Pneumonia - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

Pneumonia is an infection in the lung tissue caused by microbes, and the result is inflammation.

The inflammation brings water into the lung tissue, and that extra water can make it harder

to breathe.

During inhalation, air reaches your lungs by traveling down your trachea, then it continues

through the bronchi and the bronchioles and ends up in the alveoli.

The alveoli are tiny air sacs that look like tiny clumps of grapes, that are wrapped up

in a net of capillaries.

This is where the majority of gas exchange happens in the lungs.

Oxygen leaves the air in the alveoli and crosses into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide

leaves the bloodstream and is then exhaled out of the body.

Now, now in addition to air, you’re constantly breathing in other stuff, like microbes.

But we’re usually good at protecting ourselves.

For example, we have mechanical techniques like coughing, a mucociliary escalator that

lines the entire airway and moves out larger bacteria, and macrophages that are nestled

deep inside the alveoli and ready to destroy anything that lands there.

But sometimes, a particularly nasty microbe might succeed in colonizing the bronchioles

or alveoli, and when that happens - Congratulations!

You’ve got pneumonia.

Those microbes typically multiply and cross over from the airways into the lung tissue,

creating an inflammatory response.

The tissue quickly fills with white blood cells as well as proteins, fluid, and even

red blood cells if a nearby capillary gets damaged in the process.

Now, there are lots of different pneumonia-causing microbes.

Usually it’s caused by viruses and bacteria, but it can also be caused by fungi and a special

class of bacteria called mycobacteria.

In adults, the most common viral cause of pneumonia is influenza, sometimes just called

the flu.

In adults, bacterial causes include streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and staphylococcus