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B2 noun #7,000 le plus courant 8 min de lecture

종속적

jongsokjeok Top 7,000

Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces 종속적 en 30 secondes

Explication 종속적 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '종속적' is a very difficult word because it is abstract. Think of it like this: if you have a big toy and a small toy that only works when the big toy is turned on, the small toy is '종속적' (dependent). It follows the big toy. In simple Korean, we usually say 'A가 있어야 B가 있어요' (B exists only if A exists). You won't use this word to buy apples or say hello, but you might see it in a very basic math book about how one number follows another.

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At the A2 level, you can start to understand '종속적' as a way to describe things that are 'attached' to something else. For example, if you have a job, your schedule is '종속적' to your boss's schedule. You don't have a choice; you must follow. It is a formal word. Instead of just saying 'I follow my boss,' you can say the relationship is '종속적.' This word helps you sound more serious when talking about rules or systems where one thing is the leader and the other is the follower.

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At the B1 level, you should recognize '종속적' in school or work contexts. It often appears in statistics as '종속 변수' (dependent variable). If you are studying how much you sleep (A) affects your test score (B), the test score is '종속적' because it changes based on how much you sleep. You might also hear it when talking about how small companies work for big companies. It's about a relationship where one side has more power and the other side must follow. It's different from '의존적' (relying on someone) because it's more about the rules and structure.

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At the B2 level, you are expected to use '종속적' to describe complex systems. This includes international politics (how one country's economy might be dependent on another) and grammar (subordinate clauses). You should be able to explain that a '종속적' relationship is one where independence is lost. For example, 'The media should not be 종속적 to the government.' This means the media should be free and not controlled by the government. It's a key word for debates and writing essays about society, technology, and logic.

At the C1 level, '종속적' is used to analyze deep structural issues. You might use it in legal arguments to define the nature of a contract or in philosophy to discuss determinism (the idea that human actions are '종속적' to prior causes). You should understand the nuance between '종속' (subordination), '예속' (subjugation), and '의존' (dependency). At this level, you can use the word to describe abstract concepts like 'path dependency' (경로 종속성) in economics, where current decisions are limited by past ones. Your usage should be precise and fit for academic or professional environments.

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At the C2 level, '종속적' is a tool for meta-analysis. You can discuss the '종속적' nature of language to culture, or how scientific paradigms are '종속적' to the historical context they emerge from. You use it to critique systems of power and explore the limits of autonomy. You are comfortable with all its technical applications—from database normalization and functional dependency to complex grammatical structures in classical literature. You can use it fluently in high-level debates to argue about sovereignty, systemic bias, and the fundamental interconnectedness of variables in complex global models.

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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

종속적 en 30 secondes

Describes a hierarchical relationship of control.
Used technically in math (dependent variables) and grammar (subordinate clauses).
Distinguished from '의존적' by its emphasis on structure over emotional need.
Common in formal contexts like politics, economics, and science.

The Korean word 종속적 (jong-sok-jeok) is a sophisticated term primarily used to describe a state of being subordinate, dependent, or controlled by another entity. Derived from the Hanja 從 (jong - to follow), 屬 (sok - to belong), and 的 (jeok - suffix for properties), it literally translates to 'the quality of following and belonging.' Unlike the more common word '의존적' (ui-jon-jeok), which often implies a psychological or physical reliance for support, 종속적 carries a heavier weight of structural or hierarchical control. It suggests that the existence, movement, or status of one thing is fundamentally dictated by another. This word is a staple in academic, legal, and technical discourses, appearing frequently in discussions about international relations, computer science, and mathematics.

Structural Dependency: In a corporate context, a subsidiary company is described as having a 종속적 관계 (dependent relationship) with its parent company because its strategic decisions are governed by the higher entity.

A국은 B국에 종속적인 경제 구조를 가지고 있습니다. (Country A has an economic structure that is dependent on Country B.)

In the realm of statistics and mathematics, 종속적 is the standard term for a 'dependent' variable. If you are studying how plant growth changes based on sunlight, the growth is the 종속 변수 (dependent variable) because it 'belongs to' and 'follows' the changes in the light level. This technical usage highlights the word's precision in describing cause-and-effect relationships where one element lacks autonomy. In linguistics, we also see this word in 종속절 (subordinate clause), which is a part of a sentence that cannot stand alone and is logically 'owned' by the main clause.

Logical Necessity: When one event cannot happen without another, the second event is described as 종속적 to the first.

결과는 원인에 종속적일 수밖에 없습니다. (The result cannot help but be dependent on the cause.)

Furthermore, the word is often used in social criticism to describe power imbalances. For instance, if a creative professional feels they have no agency because they must strictly follow a client's whims, they might describe their position as 종속적인 지위 (subordinate position). It implies a loss of self-determination. Understanding this word allows you to navigate Korean news, academic papers, and professional environments where precise descriptions of power dynamics and logical structures are required.

Using 종속적 correctly involves understanding its role as a noun that usually functions as an adjective when combined with -이다 (to be) or the suffix -인. It is almost always followed by a noun that it modifies, such as 관계 (relationship), 지위 (status), or 변수 (variable). In formal Korean writing, it acts as a precise descriptor for systems where parts are not equal. For example, in a sentence like "기술의 발전은 자본에 종속적이다," you are stating that technological advancement is inherently tied to and controlled by capital.

Grammatical Pattern: [Subject] + [Target]-에 + 종속적이다 (Subject is dependent on Target).

인간은 자연 환경에 종속적인 존재인가요? (Are humans beings who are dependent on the natural environment?)

When you use 종속적, you are often making a statement about the nature of a relationship. It is rarely used for casual, personal feelings. You wouldn't say "I am 종속적 to my coffee"; instead, you'd use '의존적' (dependent/reliant). Use 종속적 for systemic things like software architecture (e.g., 'platform-dependent' is 플랫폼 종속적), historical vassalage, or logical hierarchies. In legal documents, it defines the terms of employment or contractual obligations where one party must follow the directives of another.

Professional Usage: 하청 업체는 원청 기업과 종속적인 계약을 맺었습니다. (The subcontractor signed a subordinate contract with the primary contractor.)

In academic writing, you will frequently see it as part of a compound noun. For instance, 상호 종속적 (interdependent) describes a relationship where both parties are subordinate to each other. Even though '상호 의존적' is also common, '상호 종속적' suggests a more rigid, systemic connection where neither can exist or function without the other's specific state. Mastering this word allows you to articulate complex ideas about power, logic, and systems with the authority of a native speaker or a scholar.

You are most likely to encounter 종속적 in formal settings. If you watch the evening news in Korea, particularly segments on international relations or economics, you might hear a reporter discuss how South Korea's economy is 종속적 to global oil prices or the US interest rates. It is a favorite word for analysts who want to describe a lack of autonomy in a system. In a university lecture hall, a sociology professor might discuss the 종속 이론 (Dependency Theory), which examines how resources flow from a periphery of poor and underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states.

데이터베이스 설계에서 종속적 관계를 명확히 해야 합니다. (In database design, you must clarify the dependent relationships.)

In the tech world, developers use it when talking about software dependencies. If an app only runs on Windows, it is OS 종속적. This is a very common way to describe technical limitations. You will also hear it in political debates where one side accuses another of having a 종속적 외교 (subservient/dependent diplomacy) policy, implying that the country is not acting in its own sovereign interest but is being led by a more powerful nation. It is a word that carries a critical, analytical tone.

Legal Context: In labor disputes, the court often determines if a worker is an independent contractor or in a 종속적 근로 관계 (subordinate labor relationship) to decide on benefits.

Finally, in high school or university math classes, students learn about 종속 사건 (dependent events) in probability. If the outcome of the first draw affects the second draw (like taking a marble out of a bag without replacing it), the events are 종속적. Thus, while you might not hear it in a casual conversation at a BBQ restaurant, it is omnipresent in the professional and intellectual life of Korea. If you are reading a Korean editorial or a research paper, expect to see this word whenever the author wants to highlight a lack of independence or a structured hierarchy.

The most frequent mistake learners make is confusing 종속적 (jong-sok-jeok) with 의존적 (ui-jon-jeok). While both can be translated as 'dependent' in English, their nuances in Korean are distinct. 의존적 is about reliance and support—like a child relying on a parent for food or a person being addicted to (dependent on) caffeine. In contrast, 종속적 is about control and hierarchy. If you say a child is 종속적 to their parents, it sounds like the child is a legal subordinate or a vassal, which is too cold and technical for a family dynamic.

Another common error is failing to use the particle -에 correctly. You must be dependent 'on' something, and in Korean, that 'on' is represented by the dative particle -에. Some learners mistakenly use -를 or -가, which breaks the logical flow of the sentence. For example, "A는 B를 종속적이다" is grammatically incorrect; it must be "A는 B에 종속적이다."

Misuse of Formality: Using 종속적 in a very casual text message might make you sound overly dramatic or like you're writing a textbook. Stick to '의지하다' or '달려 있다' for everyday situations.

Wrong: 나는 친구에게 종속적이야. (I am subordinate/vassal-like to my friend.)
Right: 나는 친구에게 의존적이야. (I am dependent on/rely on my friend.)

Lastly, learners sometimes forget that 종속적 is a noun that needs -이다 to function as a predicate. You cannot just end a sentence with 종속적. You must say 종속적이다, 종속적입니다, or 종속적이지 않다. Understanding these boundaries ensures that your Korean sounds both natural and intellectually precise.

To truly master 종속적, you must compare it to its neighbors in the semantic field of 'dependency.' The most direct alternative is 의존적 (ui-jon-jeok). As mentioned, 의존적 is about needing support or reliance. If a person depends on a wheelchair, that is 의존적. If a company's database depends on a specific server to function, that is 종속적. One is about survival/support, the other is about structural hierarchy.

종속적 vs. 부수적: 부수적 (bu-su-jeok) means 'incidental' or 'secondary.' While 종속적 implies being controlled by a main thing, 부수적 implies something that just happens to follow or accompany the main thing without necessarily being strictly controlled by it.

Another word is 하위 (ha-wi), meaning 'lower-level' or 'subordinate.' This is often used in organizational charts. A 하위 부서 (lower department) is naturally in a 종속적 relationship with the 상위 부서 (upper department). While 하위 is a noun indicating position, 종속적 is the adjective describing the nature of that position's relationship.

종속적 vs. 예속적: 예속적 (ye-sok-jeok) is even stronger than 종속적. It implies a state of being enslaved or completely subjugated. It is often used in historical contexts regarding colonization or extreme political oppression.

In everyday speech, Koreans might use the phrase ~에 매여 있다 (to be tied to). For example, "시간에 매여 있어요" (I'm tied to time/the schedule). This is a more idiomatic and less academic way to express a similar sentiment to 종속적. However, in a professional report or a scientific paper, 종속적 remains the gold standard for describing a relationship of control and structural dependency.

How Formal Is It?

Le savais-tu ?

The character 屬 (속) originally depicted a tail attached to an animal's body, perfectly illustrating the idea of something that is 'attached to' and 'follows' the main body.

Guide de prononciation

UK /t͡ɕo̞ŋ.sʰo̞k.t͡ɕ͈ʌ̹k̚/

US /t͡ɕo̞ŋ.sʰo̞k.t͡ɕ͈ʌ̹k̚/

Primary stress is on the first syllable '종' (jong).

Rime avec

공격적 (gong-gyeok-jeok) 적극적 (jeok-geuk-jeok) 지속적 (ji-sok-jeok) 교육적 (gyo-yuk-jeok) 가족적 (ga-jok-jeok) 압도적 (ap-do-jeok) 현실적 (hyeon-sil-jeok) 창의적 (chang-ui-jeok)

Erreurs fréquentes

Pronouncing '적' as 'jeok' instead of 'jjeok' (tensed).
Making the 'o' in 'jong' too long like 'joong'.
Failing to stop the breath on the 'k' in 'sok'.

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 4/5

Common in news and textbooks but requires knowledge of Hanja-based vocabulary.

Écriture 5/5

Hard to use naturally without understanding the specific structural nuance.

Expression orale 4/5

Rare in daily speech; sounds very formal or technical.

Écoute 3/5

Easily recognizable once you know '종속' and '적'.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

관계 (relationship) 따르다 (to follow) 변화 (change) 독립 (independence) 의존 (reliance)

Apprends ensuite

상호작용 (interaction) 인과관계 (cause and effect) 결정론 (determinism) 자율성 (autonomy) 파급효과 (ripple effect)

Avancé

부수적 (incidental) 예속 (subjugation) 가변적 (variable) 필연적 (inevitable) 상관관계 (correlation)

Grammaire à connaître

Noun + -적 (Suffix)

경제 (Economy) -> 경제적 (Economic), 종속 (Dependency) -> 종속적 (Dependent)

-에 (Dative Particle for targets of dependency)

A는 B에 종속적이다.

-ㄴ/은/는 (Adjective/Relative Clause markers)

종속적인 관계 (A relationship that is dependent).

-로 (Adverbial marker)

종속적으로 행동하다 (To act dependently).

-성 (Suffix for 'property/nature')

종속성 (Dependency/Subordinate nature).

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Exemples par niveau

이 숫자는 저 숫자에 종속적이에요.

This number is dependent on that number.

종속적 + -이에요 (polite ending for nouns).

작은 방은 큰 방에 종속적입니다.

The small room is subordinate to the big room.

종속적 + -입니다 (formal ending).

결과는 노력에 종속적이에요.

The result is dependent on the effort.

노력에 (on effort) + 종속적.

그것은 종속적인 관계예요.

That is a dependent relationship.

종속적인 (adjective form) + 관계 (noun).

이 버튼은 전원에 종속적입니다.

This button is dependent on the power source.

전원에 (on power) + 종속적.

계획은 날씨에 종속적이에요.

The plan is dependent on the weather.

날씨에 (on weather) + 종속적.

아이는 부모님께 종속적일 수 있어요.

A child can be dependent on their parents.

-일 수 있어요 (can be).

이것은 종속적인 문제입니다.

This is a secondary/dependent issue.

종속적인 + 문제 (noun).

직원의 일정은 사장님께 종속적입니다.

The employee's schedule is dependent on the boss.

사장님께 (on/to the boss) + 종속적.

프로그램은 컴퓨터에 종속적이에요.

The program is dependent on the computer.

컴퓨터에 (on the computer) + 종속적.

우리는 환경에 종속적인 존재입니다.

We are beings dependent on the environment.

종속적인 + 존재 (being/existence).

이 부서는 본사에 종속적이에요.

This department is subordinate to the headquarters.

본사에 (on headquarters) + 종속적.

가격은 수요에 종속적입니다.

Price is dependent on demand.

수요에 (on demand) + 종속적.

성공은 준비에 종속적일까요?

Is success dependent on preparation?

Question form of 종속적이다.

이 기계는 전기에 종속적입니다.

This machine is dependent on electricity.

전기에 (on electricity) + 종속적.

그 나라는 무역에 종속적이에요.

That country is dependent on trade.

무역에 (on trade) + 종속적.

수학에서 종속 변수를 찾아보세요.

Find the dependent variable in math.

종속 변수 (dependent variable) is a compound noun.

이 문장은 종속절을 포함하고 있습니다.

This sentence includes a subordinate clause.

종속절 (subordinate clause) is a grammatical term.

하청 업체는 원청에 종속적일 수밖에 없어요.

Subcontractors cannot help but be dependent on the prime contractor.

-을 수밖에 없다 (cannot help but).

그의 결정은 여론에 종속적이었습니다.

His decision was dependent on public opinion.

Past tense: 종속적이었습니다.

데이터는 서버의 상태에 종속적입니다.

The data is dependent on the server's status.

상태에 (on the status) + 종속적.

우리는 기술에 너무 종속적이지 않나요?

Aren't we too dependent on technology?

종속적이지 않다 (negative form).

수출은 환율에 매우 종속적입니다.

Exports are very dependent on exchange rates.

매우 (very) used as an adverb.

이 앱은 특정 운영체제에 종속적이에요.

This app is dependent on a specific operating system.

특정 (specific) + 운영체제 (OS).

식민지 경제는 본국에 종속적인 구조를 가집니다.

A colonial economy has a structure dependent on the mother country.

종속적인 구조 (dependent structure).

정치적 자유는 경제적 자립에 종속적일 때가 많다.

Political freedom is often dependent on economic independence.

-일 때가 많다 (There are many times when...).

이 소프트웨어는 하드웨어 종속적인 특성이 있습니다.

This software has hardware-dependent characteristics.

하드웨어 종속적인 (hardware-dependent).

그 배우는 감독에게 종속적인 연기를 거부했다.

The actor refused to perform in a way that was subordinate to the director.

종속적인 연기 (subordinate acting).

실험 결과가 가설에 종속적으로 나타났습니다.

The experimental results appeared dependent on the hypothesis.

종속적으로 (adverbial form).

언론이 권력에 종속적이면 민주주의가 위태롭다.

If the media is dependent on power, democracy is at risk.

-이면 (if) + 위태롭다 (be at risk).

두 사건은 확률적으로 서로 종속적입니다.

The two events are probabilistically dependent on each other.

서로 (each other) + 종속적.

그 나라는 외교적으로 매우 종속적인 위치에 있다.

That country is in a very dependent position diplomatically.

종속적인 위치 (dependent position).

근대화 이론은 서구 사회에 종속적인 발전을 비판한다.

Modernization theory criticizes development that is dependent on Western society.

서구 사회에 (on Western society) + 종속적인 발전.

노동자는 사용자에게 종속적인 지위에 있다고 판단됩니다.

The worker is judged to be in a subordinate position to the employer.

사용자 (employer) + 종속적인 지위 (subordinate status).

문화적 정체성이 타문화에 종속적이지 않도록 노력해야 한다.

Efforts must be made so that cultural identity is not dependent on other cultures.

-지 않도록 (so that... not).

이 이론은 종속 변수와 독립 변수의 관계를 규명합니다.

This theory clarifies the relationship between dependent and independent variables.

규명하다 (to clarify/investigate).

국가 간의 종속적 관계가 불평등을 심화시킵니다.

Dependent relationships between nations intensify inequality.

심화시키다 (to intensify).

기술 종속적 성장은 장기적으로 위험할 수 있습니다.

Technology-dependent growth can be dangerous in the long run.

기술 종속적 (technology-dependent).

그의 철학은 칸트의 사상에 종속적인 면이 있다.

His philosophy has aspects that are dependent on Kant's ideas.

종속적인 면 (dependent aspect).

법적 판단은 증거의 신빙성에 종속적일 수밖에 없다.

Legal judgment cannot help but be dependent on the credibility of the evidence.

신빙성 (credibility) + 종속적.

구조주의 언어학은 기표와 기의의 종속적 관계를 탐구한다.

Structural linguistics explores the dependent relationship between the signifier and the signified.

기표 (signifier) + 기의 (signified).

신자유주의 체제 하에서 국가의 주권은 자본에 종속적이다.

Under the neoliberal system, national sovereignty is dependent on capital.

체제 하에서 (under the system).

인간의 의지는 생물학적 조건에 종속적인가, 자율적인가?

Is human will dependent on biological conditions, or is it autonomous?

종속적인가, 자율적인가 (dependent or autonomous?).

역사적 서술은 권력자의 시각에 종속적으로 구성되곤 한다.

Historical narratives are often constructed dependently on the perspective of those in power.

-곤 한다 (tend to/often do).

데이터의 무결성은 참조 종속성 원칙에 의해 유지됩니다.

Data integrity is maintained by the principle of referential dependency.

참조 종속성 (referential dependency).

예술의 가치가 상업적 성공에 종속될 때 본질이 훼손된다.

When the value of art becomes dependent on commercial success, its essence is damaged.

훼손된다 (is damaged/defiled).

포스트콜로니얼 담론은 종속적 주체성의 탈피를 강조한다.

Postcolonial discourse emphasizes the escape from dependent subjectivity.

탈피 (escape/shedding) + 강조하다 (emphasize).

인지 과정은 감각 데이터에 전적으로 종속적인 것은 아니다.

Cognitive processes are not entirely dependent on sensory data.

전적으로 (entirely) + 종속적인 것은 아니다 (is not that...).

Synonymes

의존적 부수적 하위의

Antonymes

독립적 주도적

Collocations courantes

종속적 관계

종속 변수

종속적 지위

종속절

경제적 종속

종속적 계약

플랫폼 종속적

종속적 노동

기능적 종속

상호 종속적

Phrases Courantes

종속적이다

— To be dependent or subordinate. Used as a predicate.

이 결과는 환경에 종속적이다.

종속적으로

— In a dependent or subordinate manner.

그는 종속적으로 행동하기 시작했다.

종속성

— Dependency (the quality of being dependent).

수입에 대한 종속성을 줄여야 합니다.

종속시키다

— To make something subordinate or to subjugate.

그들은 타국을 자신들에게 종속시켰다.

종속되다

— To become subordinate or dependent.

회사는 대기업에 종속되었다.

종속 이론

— Dependency Theory (a sociological/economic theory).

종속 이론은 남미에서 시작되었습니다.

데이터 종속성

— Data dependency in computing.

데이터 종속성 문제를 해결해야 합니다.

경로 종속성

— Path dependency (history matters).

이 제도는 경로 종속성 때문에 바꾸기 어렵다.

종속 접속사

— Subordinating conjunction in grammar.

'때문에'는 종속 접속사의 역할을 합니다.

완전 종속

— Complete dependency.

이 시스템은 외부 전원에 완전 종속되어 있다.

Souvent confondu avec

종속적 vs 의존적

의존적 is about needing support (like a baby on a mother). 종속적 is about being controlled by a system (like a slave to a master or a variable to an equation).

종속적 vs 부수적

부수적 means 'incidental' or 'extra'. It might follow the main thing, but it's not necessarily 'owned' or 'controlled' by it in the same way.

종속적 vs 수동적

수동적 means 'passive'. A person can be passive (수동적) without being in a subordinate (종속적) position, though they often go together.

Expressions idiomatiques

"손발이 묶이다"

— To have one's hands and feet tied; to be unable to act independently.

규제 때문에 손발이 묶여 종속적인 처지가 되었다.

Metaphorical

"앵무새처럼 따라하다"

— To repeat like a parrot; lacking independent thought.

그는 상사의 말을 앵무새처럼 따라하는 종속적인 사람이다.

Casual

"눈치를 보다"

— To read the room/others' faces; often a result of a dependent relationship.

종속적인 위치에 있으면 늘 남의 눈치를 보게 된다.

Common

"줄을 서다"

— To line up; to side with a powerful entity for protection.

살아남기 위해 권력에 줄을 서는 종속적 태도를 보였다.

Common

"도마 위의 고기"

— Meat on a cutting board; to be at someone's mercy.

우리는 그 계약 때문에 도마 위의 고기처럼 종속적인 상태다.

Metaphorical

"꼭두각시"

— Puppet; a person controlled by another.

그는 실권 없는 종속적인 꼭두각시에 불과했다.

Common

"바늘 가는 데 실 간다"

— Where the needle goes, the thread follows; inseparable dependency.

두 부서는 바늘 가는 데 실 가듯 종속적인 관계다.

Proverb

"남의 장단에 춤추다"

— To dance to someone else's tune.

자신의 주관 없이 남의 장단에 춤추는 종속적 삶을 살지 마라.

Common

"그림자처럼 따라다니다"

— To follow like a shadow; constant dependency.

부속 건물은 본관에 그림자처럼 종속되어 있다.

Metaphorical

"코가 꿰이다"

— To have a ring through one's nose; to be held or controlled by someone.

약점을 잡혀서 그에게 코가 꿰인 종속적 신세가 되었다.

Metaphorical

Facile à confondre

종속적 vs 의존 (Reliance)

Both translate as 'dependence'.

의존 is 'reliance for survival/help', while 종속 is 'structural subordination'. You depend on (의존) a friend, but a subsidiary is dependent on (종속) a parent company.

경제적 의존 (relying on money) vs 경제적 종속 (being controlled by another economy).

종속적 vs 부속 (Attachment)

Both imply belonging to something else.

부속 is usually for physical parts or organizations (like a hospital's attached school). 종속 is for abstract relationships or logical control.

부속 건물 (attached building) vs 종속 관계 (dependent relationship).

종속적 vs 하위 (Lower rank)

Both involve hierarchy.

하위 is a noun for the position itself. 종속적 is an adjective for the nature of the relationship.

하위 개념 (lower concept) vs 종속적 지위 (subordinate status).

종속적 vs 예속 (Subjugation)

Very similar meanings.

예속 is much stronger and usually implies a loss of freedom or slavery. 종속 is more neutral and technical.

강대국에 대한 예속 (subjugation to a power) vs 데이터 종속 (data dependency).

종속적 vs 관련 (Relation)

Dependency is a type of relation.

관련 is broad and just means 'related'. 종속 is specific and means 'one is controlled by the other'.

관련이 있다 (to be related) vs 종속적이다 (to be dependent).

Structures de phrases

A는 B에 종속적이에요.

가슴은 심장에 종속적이에요.

A가 B에 종속적일 수밖에 없는 이유는...

하청업체가 원청에 종속적일 수밖에 없는 이유는 돈 때문입니다.

종속적인 관계에서 벗어나기 위해...

종속적인 관계에서 벗어나기 위해 자립을 준비했다.

A는 B에 종속적으로 구성되어 있다.

이 시스템은 데이터에 종속적으로 구성되어 있다.

A의 종속적 성격은 B의 구조적 한계에서 기인한다.

이 정책의 종속적 성격은 예산의 구조적 한계에서 기인한다.

A를 B에 종속시키다.

기업은 기술을 자본에 종속시켰다.

종속 변수를 설정하다.

우리는 실험의 종속 변수를 설정했다.

종속적 지위의 고착화.

비정규직의 종속적 지위의 고착화가 심각하다.

Famille de mots

Noms

종속 (Subordination/Dependency)

종속성 (Dependency/Subordinate nature)

종속물 (A subordinate thing/appurtenance)

Verbes

종속하다 (To be subordinate)

종속시키다 (To subordinate something)

종속되다 (To become subordinate)

Adjectifs

종속적인 (Subordinate/Dependent)

Apparenté

의존 (Reliance)

예속 (Subjugation)

부속 (Attachment)

하위 (Lower rank)

상위 (Upper rank)

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Comment l'utiliser

frequency

Common in academic, professional, and news contexts. Rare in daily casual conversation.

Erreurs courantes

Using '종속적' for 'relying on parents'. → 의존적
Emotional or financial reliance on parents is '의존적'. '종속적' sounds like the child is a legal slave or a technical variable.
A는 B를 종속적이다. → A는 B에 종속적이다.
The target of dependency must be marked with the dative particle '-에', not the object particle '-를'.
Confusing '종속적' with '지속적' (continuous). → 종속적
They sound similar but '지속적' means continuous and '종속적' means dependent. Check the first syllable carefully.
Using it as a verb without '이다'. → 종속적이다
As a descriptive noun, it needs the copula '이다' to function as a predicate in a sentence.
Using '종속적' to mean 'related'. → 관련된
Just because two things are related doesn't mean one is '종속적' (controlled by) the other. Use '관련된' for general relations.

Astuces

Technical Accuracy

Always use '종속 변수' when talking about research or math. Using '의존 변수' is a common mistake that sounds unprofessional.

The '-에' Rule

Remember that '종속적' always takes the particle '-에' for the thing it depends on. A는 B'에' 종속적이다.

Power Dynamics

Use '종속적' to highlight a power imbalance. It suggests that the subordinate party has little to no say in the matter.

Hanja Roots

Knowing that '종' (從) means 'to follow' will help you remember other words like '복종' (obedience) and '추종' (following).

Essay Writing

In essays about globalization, use '경제적 종속' to describe how smaller nations are affected by global markets.

Software Development

When discussing code, '종속성' (dependency) is the standard term for external libraries or modules your project needs.

Formality

If you use this word in a speech, you will sound like an expert or an academic. Use it sparingly in casual settings.

Opposites Attract

Learn '독립적' (independent) and '종속적' (dependent) together as a pair. They are the most common opposites in formal Korean.

International Relations

Listen for this word when North and South Korean relations are discussed, often regarding '외세 종속' (dependency on foreign powers).

Scanning

When reading a research paper, scan for '종속' to quickly find the results or the variables being measured.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of a 'Jong' (bell) that only 'Sok' (belongs) to the 'Jeok' (target) tower. It can't ring unless the tower moves it.

Association visuelle

Imagine a small planet orbiting a large sun. The planet's path is '종속적' to the sun's gravity.

Word Web

Hierarchy Control Subordinate Clause Dependent Variable Vassal State Subcontractor Software Dependency Lack of Autonomy

Défi

Try to identify three things in your life that are '종속적' (e.g., your internet connection is dependent on your provider) and write them in Korean.

Origine du mot

From Hanja (Sino-Korean). 從 (종) means 'to follow' or 'to obey'. 屬 (속) means 'to belong to' or 'to be under'. 的 (적) is a suffix that turns a noun into a descriptive property, similar to '-ic' or '-ive' in English.

Sens originel : The state of belonging to and following a primary master or entity.

Sino-Korean

Contexte culturel

Be careful when describing people as '종속적'; it implies they have no will of their own and can be offensive if used to describe a person's character rather than a legal/structural status.

English speakers often use 'dependent' for both '의존적' and '종속적'. In Korean, you must be careful not to use '종속적' for emotional support.

Dependency Theory (종속 이론) in Latin American studies. Subordinate clauses (종속절) in linguistics textbooks. Dependent Variables (종속 변수) in the scientific method.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Statistics/Math

종속 변수를 설정하다
독립 변수와 종속 변수
종속 사건의 확률
함수적 종속성

Politics/International Relations

종속적 외교 정책
경제적 종속에서 벗어나다
강대국에 종속되다
주권의 종속

Grammar/Linguistics

종속절을 이끌다
종속 접속사의 종류
주절과 종속절
문장의 종속적 구조

Business/Law

종속 회사 (Subsidiary)
종속적 근로 관계
계약의 종속성
하청의 종속적 지위

Computer Science

데이터 종속성 확인
플랫폼 종속적 코드
라이브러리 종속성
종속성 주입 (Dependency Injection)

Amorces de conversation

"기술이 발전할수록 인간이 기계에 더 종속적이 된다고 생각하시나요?"

"통계학에서 독립 변수와 종속 변수의 차이점을 설명해 주실 수 있나요?"

"한국 경제가 특정 국가에 너무 종속적이라는 의견에 대해 어떻게 생각하세요?"

"언론이 정치 권력으로부터 종속적이지 않으려면 무엇이 필요할까요?"

"직장에서 상사와 부하 직원의 관계가 지나치게 종속적일 때 어떤 문제가 생길까요?"

Sujets d'écriture

내 삶에서 다른 사람이나 환경에 가장 종속적인 부분은 무엇인가? 그것을 어떻게 독립적으로 바꿀 수 있을까?

스마트폰에 종속적인 현대인의 삶에 대해 자신의 견해를 서술하시오.

내가 공부하고 있는 분야에서 가장 중요한 '종속 변수'는 무엇인가?

과거의 결정이 현재의 나를 어떻게 종속시키고 있는지 생각해보자.

진정한 자유란 모든 종속적 관계에서 벗어나는 것인가, 아니면 올바른 종속을 선택하는 것인가?

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

Generally, no. '종속적' sounds very cold and technical, almost like you are their property or a variable in their life. Use '의존적' (dependent/reliant) or '지탱하다' (to support/lean on) instead. '종속적' is for systems, not romance.

It means 'Dependent Variable'. In a scientific experiment, this is the factor you measure that changes in response to the '독립 변수' (Independent Variable).

Not necessarily. In grammar (종속절) or computer science (종속성), it is a neutral technical term. However, in politics or social relationships, it often implies a lack of freedom and can be negative.

You can say '플랫폼 종속적' (peul-laet-pom jong-sok-jeok). It's a very common term in the IT industry.

'종속' is the noun (dependency/subordination), while '종속적' is the determinative form (dependent/subordinate). You use '종속' in compound nouns like '종속 이론', and '종속적' to describe a noun like '종속적 관계'.

Only in a legal or sociological sense (e.g., 'dependent family members' in tax law is '부양가족', but their status could be described as '종속적'). In normal conversation, it sounds too harsh.

Yes, '종속하다' (to be subordinate) or '종속되다' (to become subordinate). For example, 'A가 B에 종속되다'.

It describes clauses that cannot stand alone. A '종속절' (subordinate clause) depends on the '주절' (main clause) to make sense.

It means 'interdependent'. It describes a relationship where both sides are dependent on each other, although '상호 의존적' is more common for mutual support.

It is quite common in the reading and writing sections of TOPIK II (Intermediate/Advanced), especially in passages about science, economics, or social issues.

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