اِسْتِهْلاك
اِسْتِهْلاك 30 सेकंड में
- Istihlak means consumption or using up resources like water and energy.
- It is a formal noun derived from the root meaning 'to perish'.
- Commonly used in economics, environment, and health contexts.
- Distinguished from 'Isti'mal' (use) by the fact that the resource is depleted.
The term اِسْتِهْلاك (Istihlāk) is a multifaceted Arabic noun derived from the root ه-ل-ك (h-l-k), which fundamentally relates to the concept of perishing, passing away, or being destroyed. In its Form X (Istaf'ala) verbal noun state, the meaning shifts from simple destruction to the systematic 'using up' or 'consumption' of resources. In modern linguistic contexts, particularly those involving economics, environmental science, and daily logistics, it refers to the process by which goods, services, or energy are utilized by individuals or systems. This word is not merely about the act of buying; it encompasses the entire lifecycle of a resource as it is depleted to fulfill a need or desire.
- Economic Context
- In economics, it refers to the total spending by households on goods and services. It is a primary indicator of economic health.
- Biological Context
- It can refer to the intake of nutrients or calories by an organism to sustain life functions.
- Industrial Context
- The depletion of raw materials or energy (like electricity or fuel) during the manufacturing process.
"يجب علينا تقليل اِسْتِهْلاك الطاقة لحماية البيئة."
— Environmental Policy Statement
When we look at the word deeply, the prefix 'Isti-' often implies seeking or requesting the action of the root. Therefore, 'Istihlak' is the act of 'seeking the end' of a resource through use. It is a neutral term, though in modern environmental discourse, it often carries a weight of responsibility. Whether you are talking about the consumption of water, the consumption of time, or the consumption of digital content, this word remains the standard technical and formal choice.
The اِسْتِهْلاك of electricity increases significantly during the summer months due to air conditioning.
In a broader sociological sense, 'Istihlak' is tied to the concept of the 'Consumer Society' (المجتمع الاستهلاكي). Here, the word takes on a more critical tone, suggesting a lifestyle centered around the acquisition and depletion of goods. In academic writing, especially for TOEFL or IELTS equivalent Arabic exams, you will encounter this word in passages discussing sustainable development, market trends, and psychological triggers for buying behavior. It is essential to understand that while 'consumption' in English can sometimes mean 'eating' (as in food consumption), in Arabic, 'Istihlak' is more commonly applied to resources, though 'consumption of food' (استهلاك الغذاء) is perfectly valid in technical reports.
High اِسْتِهْلاك rates are often linked to economic growth but also to environmental degradation.
- Technical Usage
- Used in engineering to describe the rate at which fuel is burned.
- Legal Usage
- Used in consumer protection laws to define the rights of the 'Mustahlik' (Consumer).
The report showed a 10% drop in water اِسْتِهْلاك this year.
Furthermore, the word is used in the phrase 'Consumer Price Index' (مؤشر أسعار الاستهلاك), which is a vital metric for inflation. Understanding 'Istihlak' is therefore a gateway to understanding Arabic news, business reports, and scientific articles. It is a high-frequency word in formal Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and is rarely used in casual slang, where simpler verbs like 'akl' (eating) or 'sarf' (spending) might be preferred depending on the context.
Using اِسْتِهْلاك correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role as a Masdar and its typical collocations. Since it is a noun, it often appears in an 'Idafa' construction (possessive construction) where it is followed by the resource being consumed. For example, 'Istihlak al-ma' (Consumption of water) or 'Istihlak al-waqt' (Consumption of time). It is a Form X verbal noun, which typically indicates a process or a request for an action.
- Grammar Tip
- It is a masculine noun. It can take the definite article 'Al-' or be part of an Idafa. It is fully declinable (Istihlakun, Istihlakan, Istihlakin).
- Common Prepositions
- Often followed by 'li-' (for) or 'min' (from) in specific contexts, but usually directly followed by the noun it modifies.
"ترشد الحكومة اِسْتِهْلاك الوقود." (The government is rationing fuel consumption.)
In academic writing, you will often see it paired with adjectives like 'mufrit' (excessive), 'murtafi'' (high), or 'munkhafid' (low). For instance, 'Istihlak mufrit lil-sukkar' (Excessive consumption of sugar). When discussing the 'consumer' as a person, you use the active participle 'Mustahlik' (مُسْتَهْلِك). If you want to describe something as 'consumable', you use 'Istihlaki' (اِسْتِهْلاكي).
When constructing sentences about habits, 'Istihlak' is the preferred word. 'My consumption of coffee is high' would be 'Istihlaki lil-qahwa murtafi''. Note the use of the preposition 'li' (for/of) here to connect the noun to its object. In news headlines, you might see 'Tarshid al-istihlak' (Rationalization of consumption), which is a common phrase used during economic crises or resource shortages.
The اِسْتِهْلاك of resources must be sustainable for future generations.
- Verb Form
- The verb is 'Istahlaka' (اِسْتَهْلَكَ) - He consumed. Example: 'Istahlaka al-muharrik al-kathir min al-zayt' (The engine consumed a lot of oil).
- Adjective Form
- 'Istihlaki' (Consumerist/Consumable). Example: 'Bada'i' Istihlakiyya' (Consumer goods).
In professional settings, such as a business meeting, you might discuss 'Istihlak al-mizaniyya' (the consumption/depletion of the budget). This highlights the word's versatility beyond physical resources to abstract ones like money and time. Remember that 'Istihlak' implies an end-state; once consumed, the resource is no longer available in its original form.
You will encounter اِسْتِهْلاك in several key domains of Arabic life and media. Its presence is most dominant in formal, educational, and professional spheres. Because it is a technical term, it is the 'bread and butter' of news anchors, economists, and environmental activists.
- News & Media
- Reports on energy prices, water shortages, and economic growth. You will hear phrases like 'Istihlak al-tahqa' (Energy consumption) daily.
- Supermarkets & Shopping
- On labels of products, specifically 'Consumer Goods' (سلع استهلاكية) or in discussions about 'Consumer Rights' (حقوق المستهلك).
- Academic Lectures
- In sociology, economics, and biology classes. Professors discuss the 'patterns of consumption' (أنماط الاستهلاك).
"نحن نعيش في عصر اِسْتِهْلاك مفرط." (We live in an age of excessive consumption.)
If you watch a documentary on climate change in Arabic, 'Istihlak' will be mentioned every few minutes. It is also common in government announcements regarding utility bills. For example, an electricity bill will have a section labeled 'Kammiyyat al-istihlak' (Quantity of consumption). In a medical context, a doctor might talk about the 'Istihlak' of oxygen in the blood or the consumption of certain medications.
In the workplace, particularly in project management, 'Istihlak' refers to the burn rate of resources. A manager might say, 'The consumption of the budget is faster than planned.' In the world of technology, 'Istihlak al-bayanat' (Data consumption) is a very common phrase used by mobile service providers when sending alerts about your data plan.
Check your data اِسْتِهْلاك to avoid extra charges.
Finally, in literature and philosophy, 'Istihlak' can be used metaphorically to describe the 'consumption' of the soul or the 'consumption' of life by mundane worries. This poetic usage is less common than the technical one but adds a layer of depth to the word. Whether you are reading a technical manual, a newspaper, or a sociology textbook, 'Istihlak' is an indispensable part of the vocabulary.
While اِسْتِهْلاك is a standard word, learners often confuse it with other terms derived from similar roots or related concepts. The most common error is the confusion between 'Istihlak' and 'Isti'mal'.
- Mistake 1: Istihlak vs. Isti'mal
- Learners often say 'Istihlak al-qalam' (consumption of the pen) when they mean 'Isti'mal al-qalam' (use of the pen). You only 'consume' the ink, not the pen itself.
- Mistake 2: Confusing with 'Istighlal'
- 'Istighlal' (استغلال) means exploitation or taking advantage of. While consumption can be exploitative, they are not synonyms.
- Mistake 3: Spelling Errors
- Confusing the root letters. Some might write it with a 'Ha' (ح) instead of 'Ha' (ه), which changes the meaning entirely or makes it nonsensical.
Wrong: "أريد استهلاك هذا الكتاب." (I want to consume this book - unless you are eating it!)
Right: "أريد قراءة أو استعمال هذا الكتاب." (I want to read or use this book.)
Another mistake is using 'Istihlak' for spending money in a general sense. While 'Istihlak al-mizaniyya' is correct in a technical sense, the common word for spending money is 'Infaq' (إنفاق) or 'Sarf' (صرف). 'Istihlak' implies the money is gone because it was used to buy something that was then used up. It's a nuance of economic theory versus daily life.
In terms of grammar, remember that 'Istihlak' is the noun. The verb is 'Istahlaka'. Don't use the noun where a verb is needed. For example, don't say 'Ana istihlak al-ma' (I consumption water); say 'Ana astahliku al-ma' (I consume water). Also, be careful with the passive participle 'Mustahlak' (مُسْتَهْلَك), which means 'consumed' or 'worn out'. If you say 'Ana mustahlak', it means 'I am worn out/exhausted', not 'I am a consumer'. The consumer is 'Mustahlik' (مُسْتَهْلِك) with a kasra under the 'lam'.
Confusing مُسْتَهْلِك (Consumer) with مُسْتَهْلَك (Consumed/Worn out) is a very common B2-level error.
Lastly, avoid overusing 'Istihlak' in informal speech. In a cafe, you wouldn't say 'My consumption of sugar is two spoons'. You would simply say 'I want two spoons of sugar'. 'Istihlak' is for reports, health discussions, and formal contexts.
To master اِسْتِهْلاك, you must understand its place within a family of related terms. Arabic is rich in nuances regarding 'use' and 'expenditure'.
- اِسْتِعْمال (Isti'mal)
- General use of a tool or object. The object usually remains after use. Example: Using a computer.
- اِسْتِخْدام (Istikhdam)
- Often used interchangeably with Isti'mal, but can imply 'employment' or 'utilization' for a specific purpose. Example: Utilizing a skill.
- إِنْفاق (Infaq)
- Specifically refers to spending money, often in a charitable or household context.
- نَفاد (Nafad)
- The state of being 'run out' or 'exhausted'. It is the result of 'Istihlak'.
"هناك فرق بين الاستخدام الأمثل للموارد والاستهلاك المفرط لها." (There is a difference between the optimal use of resources and their excessive consumption.)
Another word often confused is 'Talaf' (تلف), which means damage or spoilage. While 'Istihlak' is a planned or natural using up, 'Talaf' is usually accidental or negative. In the context of energy, you might hear 'Tawlid' (توليد - generation) as the opposite of 'Istihlak'. A power plant 'generates' (yuwallid) electricity, while the city 'consumes' (yastahlik) it.
In a more literary sense, 'Fana'' (فناء) means annihilation or passing away, which shares the 'destruction' theme of the root 'h-l-k' but is much more dramatic and philosophical. 'Istihlak' is the mundane, everyday version of this concept. When discussing food, 'Tanawul' (تناول) is often used for the act of eating/consuming a meal, whereas 'Istihlak' would be used for the statistical amount of food consumed by a population.
Comparing اِسْتِهْلاك (Consumption) with إِنْتاج (Production) is the basis of economic analysis.
Understanding these distinctions helps in selecting the precise word for the context. If you are writing a technical report, 'Istihlak' is your best friend. If you are describing how to use a coffee machine, 'Isti'mal' is the correct choice. If you are talking about the money you spent on the coffee machine, 'Infaq' or 'Sarf' is the way to go.
How Formal Is It?
कठिनाई स्तर
ज़रूरी व्याकरण
Idafa (Possessive Construct)
Masdar usage as a subject
Adjective-Noun agreement
Preposition 'li' with Masdars
Form X verb derivations
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
اِسْتِهْلاك الماء كبير.
Water consumption is big/high.
Simple subject-predicate sentence.
كم اِسْتِهْلاك الكهرباء؟
How much is the electricity consumption?
Question using 'Kam' (How much).
هذا اِسْتِهْلاك يومي.
This is daily consumption.
Noun + Adjective.
نحن نحب اِسْتِهْلاك الفواكه.
We like the consumption of fruits.
Object of the verb 'Nuhibbu'.
اِسْتِهْلاك السكر مضر.
Sugar consumption is harmful.
Idafa construction.
قلل اِسْتِهْلاك الورق.
Reduce paper consumption.
Imperative verb + object.
اِسْتِهْلاك الطعام جيد.
Food consumption is good.
Basic noun phrase.
أين فاتورة الاِسْتِهْلاك؟
Where is the consumption bill?
Idafa with 'Al-'.
يجب تقليل اِسْتِهْلاك الطاقة في البيت.
We must reduce energy consumption at home.
Modal 'Yajibu' + Masdar.
اِسْتِهْلاك القهوة زاد هذا الصباح.
Coffee consumption increased this morning.
Past tense verb 'Zada'.
هل تعرف معدل اِسْتِهْلاكك للماء؟
Do you know your water consumption rate?
Idafa with a pronoun suffix.
الاِسْتِهْلاك المفرط للملح ليس صحياً.
Excessive consumption of salt is not healthy.
Adjective 'Mufrit' modifying 'Istihlak'.
هذه السيارة موفرة في اِسْتِهْلاك الوقود.
This car is efficient in fuel consumption.
Preposition 'fi' + Masdar.
اِسْتِهْلاك الوقت في اللعب ليس دائماً سيئاً.
Consuming time in playing is not always bad.
Abstract use of Istihlak.
تراقب الشركة اِسْتِهْلاك الموظفين للإنترنت.
The company monitors employees' internet consumption.
Present tense verb 'Turaqibu'.
الاِسْتِهْلاك العالمي للنفط يرتفع.
Global oil consumption is rising.
Subject with 'Al-' and an adjective.
توعية الناس حول ترشيد اِسْتِهْلاك المياه ضرورية.
Educating people about rationalizing water consumption is necessary.
Complex Idafa chain.
يؤثر اِسْتِهْلاك الفرد على الاقتصاد الوطني.
Individual consumption affects the national economy.
Verb 'Yu'athiru' + preposition 'ala'.
ارتفع مؤشر اِسْتِهْلاك الأسر في الشهر الماضي.
The household consumption index rose last month.
Technical economic term.
يعاني المجتمع من نزعة اِسْتِهْلاكية قوية.
The society suffers from a strong consumerist tendency.
Adjective 'Istihlakiyya'.
تم تحديد كمية اِسْتِهْلاك الكهرباء لكل منزل.
The amount of electricity consumption for each house has been set.
Passive construction 'Tumma tahdid'.
الاِسْتِهْلاك المستدام هو هدفنا الأساسي.
Sustainable consumption is our primary goal.
Adjective 'Mustadam'.
يجب أن نوازن بين الإنتاج و اِسْتِهْلاك الموارد.
We must balance production and the consumption of resources.
Conjunction 'bayna... wa...'.
تعتمد الضرائب على حجم اِسْتِهْلاك السلع الفاخرة.
Taxes depend on the volume of consumption of luxury goods.
Verb 'Ta'tamidu' + preposition 'ala'.
يؤدي اِسْتِهْلاك الموارد الطبيعية بمعدل سريع إلى أزمة بيئية.
Consuming natural resources at a fast rate leads to an environmental crisis.
Gerund phrase as a subject.
تعتبر حماية المستهلك من أهم قوانين اِسْتِهْلاك السلع.
Consumer protection is considered one of the most important laws for the consumption of goods.
Passive verb 'Tu'tabaru'.
هناك علاقة طردية بين الدخل و اِسْتِهْلاك الفرد.
There is a direct relationship between income and individual consumption.
Academic term 'Alaqa tardiyya'.
يجب دراسة أنماط اِسْتِهْلاك الطاقة في المناطق الصناعية.
Energy consumption patterns in industrial areas must be studied.
Masdar 'Dirasa' + Idafa.
انخفض اِسْتِهْلاك الوقود بفضل التكنولوجيا الجديدة.
Fuel consumption decreased thanks to new technology.
Prepositional phrase 'bi-fadl'.
الاِسْتِهْلاك الواعي يقلل من النفايات المنزلية.
Conscious consumption reduces household waste.
Adjective 'Wa'i'.
تسعى الدولة إلى تقليص اِسْتِهْلاك الورق في الدوائر الحكومية.
The state seeks to reduce paper consumption in government departments.
Verb 'Tas'a' + preposition 'ila'.
يؤثر اِسْتِهْلاك المحتوى الرقمي على الصحة النفسية للشباب.
Digital content consumption affects the mental health of young people.
Abstract 'Istihlak' of content.
إن تفاقم اِسْتِهْلاك الموارد غير المتجددة ينذر بكارثة عالمية.
The worsening consumption of non-renewable resources portends a global catastrophe.
Emphatic 'Inna' + complex subject.
تتجلى الثقافة اِسْتِهْلاك في المظاهر الاجتماعية الزائفة.
Consumer culture manifests in false social appearances.
Verb 'Tatajalla' (to manifest).
يعد اِسْتِهْلاك رأس المال البشري دون استثمار خطأً استراتيجياً.
Consuming human capital without investment is considered a strategic mistake.
Metaphorical use of 'Istihlak'.
تنتقد الفلسفة المعاصرة هيمنة النمط اِسْتِهْلاكي على الوجود الإنساني.
Contemporary philosophy criticizes the dominance of the consumerist pattern over human existence.
Sophisticated vocabulary like 'Haymana' (dominance).
يرتبط اِسْتِهْلاك السعرات الحرارية ارتباطاً وثيقاً بمعدل الأيض.
Calorie consumption is closely linked to the metabolic rate.
Cognate accusative 'Irtibatan'.
ساهمت العولمة في توحيد معايير اِسْتِهْلاك في مختلف القارات.
Globalization has contributed to standardizing consumption standards across different continents.
Verb 'Sahamat' + preposition 'fi'.
يجب تحليل اِسْتِهْلاك الوقت كعنصر أساسي في الإنتاجية.
Time consumption must be analyzed as a fundamental element of productivity.
Passive 'Yajibu tahlil'.
تفرض الدولة ضرائب تصاعدية للحد من اِسْتِهْلاك السلع الضارة.
The state imposes progressive taxes to curb the consumption of harmful goods.
Purpose clause 'lil-hadd min'.
أضحى اِسْتِهْلاك الذات في سبيل العمل ظاهرة مقلقة في المجتمعات الحديثة.
Self-consumption for the sake of work has become a worrying phenomenon in modern societies.
Metaphorical 'Istihlak al-dhat'.
تتطلب الاستدامة إعادة صياغة جذرية لمفهوم اِسْتِهْلاك والملكية.
Sustainability requires a radical reformulation of the concept of consumption and ownership.
Complex abstract nouns.
إن اِسْتِهْلاك الرموز الثقافية وتحويلها إلى سلع يفرغها من محتواها.
The consumption of cultural symbols and their commodification empties them of their content.
Sophisticated social critique.
تتداخل معدلات اِسْتِهْلاك الطاقة مع الجيوسياسة العالمية بشكل معقد.
Energy consumption rates overlap with global geopolitics in a complex way.
Verb 'Tatadakhal' (to overlap).
يؤدي اِسْتِهْلاك الموارد المائية الجوفية إلى اختلال التوازن البيئي.
The consumption of groundwater resources leads to an imbalance in the ecological equilibrium.
Scientific precision.
لا يمكن فصل اِسْتِهْلاك المعرفة عن سياقاتها التاريخية والاجتماعية.
The consumption of knowledge cannot be separated from its historical and social contexts.
Passive 'La yumkin fasl'.
تعتبر الفجوة بين اِسْتِهْلاك والإنتاج في الدول النامية تحدياً بنيوياً.
The gap between consumption and production in developing countries is considered a structural challenge.
Economic terminology 'Tahaddi bunyuwi'.
إن اِسْتِهْلاك الفضاء العام من قبل الخصخصة يهدد الديمقراطية.
The consumption of public space by privatization threatens democracy.
Political science context.
सामान्य शब्द संयोजन
सामान्य वाक्यांश
अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है
Isti'mal is for tools/objects; Istihlak is for resources that get used up.
Istighlal is exploitation; Istihlak is consumption.
Infaq is specifically about spending money.
मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
इसे कैसे इस्तेमाल करें
Can be used for time, effort, and patience.
Used for goods, services, and budgets.
Used for food, water, fuel, and electricity.
- Using it for tools (like pens or cars) instead of 'Isti'mal'.
- Confusing the active and passive participles (Mustahlik vs Mustahlak).
- Spelling it with 'Ha' (ح) instead of 'Ha' (ه).
- Using it as a verb without the proper conjugation.
- Overusing it in very casual, everyday conversations.
सुझाव
Learn the Root
Knowing h-l-k helps you remember that consumption is about things 'perishing' through use.
Idafa Power
Master the Idafa construction to use 'Istihlak' with any resource (water, time, etc.).
Formal vs Informal
Keep 'Istihlak' for formal writing and 'Sarf' or 'Akl' for daily chat.
News Scan
Scan Arabic news headlines for this word; it's almost always there in the economy section.
Environmental Talk
Use it when discussing climate change to sound like a native speaker.
Adjective Pairing
Always pair it with 'mufrit' (excessive) or 'rasheed' (rational) in essays.
Bill Identification
Try to find an Arabic utility bill online and locate the word 'Istihlak'.
Visual Link
Visualize a candle burning down; that is 'Istihlak'.
Business Arabic
Use 'Istihlak al-mizaniyya' to talk about budget burn rates.
Metaphorical Use
Try using it for 'time' or 'effort' to show high-level proficiency.
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Think of 'Istihlak' as 'Is-this-lake' (empty)? Because we consumed all the water!
शब्द की उत्पत्ति
Arabic root ه-ل-ك (h-l-k)
सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ
While 'Istihlak' is formal, the culture of hospitality (Karam) often encourages high 'consumption' of food when hosting guests.
Consumption of water is a sensitive political and social issue in the Middle East.
असल ज़िंदगी में अभ्यास करें
वास्तविक संदर्भ
बातचीत की शुरुआत
"كيف يمكننا تقليل استهلاكنا للبلاستيك؟"
"هل تعتقد أننا نعيش في مجتمع استهلاكي؟"
"ما هو معدل استهلاكك للقهوة يومياً؟"
"هل تتابع استهلاكك للبيانات على هاتفك؟"
"كيف أثر ارتفاع الأسعار على استهلاكك للسلع؟"
डायरी विषय
اكتب عن تجربتك في تقليل استهلاك الكهرباء في منزلك.
هل تعتقد أن الاستهلاك المفرط هو السبب الرئيسي لتغير المناخ؟
صف نمط استهلاكك اليومي للوقت.
ما هي السلع الاستهلاكية التي لا يمكنك العيش بدونها؟
ناقش الفرق بين الحاجة والاستهلاك في حياتك.
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल
10 सवालIstihlak is for things that are used up (like fuel), while Isti'mal is for things that remain (like a hammer).
Yes, but it is formal. In a restaurant, use 'Akl' or 'Tanawul'. In a health report, use 'Istihlak'.
It is a noun (Masdar). The verb is 'Istahlaka'.
It means 'consumer' - the person who does the consumption.
Istihlak al-taqa (استهلاك الطاقة).
Yes, technically for budgets or spending power, but 'Infaq' is more common for daily spending.
The root is h-l-k (ه-ل-ك), meaning to perish.
Yes, very common in formal Arabic, news, and education.
Yes, 'Istihlakat', but it's usually used in the singular as an uncountable concept.
It means 'rationalizing consumption' or 'saving resources'.
खुद को परखो 180 सवाल
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Istihlak (اِسْتِهْلاك) is the essential Arabic term for 'consumption'. It describes the depletion of resources (physical or abstract) and is a vital word for understanding formal Arabic media, economics, and environmental discussions.
- Istihlak means consumption or using up resources like water and energy.
- It is a formal noun derived from the root meaning 'to perish'.
- Commonly used in economics, environment, and health contexts.
- Distinguished from 'Isti'mal' (use) by the fact that the resource is depleted.
Learn the Root
Knowing h-l-k helps you remember that consumption is about things 'perishing' through use.
Idafa Power
Master the Idafa construction to use 'Istihlak' with any resource (water, time, etc.).
Formal vs Informal
Keep 'Istihlak' for formal writing and 'Sarf' or 'Akl' for daily chat.
News Scan
Scan Arabic news headlines for this word; it's almost always there in the economy section.
उदाहरण
يؤدي ارتفاع معدلات الاستهلاك إلى استنزاف الموارد الطبيعية.
संबंधित सामग्री
यह शब्द अन्य भाषाओं में
economy के और शब्द
جذب
B1खींचने की क्रिया या भौतिक आकर्षण बल।
مستهلك
B1उपभोक्ता वह व्यक्ति है जो व्यक्तिगत उपयोग के लिए सामान और सेवाएँ खरीदता है।
استهلاك
B1संसाधनों की खपत। ऊर्जा की खपत कम होनी चाहिए।
عملة
B1स्थानीय मुद्रा मजबूत है। मुझे अपनी मुद्रा बदलनी है।
تنويع
B1निवेश का विविधीकरण जोखिम कम करता है।
تذبذب
B1स्तर या मूल्य में बार-बार और अनियमित परिवर्तन; उतार-चढ़ाव।
بنية تحتية
B1बुनियादी ढांचा; वे बुनियादी भौतिक और संगठनात्मक संरचनाएं जो समाज के संचालन के लिए आवश्यक हैं।
خصخصة
B2निजीकरण का अर्थ है सरकारी स्वामित्व वाले व्यवसायों को निजी क्षेत्र में स्थानांतरित करना।
ازدهار
B1सफलता, फलने-फूलने या समृद्ध होने की अवस्था, विशेष रूप से वित्त या संस्कृति के संदर्भ में।
رخاء
B1समृद्ध, सफल और जीवन की अच्छी गुणवत्ता होने की स्थिति।