A2 particle तटस्थ #300 सबसे आम 2 मिनट पढ़ने का समय

など

Meaning 'and so on,' 'etc.', or 'things like...'.

nado /nado/
Practice it

Use 'nado' to imply that the listed items are just a part of a larger, similar group.

30 सेकंड में शब्द

  • Used to list examples without being exhaustive.
  • Indicates that there are other similar things.
  • Commonly paired with the particle 'ya'.
When など (nado) follows a noun or a list of nouns, it indicates that the preceding items are just examples from a larger category. It signals to the listener or reader that the list is not exhaustive and that similar items exist or are implied. This usage is very common in everyday conversation and writing, allowing for conciseness without explicitly listing every single item. It can be used after single nouns or after multiple nouns connected by particles like や (ya) or と (to).
Beyond just listing examples, など can also be used to soften a statement, make a suggestion less direct, or express vagueness. When appended to a clause or a quoted statement, it can translate to 'things like that' or 'something to that effect'. This usage is particularly useful when you don't want to be overly assertive or when you are paraphrasing what someone else said, avoiding exact quotation. It adds a subtle nuance of approximation.
While similar to other particles that imply a range (e.g., ~とか (~toka)), など (nado) often carries a slightly more formal or general tone. ~とか can sometimes imply a more casual or informal selection. Understanding these subtle differences is crucial for natural communication. など also sometimes carries a slight sense of disparagement when used to refer to people or groups, implying 'people like them' in a dismissive way, though this context is highly dependent on intonation and surrounding words.

Fun Fact

など (nado) is sometimes written with the kanji 等, especially in more formal or academic contexts, though it's overwhelmingly common to see it in hiragana.

उदाहरण

1

週末は映画を観たり、本を読んだりなどして過ごしました。

Describing weekend activities.

I spent the weekend watching movies, reading books, and so on.

2

日本には富士山や京都など、美しい場所がたくさんあります。

Listing famous places in Japan.

In Japan, there are many beautiful places, such as Mt. Fuji and Kyoto.

3

「勉強しろ」などと母によく言われる。

Recalling a parent's frequent advice.

My mother often tells me things like 'Study hard'.

4

お茶、コーヒーなど、お飲み物は何になさいますか？

Offering beverages to a guest.

What would you like to drink? Tea, coffee, etc.?

सामान्य शब्द संयोजन

～や～など ~ and ~, and so on (listing examples)
～たり～たりなど doing things like ~ and ~ (listing activities)
～などと言う to say things like ~
～などと考える to think things like ~

सामान्य वाक्यांश

などと言われている

It is said that...

〜などという

something like...

などと

such things as (used with verbs of saying)

अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है

など vs とか

More informal than 'nado'. Often used in spoken language to list examples casually.

など vs などなど

A repetitive form used in very casual conversation to emphasize that there are many more items.

व्याकरण पैटर्न

[Noun] や [Noun] など [Noun] など [Verb-dict form] ことなど

How to Use It

इस्तेमाल की जानकारी

Nado is a versatile particle used across all registers. While 'nado' is standard, 'tou' (written as 等) is preferred in formal writing. Be careful not to use it when referring to people, as it can sound dismissive.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Beginners often use 'nado' after every single item, which is redundant. Also, using it for people is a common social mistake. Remember that 'nado' implies an incomplete list, so it shouldn't be used if you are listing absolutely everything.

Tips

💡

Pair with 'ya' for natural flow

Using 'A ya B nado' is the most natural way to list examples. It shows you are not listing everything.

⚠️

Avoid using for people

Using 'nado' after a person's name can sound belittling. Use 'tachi' or 'gata' instead.

🌍

The importance of ambiguity

Japanese culture values indirectness. 'Nado' helps avoid being overly assertive by not claiming a complete list.

शब्द की उत्पत्ति

From Old Japanese, likely evolving from a word meaning 'equal' or 'similar'.

सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ

Japanese communication often avoids definitive statements. Using 'nado' allows speakers to remain vague and polite, preventing them from sounding overly dogmatic or rigid in their speech.

याद रखने का तरीका

Think of 'nado' as 'and-o' (and others). It's a quick way to say there is more to the list.

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल

4 सवाल

「など」は書き言葉でも話し言葉でも使えますが、「とか」は話し言葉で使われることが多いです。「とか」の方がよりカジュアルで、個人的な意見や例を挙げる際によく使われます。

はい、あります。「等」と書きますが、読み方は「など」です。ビジネス文書や公的な文章では漢字で書くことが好まれる傾向があります。

はい、できます。例えば「趣味は読書や映画鑑賞などです」のように、名詞句の最後として使うことができます。

人に対して使うと少し失礼な印象を与えることがあります。人に対しては「〜の方々」などを使う方が丁寧です。

खुद को परखो

fill blank

机の上にペン___ノートがあります。

सही! बिलकुल नहीं। सही जवाब: や

「AやBなど」というセットで使うのが最も一般的です。

स्कोर: /1

Related Content

यह शब्द अन्य भाषाओं में

等等 चीनी etc अंग्रेज़ी
क्या यह मददगार था?

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