed by a postposition like 'se' (from/by), 'ka' (of), or 'mein' (in), the plural form changes to 'विषाणुओं'. For example, 'Diseases caused by viruses' would be 'विषाणुओं से होने वाली बीमारियाँ'.

विभिन्न प्रकार के विषाणु मानव शरीर पर अलग-अलग प्रभाव डालते हैं। (Different types of viruses have different effects on the human body.)

When constructing sentences about infection or transmission, you will often use verbs like 'phailna' (to spread), 'hamla karna' (to attack), or 'prabhavit karna' (to affect). To say someone is infected with a virus, you use the construction 'विषाणु से संक्रमित' (vishanu se sankramit). This is a very common phrase in medical reports. If you want to talk about the prevention of a virus, the word 'roktham' (prevention) is frequently paired with it, as in 'विषाणु की रोकथाम' (prevention of the virus).

Common Verb Pairings
1. विषाणु का फैलना (Spreading of the virus). 2. विषाणु को मारना (To kill the virus). 3. विषाणु की पहचान करना (To identify the virus). 4. विषाणु से लड़ना (To fight against the virus).

साबुन और पानी विषाणु को नष्ट करने में मदद करते हैं। (Soap and water help in destroying the virus.)

In more advanced usage, especially in scientific writing, you might encounter the term in the context of 'mutations' (parivartan or utparivartan). A sentence might look like: 'विषाणु अपना रूप बदल रहा है' (The virus is changing its form/mutating). This level of usage is common in B2 and C1 levels of Hindi proficiency, where the speaker is expected to discuss complex topics with nuance. Always remember to use the oblique plural 'विषाणुओं' when referring to multiple viruses in a prepositional phrase, such as 'विषाणुओं के अध्ययन में' (in the study of viruses).

Possessive Forms
When talking about the virus's symptoms or parts, use 'ka', 'ke', or 'ki'. For example: 'विषाणु के लक्षण' (Symptoms of the virus) or 'विषाणु की शक्ति' (Strength of the virus).

क्या आप इस विषाणु के बारे में और जानते हैं? (Do you know more about this virus?)

The word विषाणु is omnipresent in formal communication channels across India. While the English word 'virus' is commonly used in street-level conversations or by English-medium educated individuals, 'विषाणु' is the standard for official, academic, and journalistic discourse. If you turn on a Hindi news channel like Aaj Tak or NDTV India during a health crisis, you will hear the anchors and experts repeatedly using this word. It carries a tone of seriousness and scientific precision that 'वायरस' sometimes lacks in a formal context.

In the News and Media
Headlines often use 'विषाणु' to sound authoritative. For example, 'नया विषाणु भारत में फैला' (New virus spreads in India). In documentaries about nature or medicine, the narrator will use this term to describe the microscopic world. It is also the term used in government health advisories issued by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

समाचार: स्वास्थ्य मंत्रालय ने नए विषाणु के प्रति चेतावनी जारी की है। (News: The Health Ministry has issued a warning against the new virus.)

In educational settings, from primary school science classes to university-level microbiology lectures, 'विषाणु' is the only term used in Hindi-medium instruction. Students learn about the 'Vishanu ki sanrachna' (Structure of the virus) and 'Vishanu janit rog' (Viral diseases). Therefore, if you are reading a Hindi textbook or attending a seminar in Hindi, this word is indispensable. It is also found in pharmaceutical literature, such as the Hindi instructions on the back of medicine packaging or vaccine information leaflets.

Hospitals and Clinics
Inside a government hospital (Sarkari Aspatal), signs regarding infection control or immunization will prominently feature the word. A doctor might explain a patient's condition by saying, 'Yeh ek vishanu sankraman hai' (This is a viral infection). Understanding this word helps patients and learners navigate the Indian healthcare system more effectively.

डॉक्टर ने कहा कि बुखार का कारण एक विषाणु है। (The doctor said that the cause of the fever is a virus.)

Furthermore, in the digital age, Hindi-language tech blogs and cybersecurity alerts use 'विषाणु' to describe malware. While 'malware' or 'virus' are common, formal cybersecurity reports in Hindi will refer to 'Computer Vishanu'. If you change the language settings of your operating system to Hindi, you will see this word in the security and antivirus sections. It is a word that bridges the gap between the ancient Sanskrit roots and modern high-tech reality.

Literature and Essays
Contemporary Hindi literature, especially essays dealing with science or social issues, uses 'विषाणु' as a metaphor for rapid, invisible spread. It appears in poetry and prose to describe things that 'infect' the mind or spirit.

यह विषाणु आँखों से नहीं देखा जा सकता। (This virus cannot be seen with the eyes.)

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing विषाणु (virus) with जीवाणु (bacteria). While both are microorganisms that cause disease, they are biologically different, and the words are not interchangeable in Hindi. Using 'जीवाणु' when you mean 'virus' can lead to significant misunderstandings, especially in medical or scientific contexts. A helpful way to remember is that 'Visha' in 'Vishanu' means poison, often associated with the rapid and 'poisonous' spread of viral infections.

Gender Agreement Errors
Since 'विषाणु' is a masculine noun, learners often mistakenly use feminine verbs or adjectives with it. For example, saying 'vishanu phailti hai' (feminine) instead of 'vishanu phailta hai' (masculine). Always ensure that the verb ending '-ta' or '-raha hai' is used. Similarly, use 'usaka' (his/its) rather than 'usaki' (her/its) when referring to the virus's properties.

गलत: विषाणु खतरनाक होती है। (Wrong: Virus is dangerous - feminine).
सही: विषाणु खतरनाक होता है। (Correct: Virus is dangerous - masculine).

Another common error is the incorrect pluralization. Many learners try to add an '-on' suffix to make it plural in all contexts, saying 'vishanuon' even when there is no postposition. Remember: 'Many viruses' is simply 'कई विषाणु'. You only use 'विषाणुओं' when a preposition like 'ka', 'se', 'mein', or 'par' follows the word. For example, 'viruses are small' is 'विषाणु छोटे होते हैं', but 'of viruses' is 'विषाणुओं का'.

Confusing with 'Keetanu'
'कीटाणु' (Keetanu) is a general term for germs or microbes. While a virus is a type of germ, 'विषाणु' is the specific scientific term. Using 'कीटाणु' in a science report or a formal medical discussion might sound too colloquial or imprecise. Use 'विषाणु' when you want to be specific about the agent of infection.

हमें विषाणु और जीवाणु के बीच का अंतर समझना चाहिए। (We should understand the difference between a virus and a bacterium.)

Lastly, learners sometimes struggle with the 'v' and 'b' sounds in Hindi. 'विषाणु' starts with a 'v' sound (व), not a 'b' sound (ब). Pronouncing it as 'bishanu' is common in some regional dialects (like Bengali-influenced Hindi), but in standard Hindi (Manak Hindi), it should clearly be 'vishanu'. Practicing the 'v' sound by placing your upper teeth on your lower lip will help in achieving the correct pronunciation.

Overusing the Loanword
While 'virus' is okay in casual speech, relying on it too much prevents you from mastering formal Hindi. If you are writing an essay or a formal letter, always prefer 'विषाणु'.

परीक्षा में 'वायरस' की जगह 'विषाणु' लिखना बेहतर है। (In an exam, it is better to write 'vishanu' instead of 'virus'.)

To broaden your Hindi vocabulary, it is essential to understand words related to विषाणु. These words often appear in the same context but have distinct meanings. Understanding these nuances will help you describe health and scientific phenomena more accurately. The most closely related words are जीवाणु (bacteria), कीटाणु (germs), and संक्रमण (infection).

विषाणु vs. जीवाणु

विषाणु (Virus): An infective agent that needs a host cell to replicate. Smaller than bacteria. Example: Influenza, COVID-19.

जीवाणु (Bacteria): Single-celled organisms that can live in various environments, including inside the body. Some are helpful, some cause disease. Example: E. coli, Lactobacillus.

एंटीबायोटिक्स जीवाणु को मारते हैं, विषाणु को नहीं। (Antibiotics kill bacteria, not viruses.)

Another word you will frequently encounter is कीटाणु (Keetanu). This is a general, non-scientific term for any microorganism that causes disease. It is the Hindi equivalent of 'germs'. You will see this word in advertisements for soap or hand sanitizer. While a virus is a type of 'keetanu', 'keetanu' can also include bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. In a scientific discussion, 'विषाणु' is preferred over 'कीटाणु'.

संक्रमण (Infection)
This word is often used with 'विषाणु'. When a virus enters the body and begins to replicate, it causes a 'vishanu sankraman' (viral infection). If you want to say someone is 'infected', you use 'sankramit'.

विषाणु संक्रमण से बचने के लिए मास्क पहनें। (Wear a mask to avoid viral infection.)

In the context of computer science, alternatives to 'विषाणु' include मैलवेयर (Malware) or दुर्भावनापूर्ण सॉफ़्टवेयर (Malicious software). While 'विषाणु' specifically refers to self-replicating code, 'malware' is the broader category. However, in most Hindi translations of software, 'विषाणु' remains the standard term for 'virus'.

Summary Table
  • विषाणु (Vishanu): Virus (Specific, Formal)
  • जीवाणु (Jivanu): Bacteria (Specific, Formal)
  • कीटाणु (Keetanu): Germs (General, Informal)
  • संक्रमण (Sankraman): Infection
  • टीका (Teeka): Vaccine (Often used in the context of preventing viruses)

वैज्ञानिकों ने इस विषाणु के लिए एक नया टीका विकसित किया है। (Scientists have developed a new vaccine for this virus.)

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Exemples par niveau

1

यह एक विषाणु है।

This is a virus.

Simple Subject-Verb structure. 'Hai' is the verb 'to be'.

2

विषाणु छोटा है।

The virus is small.

'Chhota' (small) is masculine to agree with 'vishanu'.

3

क्या यह विषाणु है?

Is this a virus?

Adding 'kya' at the beginning makes it a yes/no question.

4

विषाणु बुरा है।

The virus is bad.

'Bura' (bad) is the masculine adjective.

5

वह विषाणु नहीं है।

That is not a virus.

'Nahin' is used for negation.

6

यहाँ एक विषाणु है।

There is a virus here.

'Yahan' means 'here'.

7

विषाणु कहाँ है?

Where is the virus?

'Kahan' is the question word for 'where'.

8

यह विषाणु नया है।

This virus is new.

'Naya' (new) is masculine.

1

विषाणु से बीमारियाँ होती हैं।

Diseases are caused by viruses.

'Se' indicates the cause/agent.

2

हाथ धोओ और विषाणु मारो।

Wash hands and kill the virus.

Imperative verbs 'dhoo' and 'maaro'.

3

विषाणु हवा में फैल सकता है।

The virus can spread in the air.

'Sakta hai' means 'can'.

4

डॉक्टर विषाणु की जाँच कर रहे हैं।

Doctors are testing for the virus.

Present continuous tense 'kar rahe hain'.

5

यह विषाणु खतरनाक हो सकता है।

This virus can be dangerous.

'Khatarnak' means dangerous.

6

हमें विषाणु से बचना चाहिए।

We should avoid the virus.

'Chahiye' means 'should'.

7

विषाणु शरीर के अंदर जाता है।

The virus goes inside the body.

'Ke andar' means 'inside'.

8

क्या विषाणु मर गया?

Did the virus die?

Past tense 'mar gaya'.

1

विषाणु बहुत तेज़ी से फैलता है।

The virus spreads very rapidly.

'Tezi se' is an adverbial phrase meaning 'rapidly'.

2

वैज्ञानिकों ने एक नए विषाणु की खोज की है।

Scientists have discovered a new virus.

Present perfect tense 'khoj ki hai'.

3

विषाणु संक्रमण के लक्षण क्या हैं?

What are the symptoms of viral infection?

'Lakshan' means symptoms.

4

साबुन विषाणु की बाहरी परत को नष्ट कर देता है।

Soap destroys the outer layer of the virus.

'Bahari parat' means 'outer layer'.

5

कंप्यूटर विषाणु आपकी फाइलों को नुकसान पहुँचा सकता है।

A computer virus can damage your files.

'Nuksan pahunchana' means 'to cause damage'.

6

विषाणु के प्रसार को रोकने के लिए मास्क पहनें।

Wear a mask to stop the spread of the virus.

'Prasar' means 'spread' or 'expansion'.

7

विषाणु जीवित कोशिकाओं के बिना नहीं बढ़ सकते।

Viruses cannot grow without living cells.

'Ke bina' means 'without'.

8

क्या इस विषाणु का कोई इलाज है?

Is there any cure for this virus?

'Ilaj' means 'cure' or 'treatment'.

1

विषाणु की संरचना को समझना बहुत जटिल है।

Understanding the structure of the virus is very complex.

'Jatil' means 'complex'.

2

टीकाकरण विषाणु के खिलाफ प्रतिरक्षा विकसित करता है।

Vaccination develops immunity against the virus.

'Pratirodhak kshamta' or 'Pratishtha' means immunity.

3

विषाणु ने अपनी आनुवंशिक सामग्री में बदलाव किया है।

The virus has changed its genetic material.

'Anuvanshik samagri' means 'genetic material'.

4

विषाणुओं का अध्ययन करने वाले विज्ञान को विषाणु विज्ञान कहते हैं।

The science that studies viruses is called virology.

Definitional sentence structure.

5

इस विषाणु की संक्रामकता दर बहुत अधिक है।

The infectivity rate of this virus is very high.

'Sankramakta dar' means 'infectivity rate'.

6

विषाणु और जीवाणु के बीच मुख्य अंतर उनकी बनावट है।

The main difference between a virus and a bacterium is their structure.

'Banaavat' means 'structure' or 'make-up'.

7

विषाणु के कारण होने वाली महामारी ने पूरी दुनिया को बदल दिया।

The pandemic caused by the virus changed the whole world.

'Mahamari' means 'pandemic'.

8

एंटीबायोटिक्स का विषाणु पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ता।

Antibiotics have no effect on the virus.

'Prabhav' means 'effect'.

1

विषाणु का उत्परिवर्तन टीकों की प्रभावशीलता को कम कर सकता है।

The mutation of the virus can reduce the effectiveness of vaccines.

'Utparivartan' is the scientific term for 'mutation'.

2

विषाणु विज्ञान में अनुसंधान के लिए भारी निवेश की आवश्यकता है।

Huge investment is required for research in virology.

'Nivesh' means 'investment'.

3

विषाणु के प्रसार ने सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य नीतियों में आमूल-चूल परिवर्तन किए हैं।

The spread of the virus has brought about radical changes in public health policies.

'Aamool-chool parivartan' means 'radical/fundamental change'.

4

विषाणु की रोगजनकता का स्तर उसकी संरचना पर निर्भर करता है।

The level of pathogenicity of a virus depends on its structure.

'Rogjanakta' means 'pathogenicity'.

5

विषाणु की प्रतिकृति बनाने की प्रक्रिया काफी जटिल होती है।

The process of viral replication is quite complex.

'Pratikriti' means 'replication' or 'copy'.

6

विषाणु के सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभावों का विश्लेषण किया जा रहा है।

The socio-economic impacts of the virus are being analyzed.

Passive voice 'vishleshan kiya ja raha hai'.

7

विषाणु के खिलाफ वैश्विक सहयोग अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है।

Global cooperation against the virus is extremely important.

'Vaishvik sahyog' means 'global cooperation'.

8

विषाणु के उद्भव के स्रोतों का पता लगाना वैज्ञानिकों के लिए एक चुनौती है।

Tracing the sources of the virus's emergence is a challenge for scientists.

'Udbhav' means 'emergence' or 'origin'.

1

विषाणु जीवन और निर्जीव के बीच की धुंधली सीमा पर स्थित हैं।

Viruses exist on the blurred boundary between life and the non-living.

'Nirjeev' means 'non-living' or 'inanimate'.

2

विषाणु की सूक्ष्मता के पीछे एक विशाल विनाशकारी शक्ति छिपी होती है।

Behind the microscopic nature of the virus lies a vast destructive power.

'Sukshmata' means 'microscopic nature/smallness'.

3

विषाणु का विकासवादी इतिहास मानव जाति के इतिहास के साथ गहराई से जुड़ा है।

The evolutionary history of the virus is deeply intertwined with the history of mankind.

'Vikashvadi' means 'evolutionary'.

4

विषाणु के प्रति हमारी संवेदनशीलता जैविक और सामाजिक दोनों स्तरों पर है।

Our vulnerability to the virus is both at biological and social levels.

'Sanvedansheelta' means 'vulnerability' or 'sensitivity'.

5

विषाणु विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में नैतिकता के प्रश्न अत्यंत प्रासंगिक हो गए हैं।

Ethical questions in the field of virology have become extremely relevant.

'Naitikta' means 'ethics'.

6

विषाणु की अनुकूलन क्षमता उसे एक दुर्जेय शत्रु बनाती है।

The adaptability of the virus makes it a formidable enemy.

'Anukoolan kshamta' means 'adaptability'.

7

विषाणु के कारण उत्पन्न संकट ने मानवीय अस्तित्व के दार्शनिक पहलुओं को झकझोर दिया है।

The crisis caused by the virus has shaken the philosophical aspects of human existence.

'Darshanik' means 'philosophical'.

8

विषाणु का प्रसार सूचना के प्रसार के समान ही घातक हो सकता है।

The spread of a virus can be as deadly as the spread of (mis)information.

Comparative structure 'ke saman hi'.

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