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B2 adjective 9 मिनट पढ़ने का समय

ناموثق

namovassagh
उदाहरण ناموثق 30 सेकंड में
व्याख्या ناموثق in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'ناموثق' (nāmovassaq) is quite advanced. However, you can think of it as a special way to say 'bad news' or 'not true news.' Imagine you see a story on the internet about a flying cat. You know that is not real. You can say the news is 'nāmovassaq.' It means we don't trust where the story came from. At this stage, just remember that 'nā' at the beginning of a word usually means 'not.' So, 'nā-movassaq' is 'not-reliable.' You won't use this in basic greetings, but you might see it on a news website. Focus on the idea that some information is good (trustworthy) and some is 'nāmovassaq' (bad/not proven). It’s like a warning sign for your brain! Even if you can't use it in a full sentence yet, recognizing it will help you understand that a Persian speaker is being careful about what they believe.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
For A2 learners, 'ناموثق' is a great word to add to your 'media and information' vocabulary. You are starting to read short news clips or social media posts. You will notice that many people use this word when they talk about rumors. For example, if your friend tells you a secret they heard from a stranger, you can say, 'In khabar nāmovassaq ast' (This news is unreliable). It’s more polite and formal than saying 'You are lying.' It shows you are thinking about the source of the information. You can also start pairing it with common nouns like 'manba' (source) or 'khabar' (news). Practice saying 'manba-ye nāmovassaq' (unreliable source). This will help you get used to the Ezafe construction while learning a high-level word. It’s a step up from basic adjectives like 'khub' (good) or 'bad' (bad).
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the B1 level, you should be able to use 'ناموثق' in your writing and speaking when discussing topics like technology, news, or history. You are now expected to express opinions and provide reasons. If you are writing an essay about the internet, you might write: 'Internet contains both reliable and unreliable (nāmovassaq) information.' This word helps you sound more objective and academic. You should also understand that 'nāmovassaq' is different from 'doroogh' (a lie). A lie is on purpose, but 'nāmovassaq' means we just aren't sure if it's true because the person who said it might not be an expert. You will hear this word in documentaries or during more serious TV talk shows. Start using it to qualify your statements, such as: 'I heard this, but the source is nāmovassaq.'
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the B2 level, 'ناموثق' is a core vocabulary item. You are expected to handle complex information and follow professional discussions. You should use 'ناموثق' to critique sources in academic or professional settings. For instance, in a business report, you might warn your boss about 'nāmovassaq' data from a competitor. You should also be comfortable with the word's derivatives and its opposite, 'movassaq.' You should notice the nuances: why would a journalist use 'nāmovassaq' instead of 'mashkook' (suspicious)? 'Nāmovassaq' implies a technical failure in verification, while 'mashkook' implies a feeling that something is wrong. You should be able to use the word in various grammatical positions—both as a direct modifier (manba-ye nāmovassaq) and as a predicate (in asnad nāmovassaq hastand). This word is essential for demonstrating critical thinking in Persian.
As a C1 learner, you should use 'ناموثق' with precision and understand its historical and legal connotations. You should be able to discuss the 'reliability' (movassaq budan) of historical texts or the legal weight of 'nāmovassaq' evidence in a courtroom. You will encounter this word in classical literature studies or high-level political analysis. You should also be aware of how the word is used to maintain 'journalistic distance.' When a high-level speaker says 'nāmovassaq,' they are often making a sophisticated epistemological point about the nature of truth and evidence. You should be able to use it in complex sentences with relative clauses, like: 'The information, which was initially considered nāmovassaq, was later confirmed by official sources.' Your usage should reflect an understanding of the word's formal register and its specific application to data and documentation.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the C2 level, 'ناموثق' is a tool for nuanced rhetorical expression. You understand the deep roots of the word in Arabic lexicography and its evolution in Persian intellectual history. You can use it to deconstruct arguments, pointing out where an entire theory might rest on a 'nāmovassaq' foundation. You are sensitive to the subtle difference between 'nāmovassaq,' 'ghayr-e mo'tabar,' and 'bi-pāye,' and you choose the exact one to fit the context's legal, academic, or social requirements. You might use it in a satirical or ironic way to mock 'alternative facts.' Your mastery allows you to use the word effortlessly in high-stakes environments, such as diplomatic negotiations or philosophical debates, where the distinction between 'verified' and 'unverified' is paramount. You recognize that 'nāmovassaq' is not just a descriptor, but a category of information that shapes public discourse and historical narrative.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
उदाहरण

ناموثق 30 सेकंड में

  • ناموثق means unreliable or unverified information.
  • It is a formal word used in news, law, and academia.
  • It comes from the root 'vosoq' (trust) plus the prefix 'nā' (not).
  • It is usually used for sources, news, and documents, not people.

The Persian word ناموثق (nāmovassaq) is a sophisticated adjective primarily used to describe information, reports, sources, or documents that lack credibility or verification. It is a formal term, deeply rooted in the concept of 'trust' (vosoq). When you encounter this word, you are dealing with something that cannot be taken at face value. It is the antithesis of a 'confirmed' or 'official' statement. In the modern era of rapid information exchange and social media, this word has gained renewed importance in Persian discourse, often appearing in news broadcasts, academic papers, and legal contexts to caution the audience against accepting unverified claims.

Register and Tone
Formal and Academic. While understood by most native speakers, it is rarely used in casual street slang, where simpler terms like 'doroogh' (lie) or 'alaki' (fake) might be used instead.

بسیاری از شایعاتی که در تلگرام پخش می‌شوند، از منابع ناموثق هستند.

Translation: Many of the rumors spread on Telegram are from unreliable sources.

Understanding the nuance of this word requires looking at its root. The base word is movassaq, which means 'documented' or 'reliable.' By adding the negative prefix nā-, the meaning is completely inverted. This prefix is a powerful tool in Persian grammar, similar to 'un-' or 'non-' in English. Therefore, ناموثق doesn't just mean 'wrong'; it specifically means 'not proven to be right' or 'lacking the stamp of authority.' This distinction is crucial for B2 level learners who are moving beyond simple adjectives into the realm of precise vocabulary for professional and intellectual discussion.

استناد به آمارهای ناموثق می‌تواند به اعتبار تحقیق شما آسیب بزند.

Translation: Citing unreliable statistics can damage the credibility of your research.
Contextual Usage
Commonly paired with nouns like 'manba' (source), 'khabar' (news), 'gozaresh' (report), and 'asnad' (documents).

In a historical context, Persian scholars used the term 'movassaq' to describe traditions (hadiths) or historical accounts that had a clear, traceable, and trustworthy chain of transmission. Thus, ناموثق was the label given to stories that were apocryphal or suspect. Today, this legacy continues in the way journalists use the word to distance themselves from 'fake news' or unconfirmed leaks. If a news agency says a report is 'nāmovassaq,' they are legally and ethically protecting themselves by stating they cannot vouch for its accuracy.

او همیشه اطلاعات ناموثق را در جلسات مطرح می‌کند.

Translation: He always brings up unreliable information in meetings.
Synonym Comparison
While 'bi-e'temad' means 'untrustworthy' (often for people), 'nāmovassaq' is specifically for 'unreliable' (often for data or sources).

ما نباید بر اساس شایعات ناموثق تصمیم‌گیری کنیم.

Translation: We should not make decisions based on unreliable rumors.

The word ناموثق functions as a standard adjective in Persian. Its primary role is to modify nouns related to information. To use it correctly, you must master the Ezafe (the short 'e' sound that connects a noun to its adjective). For example, 'unreliable source' becomes manba-ye nāmovassaq. Notice how the 'ye' is added to 'manba' because it ends in a vowel sound in some dialects, or just a simple 'e' sound for words ending in consonants.

Common Noun Pairings
1. Khabar (News)
2. Manba (Source)
3. Gozaresh (Report)
4. Sanad (Document)
5. Ettela'at (Information)

این گزارش به دلیل استفاده از منابع ناموثق رد شد.

Translation: This report was rejected due to the use of unreliable sources.

In more complex sentences, ناموثق can be used as a predicate adjective after the verb 'to be' (budan) or 'to seem' (be nazar residan). For instance, 'This news seems unreliable' would be In khabar nāmovassaq be nazar mi-resad. This usage is very common in debates or critical reviews of books and articles. It allows the speaker to express doubt without being overly aggressive or calling someone a liar directly.

حتی اگر منبع خبر ناموثق باشد، باز هم باید آن را بررسی کنیم.

Translation: Even if the source of the news is unreliable, we still need to investigate it.

Another frequent pattern is using 'nāmovassaq' in the comparative or superlative forms, though this is less common than with basic adjectives. You might say nāmovassaq-tar (more unreliable). However, usually, a source is either 'movassaq' or 'nāmovassaq'—it's a binary state in many formal contexts. If you want to say something is very unreliable, it is better to use an intensifier like kamelan (completely).

آن‌ها بر اساس داده‌های کاملاً ناموثق به این نتیجه رسیدند.

Translation: They reached this conclusion based on completely unreliable data.
Sentence Structure Tip
Noun + (e) + nāmovassaq + Verb. This is the most stable and natural way to use the word in 90% of cases.

نویسنده کتاب از اسناد ناموثق تاریخی استفاده کرده است.

Translation: The author of the book has used unreliable historical documents.

In your daily life in Iran or within Persian-speaking communities, you are most likely to hear ناموثق in formal media environments. If you turn on the news (like IRIB or BBC Persian), and the anchor is talking about a rumor that hasn't been confirmed by the government or a major organization, they will invariably use this word. It's the professional way to say 'we heard this, but don't quote us on it yet.'

Media Usage
Used by news anchors to describe 'unconfirmed reports' (gozaresh-haye nāmovassaq) especially during breaking news events.

اخبار ناموثق از وقوع یک انفجار در حومه شهر خبر می‌دهند.

Translation: Unreliable (unconfirmed) news reports an explosion in the city's outskirts.

In universities, professors use this word when grading papers. If a student cites a blog post or a Wikipedia-style entry that hasn't been peer-reviewed, the professor might write manba-ye nāmovassaq in the margins. This is a clear signal that the student needs to find a more academic source. It's a word of intellectual caution. If you are participating in a seminar or a formal discussion, using this word shows that you have a high level of Persian and understand the standards of academic evidence.

Legal and administrative settings are another common place for this word. A lawyer might argue that the evidence presented by the opposing side is ناموثق because the witness is biased or the document is a forgery. In this context, the word carries significant weight and can determine the outcome of a case. It’s not just about truth; it’s about the *authority* to speak the truth.

دادگاه این مدارک را به دلیل ناموثق بودن نپذیرفت.

Translation: The court did not accept these documents because they were unreliable.
Professional Discourse
In business meetings, use it to describe market rumors or unverified data from competitors.

نباید روی این اطلاعات ناموثق سرمایه‌گذاری کنیم.

Translation: We should not invest based on this unreliable information.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is using ناموثق to describe people. In English, we can say 'He is an unreliable person,' meaning he doesn't show up on time. In Persian, if you say u ādam-e nāmovassaqi ast, it sounds like you are saying he is a fake historical figure or a document! Instead, use bi-e'temad (untrustworthy) or bad-ghol (someone who breaks promises).

Mistake #1: Describing People
Incorrect: دوست من ناموثق است. (My friend is unreliable.)
Correct: دوست من غیرقابل اعتماد است.

اشتباه رایج: استفاده از ناموثق برای توصیف وسایل نقلیه یا ابزارها.

Note: Don't use it for cars or tools. Use 'kharab' (broken) or 'na-motma'en' (uncertain).

Another mistake is confusing ناموثق with doroogh (lie). A lie is a deliberate attempt to deceive. Something 'nāmovassaq' might actually be true, but we just don't have the proof yet. It describes the quality of the source, not necessarily the falsity of the content. If you call someone's correct (but unproven) information 'doroogh,' you might offend them. If you call it 'nāmovassaq,' you are making a valid intellectual critique.

Pronunciation can also be a hurdle. The 'th' sound (written as ث) is pronounced as a simple 's' in modern Persian. Some learners try to pronounce it like the English 'th' in 'think,' which sounds very foreign and unnatural in Persian. It should be pronounced exactly like nā-mo-vas-saq with a sharp 's' sound. Also, ensure you don't skip the 'v' sound in the middle; it's not 'nā-mo-saq'.

دقت کنید که ناموثق با 'ث' نوشته می‌شود، نه با 'س'.

Note: Spelling matters! It uses the letter 'Se' (ث), which is common in Arabic-rooted words.
Register Errors
Using 'nāmovassaq' in a casual conversation with kids about a fairy tale might sound too stiff. Use 'alaki' (fake/pretend) instead.

این سایت همیشه لینک‌های ناموثق منتشر می‌کند.

Translation: This site always publishes unreliable links.

While ناموثق is a powerful word, Persian offers several alternatives depending on the specific shade of meaning you want to convey. Understanding these differences is the key to achieving C1/C2 level fluency. The most common synonym is ghayr-e mo'tabar, which means 'invalid' or 'not credible.' While they are often interchangeable, 'mo'tabar' (credible) relates more to the reputation of the source, whereas 'movassaq' relates to the certainty of the evidence.

ناموثق vs. غیرمعتبر (Ghayr-e Mo'tabar)
'Nāmovassaq' focuses on the lack of proof. 'Ghayr-e mo'tabar' focuses on the lack of authority or validity (like an expired passport).

مدرک تحصیلی او غیرمعتبر است.

Translation: His educational degree is invalid (not 'nāmovassaq').

Another alternative is bi-pāye (baseless). This is a stronger word, often used to dismiss rumors as having no foundation whatsoever. If someone says 'In khabar bi-pāye ast,' they are saying there is absolutely no truth to it. ناموثق is slightly more cautious, implying that while there might be some base, it hasn't been verified by a reliable entity.

مشکوک (Mashkook) - Suspicious
Use 'mashkook' when you suspect there is something wrong or hidden. 'Nāmovassaq' is more about the technical lack of verification.

رفتار او بسیار مشکوک است.

Translation: His behavior is very suspicious.

Finally, we have takzib-shode (denied/refuted). This is used after a report has been officially declared false by the parties involved. If a 'nāmovassaq' report is later proven wrong, it becomes 'takzib-shode'. As a learner, mastering these distinctions will help you navigate Persian news and academic texts with much greater precision and confidence.

Antonyms
1. Movassaq (Reliable)
2. Mo'tabar (Credible)
3. Motma'en (Certain/Sure)
4. Rasmi (Official)

ما فقط از منابع موثق استفاده می‌کنیم.

Translation: We only use reliable sources.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

این خبر ناموثق است.

This news is unreliable.

Simple 'Subject + Adjective + Verb' structure.

2

منبع ناموثق بد است.

An unreliable source is bad.

Using Ezafe to connect 'manba' and 'nāmovassaq'.

3

او حرف‌های ناموثق می‌زند.

He says unreliable things.

Plural noun followed by an adjective.

4

کتاب ناموثق نخوان.

Don't read an unreliable book.

Imperative negative verb.

5

این سایت ناموثق است؟

Is this site unreliable?

Question form using intonation.

6

اطلاعات ناموثق را قبول نکن.

Do not accept unreliable information.

Direct object with 'rā'.

7

آن‌ها ناموثق هستند.

They (the reports) are unreliable.

Third-person plural verb.

8

چرا این منبع ناموثق است؟

Why is this source unreliable?

Question word 'cherā' (why).

1

بسیاری از سایت‌ها ناموثق هستند.

Many websites are unreliable.

Use of 'basyāri az' (many of).

2

من به اخبار ناموثق گوش نمی‌دهم.

I don't listen to unreliable news.

Preposition 'be' used with the verb 'gush dādan'.

3

آیا این یک گزارش ناموثق است؟

Is this an unreliable report?

Use of 'yek' (a/one) as an indefinite article.

4

ما نباید از منابع ناموثق استفاده کنیم.

We should not use unreliable sources.

Modal verb 'nabāyad' (should not).

5

این آمارها کمی ناموثق به نظر می‌رسند.

These statistics seem a bit unreliable.

Verb 'be nazar residan' (to seem).

6

او همیشه داستان‌های ناموثق تعریف می‌کند.

He always tells unreliable stories.

Adverb 'hamishe' (always).

7

این سند به نظر ناموثق می‌آید.

This document looks unreliable.

Verb 'be nazar āmadan' (to look/seem).

8

اطلاعات او درباره جنگ ناموثق بود.

His information about the war was unreliable.

Past tense 'bud' (was).

1

در فضای مجازی، تشخیص اخبار موثق از ناموثق دشوار است.

In virtual space, distinguishing reliable news from unreliable is difficult.

Infinitive 'tashkhis dādan' used as a subject.

2

اگر منبع شما ناموثق باشد، کسی حرفتان را باور نمی‌کند.

If your source is unreliable, no one will believe your words.

Conditional sentence using 'agar'.

3

نویسنده بر اساس شایعات ناموثق این کتاب را نوشته است.

The author wrote this book based on unreliable rumors.

Prepositional phrase 'bar asās-e' (based on).

4

ما باید از انتشار پیام‌های ناموثق خودداری کنیم.

We must avoid spreading unreliable messages.

Compound verb 'khoddāri kardan' (to avoid).

5

این گزارش‌های ناموثق باعث نگرانی مردم شده است.

These unreliable reports have caused public concern.

Present perfect 'shode ast'.

6

او ادعا کرد که مدارک پلیس ناموثق هستند.

He claimed that the police documents are unreliable.

Reported speech using 'ke'.

7

تحقیق او به دلیل استفاده از داده‌های ناموثق رد شد.

His research was rejected due to using unreliable data.

Passive voice 'rad shod'.

8

همیشه سعی کنید از منابع ناموثق دوری کنید.

Always try to stay away from unreliable sources.

Imperative 'sa'y konid' (try).

1

استناد به منابع ناموثق می‌تواند اعتبار علمی شما را زیر سؤال ببرد.

Citing unreliable sources can call your scientific credibility into question.

Idiomatic expression 'zir-e so'āl bordan'.

2

رسانه‌ها نباید به شایعات ناموثق دامن بزنند.

Media should not fuel unreliable rumors.

Idiom 'dāman zadan' (to fuel/fan the flames).

3

این فرضیه بر پایه یک سری اطلاعات کاملاً ناموثق بنا شده است.

This hypothesis is built on a series of completely unreliable information.

Passive compound verb 'banā shode ast'.

4

خبرگزاری‌ها از انتشار هرگونه خبر ناموثق منع شده‌اند.

News agencies have been prohibited from publishing any kind of unreliable news.

Passive voice with 'man' shodan'.

5

تشخیص منابع موثق از ناموثق یکی از مهارت‌های سواد رسانه‌ای است.

Distinguishing reliable sources from unreliable is one of the skills of media literacy.

Complex noun phrase as a subject.

6

او با ارائه مدارک ناموثق سعی در فریب دادگاه داشت.

He tried to deceive the court by presenting unreliable documents.

Gerund 'erā'e' (presenting).

7

گزارش‌های ناموثق اقتصادی باعث نوسان در بازار شد.

Unreliable economic reports caused fluctuations in the market.

Causal relationship sentence.

8

باید بین اخبار رسمی و گزارش‌های ناموثق تفاوت قائل شد.

One must distinguish between official news and unreliable reports.

Impersonal 'bāyad ... shod' construction.

1

تاریخ‌نگاران همواره در تلاش‌اند تا روایت‌های موثق را از حکایات ناموثق جدا کنند.

Historians are always striving to separate reliable narratives from unreliable anecdotes.

Present continuous 'dar talāsh-and'.

2

در این مقاله، نویسنده به نقد منابع ناموثق قرن نوزدهم می‌پردازد.

In this article, the author critiques unreliable 19th-century sources.

Verb 'pardākhtan be' (to engage in/deal with).

3

ابهام در متن به دلیل استفاده از واژگان ناموثق و دوپهلو است.

The ambiguity in the text is due to the use of unreliable and equivocal vocabulary.

Abstract nouns 'abhām' (ambiguity) and 'vājegān' (vocabulary).

4

سیاستمداران گاهی برای پیشبرد اهداف خود از آمارهای ناموثق بهره می‌برند.

Politicians sometimes utilize unreliable statistics to advance their goals.

Verb 'bahre bordan' (to utilize/benefit from).

5

این ادعا به قدری ناموثق است که حتی ارزش بررسی کردن ندارد.

This claim is so unreliable that it isn't even worth investigating.

Result clause 'be ghadri ... ke'.

6

عدم شفافیت در اطلاع‌رسانی منجر به رواج اخبار ناموثق می‌شود.

Lack of transparency in information sharing leads to the prevalence of unreliable news.

Subject 'adam-e shaffāfiyat' (lack of transparency).

7

پژوهشگران باید از سوگیری در انتخاب منابع ناموثق اجتناب کنند.

Researchers must avoid bias in choosing unreliable sources.

Noun 'su-giri' (bias).

8

بسیاری از اسناد تاریخی به جا مانده، به دلیل تحریف، ناموثق تلقی می‌شوند.

Many remaining historical documents are considered unreliable due to distortion.

Passive construction 'talaghi mishavand' (are considered).

1

تقلیل مفاهیم پیچیده به روایت‌های ناموثق، از آفات تحلیل‌های معاصر است.

Reducing complex concepts to unreliable narratives is one of the banes of contemporary analysis.

Gerundial subject 'taghlil' (reduction).

2

او در کتاب خود به واکاوی ریشه‌های معرفت‌شناختی داده‌های ناموثق می‌پردازد.

In his book, he explores the epistemological roots of unreliable data.

Highly academic term 'vākāvi' (analysis/exploration).

3

اعتبار یک نظریه علمی در گرو نفی هرگونه گزاره ناموثق است.

The validity of a scientific theory depends on the negation of any unreliable propositions.

Idiomatic structure 'dar gerov-e' (dependent on).

4

چالش اصلی در عصر اطلاعات، پالایش داده‌های موثق از انبوه اطلاعات ناموثق است.

The main challenge in the information age is filtering reliable data from the mass of unreliable information.

Verbal noun 'pālāyesh' (refinement/filtering).

5

نویسنده با ظرافتی خاص، مرز بین واقعیت و گزارش‌های ناموثق را در هم می‌آمیزد.

The author, with a particular subtlety, blurs the line between reality and unreliable reports.

Compound verb 'dar ham āmikhtan' (to blend/blur).

6

تکیه بر شهود در غیاب شواهد، منجر به نتایجی ناموثق و گمراه‌کننده خواهد شد.

Relying on intuition in the absence of evidence will lead to unreliable and misleading results.

Future tense 'khāhad shod'.

7

در این برهه حساس، هرگونه اظهارنظر ناموثق می‌تواند تبعات جبران‌ناپذیری داشته باشد.

At this sensitive juncture, any unreliable statement can have irreparable consequences.

Adjective 'jobrān-nā-pazir' (irreparable).

8

فقدان متدولوژی علمی، پژوهش او را به مجموعه‌ای از ادعاهای ناموثق بدل کرده است.

The lack of scientific methodology has turned his research into a collection of unreliable claims.

Verb 'badal kardan' (to change/turn into).

सामान्य शब्द संयोजन

منبع ناموثق
خبر ناموثق
گزارش ناموثق
सभी उदाहरण देखने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

संबंधित सामग्री

academic के और शब्द

اعمال کردن

B2

To apply, to implement; to put into operation or effect.

عامل شدن

B2

किसी चीज़ का कारक या कारण बनना।

اعتبار علمی

B2

शैक्षिक विश्वसनीयता या वैज्ञानिक प्रतिष्ठा।

اعتبار بخشیدن

B2

किसी चीज़ को मान्य करना या आधिकारिक स्वीकृति देना।

اعتبار سنجی کردن

B2

किसी चीज़ की वैधता या सटीकता की जाँच करना या उसे प्रमाणित करना।

اعتباربخشی

B2

मान्यता वह आधिकारिक मान्यता है कि कोई व्यक्ति या संस्थान कुछ मानकों को पूरा करता है।

اعتمادپذیر

B2

विश्वसनीय; भरोसेमंद।

اعتراف کردن

B2

स्वीकार करना या स्वीकार करना; यह स्वीकार करना कि किसी ने अपराध किया है या कुछ गलत किया है। (उसे कबूल करना होगा कि उसने झूठ बोला था। उसने अपराध कबूल कर लिया।)

عضو هیئت علمی

B2

A faculty member; a professional academic engaged in teaching and research at a university.

عقلانی

B2

तार्किक; तर्क या विवेक पर आधारित।

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