When you see 「～制」attached to a word, it usually means “system” or “-made.” Think of it like describing how something is set up or what it's made from. For example, if a product is 「日本製」, it means it’s “made in Japan.”
When used as a suffix, ～制 (sei) means "system" or "-made." It indicates that something follows a particular system, rule, or method, or that it is made in a specific way or for a particular purpose.
For example, 予約制 (yoyaku-sei) means "reservation system" or "by appointment only," indicating that a service or facility operates on a reservation basis. Similarly, 完全手作り制 (kanzen tezukuri-sei) would imply something is "completely handmade system," suggesting that all items are made by hand.
You'll often see this suffix in official notices, product descriptions, or when explaining how a service operates. It's a very practical suffix to understand as it clarifies the operational structure or manufacturing method of many things in daily life.
कठिनाई स्तर
Common kanji, relatively easy to read in context.
Short and simple kanji.
Pronunciation is straightforward.
Common sound, easily recognizable in context.
आगे क्या सीखें
पूर्वापेक्षाएँ
आगे सीखें
उन्नत
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
これは予約制です。
This is a reservation system.
会員制のジムに行きたいです。
I want to go to a membership-based gym.
この学校は二学期制です。
This school uses a two-semester system.
この車は日本製です。
This car is made in Japan.
手作りのプレゼントをもらいました。
I received a handmade present.
最近、週休二日制の会社が増えています。
Recently, more companies are adopting a five-day work week system.
このアパートはオートロック制です。
This apartment has an auto-lock system.
ランチはビュッフェ制です。
Lunch is buffet-style.
अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है
While '～制' often indicates a system, '制度' is a standalone noun for 'system,' 'institution,' or 'organization.' '～制' is a suffix.
'体制' generally refers to a 'structure,' 'organization,' or 'system' of government, society, or an enterprise, often with a more political or organizational connotation than '～制'.
'方式' means 'method,' 'formula,' or 'system,' but it often refers to a particular way of doing something or a specific method, rather than a broad institutional system like '～制' can imply.
व्याकरण पैटर्न
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
Many students get confused with the combination of '個人情報' (personal information) and '保護法' (protection law). They might translate it literally and miss the nuance of it being a specific legal system.
It's not just 'personal information protection' but specifically refers to the 'Act on the Protection of Personal Information,' a legal framework.
個人情報保護法により、データは厳重に管理されています。 (Due to the Personal Information Protection Act, data is strictly managed.)
The term '終身雇用' (lifetime employment) is often understood, but adding '制' (system) emphasizes it as a traditional Japanese employment system, which can be overlooked.
It's not just the act of lifetime employment, but the established 'system' of lifetime employment common in Japan.
日本では、終身雇用制が崩れつつあると言われています。 (In Japan, it is said that the lifetime employment system is collapsing.)
Students sometimes just translate it as 'reservation' but adding '制' indicates that reservations are 'required' or it operates 'by reservation system.'
It means something operates 'by reservation' or is 'reservation-based,' not just that reservations are possible.
このレストランは予約制です。 (This restaurant is by reservation only. / This restaurant operates on a reservation system.)
Similar to '予約制', '定額' means fixed amount, but '定額制' specifically refers to a 'flat-rate system' or 'subscription service.'
It refers to a system where a fixed fee is paid for unlimited or a set amount of service, like a subscription.
このサービスは月額定額制です。 (This service is a monthly flat-rate system. / This service is a monthly subscription.)
While '日本製' often translates directly as 'made in Japan,' some learners might not grasp that '制' here acts as a suffix indicating origin or manufacturing location.
It means 'made in Japan' or 'Japanese-made,' specifying the country of manufacture.
これは日本製です。品質が良いですよ。 (This is made in Japan. The quality is good.)
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
[Noun] + ～制
この学校は二学期制です。 This school has a two-semester system.
[Adjective] + [Noun] + ～制
この商品は受注生産制です。 This product is made to order.
[Verb-stem] + ～制
予約制なので、事前に連絡してください。 It's by reservation only, so please contact us in advance.
～制を導入する (dounyuu suru): to introduce a system
新しい給与制度を導入しました。 We introduced a new salary system.
～制にする (ni suru): to make something a system
これを会員制にしましょう。 Let's make this a membership system.
[Noun] + ～制の + [Noun]
これは日本製のカメラです。 This is a Japanese-made camera.
[Place] + ～制 + [Noun]
この会社は年功序列制を採用しています。 This company adopts a seniority-based system.
[Specific type] + ～制
完全週休二日制は一般的な働き方です。 Working five days a week with two days off is a common work style.
शब्द परिवार
संज्ञा
क्रिया
विशेषण
सुझाव
Basic Meaning of ～制
～制 (sei) often means a 'system' or '-made' when attached to nouns. Think of it as indicating a particular method or structure.
Common Use with Timeframes
You'll frequently see ～制 combined with timeframes to describe a schedule or system. For example, 週休二日制 (shūkyū futsukasei) means 'a five-day work week (literally, a two-day weekend system).'
Referring to Manufacturing
When used with a country or company name, ～制 indicates where something was made. For instance, 日本製 (Nihonsei) means 'made in Japan.'
School System Example
In an educational context, 単位制 (tan'isei) refers to a 'credit system' in universities or colleges. This is a common phrase to encounter.
Membership and Fees
For clubs or services, you might see 会員制 (kaiinsei) meaning 'membership system' or 月謝制 (gesshasei) for a 'monthly fee system.'
Practical Office Use
In an office, シフト制 (shifuto-sei) is 'shift work' or a 'shift system.' This is important for understanding work arrangements.
Contrast with 無し (nashi)
Sometimes you'll see the opposite. For example, 予約制 (yoyaku-sei) is 'reservation system,' while 予約無し (yoyaku nashi) means 'no reservation needed.'
Don't Confuse with ～製 (sei)
Be careful! While ～制 (system) and ～製 (made) have the same reading, ～製 specifically means 'made of/from' a material, like 木製 (mokusei - wooden) or プラスチック製 (purasuchikku-sei - plastic-made). ～制 focuses on the system.
Understanding Japanese Systems
Many aspects of Japanese society operate on clear systems. Understanding ～制 helps you grasp the structure behind things like work, school, and even public services.
Look for the Noun Before ～制
The key to understanding ～制 is to identify the noun it's attached to. That noun will tell you what kind of system or making is being described.
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Think of ～制 (sei) as a 'system' that 'says' how things are organized or 'made'.
दृश्य संबंध
Imagine a factory assembly line (a system) where things are being 'made'. The 'sei' sound could be like the 'say' in 'assembly line'.
Word Web
चैलेंज
Try to identify situations in your daily life that could be described with ～制. For example, if a restaurant requires reservations, you could think '予約制'. If a class has a limited number of students, '少人数制'.
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल
10 सवाल～制 (〜sei) is a suffix that means 'system' or '-made'. It's attached to nouns to describe a system, a method of production, or something that is manufactured in a specific way. For example, if you see '手作り制' (tedzukuri-sei), it means 'handmade system' or 'handmade production'.
Sure! Some common examples include:
- 予約制 (yoyaku-sei): reservation system/by appointment
- 会員制 (kaiin-sei): membership system/members-only
- 社内制 (shanai-sei): in-house system/company-made
- オーダーメイド制 (ōdāmeido-sei): custom-made system/made to order
～制 is quite versatile. While you'll often see it in formal announcements or written instructions, it's also commonly used in everyday conversation. For instance, when asking about a restaurant, you might ask, 'このお店は予約制ですか？' (Kono omise wa yoyaku-sei desu ka?) - 'Is this restaurant by reservation?'
That's a good question! While both can refer to systems, there's a subtle difference. ～制 often emphasizes the *rule or structure* of a system, like how something is organized or produced. ～式 (〜shiki) tends to refer more to the *style, method, or ceremony* of something. Think of ～制 as 'how it's set up,' and ～式 as 'how it's done.' For example, '日本式' (Nihon-shiki) means 'Japanese style', while '会員制' (kaiin-sei) means 'membership system'.
Not really. ～制 functions as part of a noun, so it will follow other nouns directly. For example, '予約制です' (yoyaku-sei desu) - 'It's a reservation system.' Or, you might see it modifying another noun, like '予約制のレストラン' (yoyaku-sei no resutoran) - 'a reservation-only restaurant.'
Generally, no. ～制 is almost exclusively used for systems, methods of production, or products themselves. You wouldn't use it to describe a person or a group of people directly. For example, you wouldn't say '彼は会員制' (kare wa kaiin-sei) to mean 'he is a member of the system.' You'd say '彼は会員です' (kare wa kaiin desu) - 'he is a member.'
Yes, absolutely! It's very common. You'll often see it combined with katakana words. For instance:
- オーダーメイド制 (ōdāmeido-sei): custom-made system
- バイキング制 (baikingu-sei): buffet system (from 'Viking,' referring to an all-you-can-eat style)
- フレックス制 (furekkusu-sei): flex-time system
Good observation! While '予約で' (yoyaku de) means 'by reservation,' ～制 emphasizes that it's a *system* or a *rule*. '予約制' (yoyaku-sei) implies that reservations are the standard operating procedure. '予約で' is more direct and simply states the method for a specific instance. So, 'このレストランは予約制です' (Kono resutoran wa yoyaku-sei desu) means 'This restaurant *operates on a reservation system*,' while '予約で席を取りました' (Yoyaku de seki o torimashita) means 'I *took a seat by reservation*.'
No, there are generally no negative connotations associated with ～制. It's a neutral term used to describe a system or a method of operation. The context of the noun it's attached to would determine if there's any perceived positivity or negativity. For example, a '会員制' (kaiin-sei) club might be seen as exclusive, but the '制' itself isn't negative.
The pronunciation is 'sei.' The 's' is like the 's' in 'see,' and the 'ei' is like the 'ay' in 'say,' but held a little longer due to the long vowel sound. So, 'say' with a slightly extended 'ay' sound.
खुद को परखो 42 सवाल
この学校は男子校___です。
男子校制 (danshikō-sei) means 'boys' school system'. '制' is used to indicate a system or a type.
この製品は日本製___、品質が良いです。
日本製 (Nihon-sei) means 'made in Japan'. The 'で' here links the noun '日本製' to the following clause, indicating a characteristic or origin.
この会社は会員___のサービスを提供しています。
会員制 (kaiin-sei) means 'membership system'. '制' is used to show that something operates on a system or a restricted basis.
この時計はスイス___です。
スイス製 (Suisu-sei) means 'made in Switzerland'. '製' is used as a suffix meaning '-made' or '-manufactured'.
古い学校___なので、規則が厳しいです。
学校制 (gakkō-sei) refers to the school system or a specific school system. In this context, it implies strict rules due to an 'old school system'.
これは手作り___のケーキです。
手作り製 (tedzukuri-sei) technically means 'handmade-made', which is redundant. The correct and more common phrasing would be 手作り (tedzukuri). However, in this specific exercise, '製' is the best fit among the options to convey 'made' as a suffix.
Which of these means 'shift system'?
シフト (shifuto) means shift. Adding ～制 (sei) creates 'shift system'.
If a restaurant is '予約制' (yoyaku sei), what does that mean?
予約 (yoyaku) means reservation. 予約制 (yoyaku sei) means reservation system or 'by reservation'.
Which word would you use to say 'appointment system'?
担当者 (tantousha) means person in charge. 担当者制 (tantousha sei) implies a system where a specific person is in charge of your case, like an appointment system.
If a place is '会員制' (kaiin sei), it means anyone can enter.
会員 (kaiin) means member. 会員制 (kaiin sei) means 'members-only system', so only members can enter.
「個人制」 (kojin sei) means 'individual system'.
個人 (kojin) means individual. So, 個人制 (kojin sei) literally means 'individual system'.
「予約制」 (yoyaku sei) means you can walk in without an appointment.
予約 (yoyaku) means reservation. 「予約制」 (yoyaku sei) means a reservation system, implying you need to make an appointment beforehand.
Write a sentence describing a 'made-to-order' item using ～制. For example, a custom-made suit or a bespoke cake. (Think about how you'd say 'custom-made'.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
このスーツはオーダーメイド制です。(Kono sūtsu wa ōdāmeido-sei desu.) This suit is custom-made.
Imagine a school has a new 'uniform system'. Write a short sentence about it using ～制. (How do you say 'uniform' in Japanese?)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
この学校は制服制です。(Kono gakkō wa seifuku-sei desu.) This school has a uniform system.
You are talking about a product that is 'Japanese-made'. Write a sentence stating this using ～制. (What's the word for 'Japanese'?)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
これは日本製です。(Kore wa Nihon-sei desu.) This is Japanese-made.
このホテルについて正しいのはどれですか？
Read this passage:
このホテルは予約制です。予約がないと泊まれません。でも、部屋はとてもきれいです。
このホテルについて正しいのはどれですか？
「予約制です」は、予約が必要だという意味です。 (Yoyaku-sei desu. Yoyaku ga hitsuyō da to iu imi desu.) 'It's a reservation system' means a reservation is necessary.
「予約制です」は、予約が必要だという意味です。 (Yoyaku-sei desu. Yoyaku ga hitsuyō da to iu imi desu.) 'It's a reservation system' means a reservation is necessary.
筆者の会社はいつ休みですか？
Read this passage:
私の会社は週休二日制です。土曜日と日曜日は休みです。
筆者の会社はいつ休みですか？
「週休二日制」は、週に二日休みがあるシステムで、ここでは土曜日と日曜日だと説明されています。(Shūkyū futsukasei wa, shū ni futsuka yasumi ga aru shisutemu de, koko de wa doyōbi to nichiyōbi da to setsumei sarete imasu.) 'Shūkyū futsukasei' is a system with two days off a week, and here it's explained as Saturday and Sunday.
「週休二日制」は、週に二日休みがあるシステムで、ここでは土曜日と日曜日だと説明されています。(Shūkyū futsukasei wa, shū ni futsuka yasumi ga aru shisutemu de, koko de wa doyōbi to nichiyōbi da to setsumei sarete imasu.) 'Shūkyū futsukasei' is a system with two days off a week, and here it's explained as Saturday and Sunday.
このレストランのパンについて正しいのはどれですか？
Read this passage:
このレストランのパンは自家製です。毎日、店で作っています。
このレストランのパンについて正しいのはどれですか？
「自家製」は、自分で作るという意味です。 (Jikasei wa, jibun de tsukuru to iu imi desu.) 'Jikasei' means making it yourself.
「自家製」は、自分で作るという意味です。 (Jikasei wa, jibun de tsukuru to iu imi desu.) 'Jikasei' means making it yourself.
Which of the following best describes the meaning of 「完全予約制」?
「完全予約制」 (kanzen yoyaku-sei) means 'complete reservation system,' indicating that reservations are required.
If something is described as 「手作り制」, what does it imply?
「手作り制」 (tezukuri-sei) combines 「手作り」 (tezukuri, handmade) with 「～制」, indicating that it is handmade.
Which sentence correctly uses 「～制」?
「予約制」 (yoyaku-sei) means 'reservation system.' The sentence means 'This shop's reservation system is very good.' The other options are grammatically incorrect in this context.
「時間制」 (jikan-sei) means that something is based on a time system.
「時間制」 (jikan-sei) means 'time system' or 'hourly system,' implying that something operates according to time.
If a product is 「中国製」 (chūgoku-sei), it means it was made in China.
「中国製」 (chūgoku-sei) literally means 'China-made,' so it refers to products manufactured in China.
「会員制」 (kaiin-sei) indicates that anyone can enter or use the service without restriction.
「会員制」 (kaiin-sei) means 'membership system,' implying that only members can access or use the service.
This sentence means 'This system is made in Japan.' '日本制' (nihonsei) means 'made in Japan'.
This sentence means 'A new education system was introduced.' '教育制度' (kyōiku seido) means 'education system'.
This sentence means 'That is a custom-made system.' 'オーダーメイド制' (ōdā meido sei) means 'custom-made system' or 'made to order'.
この学校では、制服を着用することが___です。
「義務」は「義務」を意味します。つまり、学校では制服の着用が必須であることを意味します。
この製品は、最新の技術___で製造されています。
「製」は「〜製」という形で、ある材料や場所で作られたことを示します。ここでは、最新の技術を用いて製造されたことを意味します。
この会社は、年功序列___を採用しています。
「制」は「〜制」という形で、システムや制度を示すのに使われます。「年功序列制」は、年功序列のシステムを意味します。
「手作り」は「手製」と同じ意味です。
「手作り」も「手製」も、手で作られたことを意味します。どちらもほぼ同じ意味で使われます。
「予約制」は、予約なしでも利用できるシステムであることを意味します。
「予約制」は、利用するために予約が必要なシステムであることを意味します。
「日本製」は、日本で作られたものであることを示します。
「日本製」という言葉は、その製品が日本で製造されたことを明確に示しています。
その会社は成果___を採用しており、個人の能力が評価に直結する。
「成果制」は「成果主義」と同様に、仕事の成果によって評価や報酬が決まる制度を指します。
多くの企業が週休二日___を導入しているが、一部ではフレックスタイム___も進んでいる。
「週休二日制」と「フレックスタイム制」は、それぞれ勤務体系や時間の制度を表す言葉です。
海外からの輸入___品は、関税がかかる場合がある。
「輸入製」は「輸入された製品」という意味で、ある国や地域で作られたことを示します。
このレストランは会員___となっており、特別なサービスが受けられる。
「会員制」は、会員資格を持つ人のみが利用できる制度を指します。
新しいプロジェクトでは、複数部門による共同開発___が採用されることになった。
「共同開発制」は、複数の部門や組織が協力して開発を進める体制や制度を意味します。
この時計はスイス___で、その精巧な作りが特徴だ。
「スイス製」は「スイスで作られた」という意味で、製品の原産国を示します。
/ 42 correct
Perfect score!
Basic Meaning of ～制
～制 (sei) often means a 'system' or '-made' when attached to nouns. Think of it as indicating a particular method or structure.
Common Use with Timeframes
You'll frequently see ～制 combined with timeframes to describe a schedule or system. For example, 週休二日制 (shūkyū futsukasei) means 'a five-day work week (literally, a two-day weekend system).'
Referring to Manufacturing
When used with a country or company name, ～制 indicates where something was made. For instance, 日本製 (Nihonsei) means 'made in Japan.'
School System Example
In an educational context, 単位制 (tan'isei) refers to a 'credit system' in universities or colleges. This is a common phrase to encounter.
संबंधित सामग्री
यह शब्द अन्य भाषाओं में
general के और शब्द
いくつか
B1An unspecified small number of things; some, a few.
ちょっと
A2A little; a moment; a bit. Small amount or short time.
すこし
A2A little; a few.
さっき
A2A little while ago; a short time past.
能力
A1Nouryoku refers to the mental or physical power, skill, or capacity required to perform a specific task or function. It can describe both innate talent and skills acquired through learning and practice.
異常
A1A word used to describe something that deviates from the normal state, standard, or expected pattern. It often implies a problem, malfunction, or an extraordinary occurrence that requires attention or investigation.
～について
A2About, concerning; indicates topic.
〜について
B1About, concerning; on the subject of.
～ぐらい
A2about, approximately
ぐらい
A2About; approximately; to the extent of.
