Use 'nado' to imply that the listed items are just a part of a larger, similar group.
Palavra em 30 segundos
- Used to list examples without being exhaustive.
- Indicates that there are other similar things.
- Commonly paired with the particle 'ya'.
Overview
- 1概要：「など」は、日本語の文章や会話で非常に頻繁に使われる助詞です。何かを説明する際、すべてを列挙するのではなく、代表的なものをいくつか挙げて「他にもまだあります」というニュアンスを付け加えます。2) 使用パターン：主に名詞の後に置かれます。「AやBなど」のように「や」と一緒に使われることが非常に多いです。また、文末で「〜など（と）言った」「〜などがある」のように使われることも一般的です。3) 一般的な文脈：日常会話からビジネス、論文まで幅広く使われます。丁寧な表現では「など」を「等（とう）」と書くこともありますが、読み方は同じです。4) 類似語との比較：「〜とか」はより口語的で、少しカジュアルな響きがあります。「〜といった」は、より具体的にカテゴリーを説明する際に使われます。「など」は最も汎用性が高く、ニュートラルな表現です。
Exemplos
机の上にペンやノートなどがあります。
everydayThere are pens, notebooks, and so on on the desk.
会議では予算や日程などを話し合いました。
formalWe discussed the budget, schedule, etc. at the meeting.
アイスとかケーキとか、甘いものが好きです。
informalI like sweet things like ice cream and cake.
本研究では、気候変動の影響などを調査した。
academicIn this study, we investigated the impacts of climate change, etc.
Colocações comuns
Frases Comuns
などと言われている
It is said that...
〜などという
something like...
などと
such things as (used with verbs of saying)
Frequentemente confundido com
More informal than 'nado'. Often used in spoken language to list examples casually.
A repetitive form used in very casual conversation to emphasize that there are many more items.
Padrões gramaticais
How to Use It
Notas de uso
Nado is a versatile particle used across all registers. While 'nado' is standard, 'tou' (written as 等) is preferred in formal writing. Be careful not to use it when referring to people, as it can sound dismissive.
Erros comuns
Beginners often use 'nado' after every single item, which is redundant. Also, using it for people is a common social mistake. Remember that 'nado' implies an incomplete list, so it shouldn't be used if you are listing absolutely everything.
Tips
Pair with 'ya' for natural flow
Using 'A ya B nado' is the most natural way to list examples. It shows you are not listing everything.
Avoid using for people
Using 'nado' after a person's name can sound belittling. Use 'tachi' or 'gata' instead.
The importance of ambiguity
Japanese culture values indirectness. 'Nado' helps avoid being overly assertive by not claiming a complete list.
Origem da palavra
The word originates from the classical Japanese 'nado', which functioned similarly to indicate an indefinite or incomplete list. It has remained a staple of the language for centuries.
Contexto cultural
Japanese communication often avoids definitive statements. Using 'nado' allows speakers to remain vague and polite, preventing them from sounding overly dogmatic or rigid in their speech.
Dica de memorização
Think of 'nado' as 'and-o' (and others). It's a quick way to say there is more to the list.
Perguntas frequentes
4 perguntas「など」は書き言葉でも話し言葉でも使えますが、「とか」は話し言葉で使われることが多いです。「とか」の方がよりカジュアルで、個人的な意見や例を挙げる際によく使われます。
はい、あります。「等」と書きますが、読み方は「など」です。ビジネス文書や公的な文章では漢字で書くことが好まれる傾向があります。
はい、できます。例えば「趣味は読書や映画鑑賞などです」のように、名詞句の最後として使うことができます。
人に対して使うと少し失礼な印象を与えることがあります。人に対しては「〜の方々」などを使う方が丁寧です。
Teste-se
机の上にペン___ノートがあります。
「AやBなど」というセットで使うのが最も一般的です。
Pontuação: /1
Summary
Use 'nado' to imply that the listed items are just a part of a larger, similar group.
- Used to list examples without being exhaustive.
- Indicates that there are other similar things.
- Commonly paired with the particle 'ya'.
Pair with 'ya' for natural flow
Using 'A ya B nado' is the most natural way to list examples. It shows you are not listing everything.
Avoid using for people
Using 'nado' after a person's name can sound belittling. Use 'tachi' or 'gata' instead.
The importance of ambiguity
Japanese culture values indirectness. 'Nado' helps avoid being overly assertive by not claiming a complete list.
Exemplos
4 de 4机の上にペンやノートなどがあります。
There are pens, notebooks, and so on on the desk.
会議では予算や日程などを話し合いました。
We discussed the budget, schedule, etc. at the meeting.
アイスとかケーキとか、甘いものが好きです。
I like sweet things like ice cream and cake.
本研究では、気候変動の影響などを調査した。
In this study, we investigated the impacts of climate change, etc.
Related Content
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