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A2 noun #2,500 सबसे आम 8 मिनट पढ़ने का समय

~마저

At the A1 level, you usually learn the word '도' to mean 'also' or 'even'. However, '~마저' is a more specific version. Think of it as 'even the last one'. For example, if you have three cookies and you lose all of them, the third cookie is the '마저' cookie. It's a bit advanced for A1, but you can understand it as a way to show that a situation is very sad because the very last thing is gone. It always attaches directly to a noun. You don't need to worry about complex grammar; just remember Noun + 마저. It's like saying 'even' when you are disappointed. For example, '너마저?' means 'Even you?' when a friend does something you didn't expect. It's a very emotional word that helps you express feelings simply.
At the A2 level, you should start distinguishing between different types of 'even'. While '~도' is neutral, '~마저' is used when you are talking about the last thing in a group. It is often used in negative situations. For instance, if it is raining, windy, and then 'even' the electricity goes out, you would use '~마저' for the electricity because it's the final bad thing. Grammatically, remember that '~마저' replaces the subject markers (이/가) and object markers (을/를). So, instead of '돈이 마저 없어요', you say '돈마저 없어요'. This makes your Korean sound much more natural and expressive. You will often see this in simple stories or dramas when a character feels lonely or unlucky.
At the B1 level, you can use '~마저' to add emotional depth to your speaking and writing. It is particularly useful for describing a sequence of events where the final event is the most significant or the 'last straw'. You should be able to compare it with '~조차' and '~까지'. Remember that '~마저' implies that what is being included is the last remaining part of a whole. For example, '마지막 기회마저 놓쳤다' (I missed even the last opportunity). This level of nuance allows you to convey despair or finality. You should also practice using it with other particles like '~에게마저' or '~에서마저' to show that even in those specific locations or to those specific people, something unexpected happened.
At the B2 level, you should master the subtle semantic differences between '~마저', '~조차', and '~까지'. '~마저' is used when the speaker feels that the inclusion of the final item is the limit of a situation. It often appears in formal writing, news reports, and literature to emphasize a critical point. For example, in an economic context, one might say '수출마저 감소하고 있다' (Even exports are decreasing), implying that exports were the last thing keeping the economy afloat. You should also recognize its use in rhetorical questions and poetic expressions. At this level, you should be able to use it to create a narrative arc in your essays, leading up to a '마저' point to emphasize your conclusion.
At the C1 level, you should be able to use '~마저' with precision in abstract and philosophical contexts. It is no longer just about 'the last cookie'; it's about the 'last vestige' of a concept, such as '인간성마저 상실한 사회' (A society that has lost even its humanity). You should understand how it functions to create a sense of totality in negative descriptions. Furthermore, you should be able to identify when '~마저' is used ironically or for literary effect. In high-level debates, using '~마저' can help you highlight the most extreme consequence of an opponent's argument. Your mastery should include the ability to use it seamlessly in complex sentences without disrupting the formal register.
At the C2 level, your understanding of '~마저' should be near-native, encompassing its historical development and its role in various Korean dialects or archaic literary forms. You should be able to analyze how '~마저' contributes to the 'han' (deep sorrow) aesthetic in Korean literature. You can use it to articulate the most subtle nuances of loss, finality, and existential despair. Whether you are writing a technical paper on linguistics or a piece of creative fiction, '~마저' becomes a tool for precise emotional and logical weighting. You should also be aware of how it interacts with other emphatic markers and how its placement can subtly shift the focus of a whole paragraph's argument.
इसका अभ्यास करें उदाहरण नोट्स और सुझाव

~마저 30 सेकंड में

  • Used for 'the last straw' in a sequence of events.
  • Primarily carries a negative or disappointed emotional tone.
  • Attaches directly to nouns, replacing subject/object markers.
  • Distinguished from ~조차 (extreme) and ~까지 (neutral addition).

The Korean particle ~마저 (ma-jeo) is a nuanced postposition that translates roughly to "even," "also," or "including the last remaining one." Unlike the neutral particle ~도 (also/even) or the emphasis-heavy ~조차 (even/unexpectedly), ~마저 carries a specific emotional weight often associated with the "last straw" or the final item in a series of unfortunate events. It implies that something which was expected to remain, or the very last thing one could rely on, has now been included in a situation—usually a negative one.

Core Nuance
It highlights the inclusion of the final remaining element. If you lose your wallet, your phone, and then even your bus card, that bus card is the '마저' element.
Emotional Color
It typically conveys a sense of disappointment, despair, or the feeling that a situation has reached its absolute limit.
Grammatical Role
It attaches directly to nouns. It replaces subject markers (~이/가) and object markers (~을/를), but can follow other particles like ~에 or ~에서 in more complex constructions.

"너마저 나를 떠나가는구나." (Even you are leaving me.)

— Illustrating the 'last person' nuance.

In a broader linguistic context, ~마저 functions as an additive particle with a restrictive focus. It doesn't just add information; it focuses the listener's attention on the extremity of the inclusion. For example, if a storm destroys the crops and the barn, and then even the house is blown away, the house represents the final, most devastating loss. This is where ~마저 shines in Korean literature and daily conversation.

"마지막 희망마저 사라졌다." (Even the last hope has vanished.)

When analyzing the frequency of ~마저, it is less common than ~도 but more common than ~조차 in specific tragic narratives. It provides a structural 'end-point' to a list. If you are listing things that went wrong, ~마저 is your closing argument. It signals to the listener: "This is the end; nothing else is left."

"돈마저 없으면 어떻게 살지?" (If I don't even have money [on top of everything else], how will I live?)

Contextual Usage
Commonly used with words like '마지막' (last), '하나밖에 없는' (the only one), or '너' (you - when you are the last person trusted).

Using ~마저 correctly requires understanding its placement and the psychological state of the speaker. It is a postposition (조사) that attaches directly to the end of a noun without any spaces. Unlike English, where 'even' can move around the sentence, ~마저 must stick to the noun it modifies.

1. Basic Construction

The formula is simple: Noun + 마저. It does not matter if the noun ends in a vowel or a consonant.

  • Vowel ending: 친구 (Friend) + 마저 = 친구마저
  • Consonant ending: 동생 (Younger sibling) + 마저 = 동생마저

2. Replacing Particles

When ~마저 is used, it typically replaces the subject markers (이/가) and object markers (을/를). This is a crucial rule for maintaining natural flow.

비가마저 내려요. (Incorrect)

비마저 내려요. (Correct - Even the rain is falling [adding to the misery].)

3. Combining with Other Particles

While it replaces primary markers, it can follow secondary particles like ~에 (to/at), ~에서 (from/at), or ~에게 (to a person).

  • 에 + 마저: 고향에마저 못 가게 되었다. (I ended up not even being able to go to my hometown [on top of other failures].)
  • 에게 + 마저: 부모님에게마저 거짓말을 했다. (I lied even to my parents [the last people I should lie to].)

4. Semantic Constraints

The most important rule for ~마저 is the negative context constraint. It is almost exclusively used when the speaker feels that things are going from bad to worse. If you use it in a purely positive context, you might sound like you're being sarcastic or overly dramatic.

"건강마저 잃으면 다 잃는 것이다." (If you lose even your health, you lose everything.)

5. Comparison with ~조차 and ~까지

This is where learners often struggle. Here is a quick breakdown:

~까지 (Neutral/Positive/Negative)
Simply means 'including' or 'to the extent of'. It is the most versatile. "커피까지 마셨어요" (I even drank coffee - neutral).
~조차 (Extreme/Unexpected)
Emphasizes that something is so basic or extreme that its inclusion is surprising. "이름조차 몰라요" (I don't even know their name - basic info missing).
~마저 (The Last Remaining)
Emphasizes that the last thing is included. "너마저..." (Even you... the last person I trusted).

The particle ~마저 is a staple of emotional storytelling in Korea. You will encounter it frequently in media that deals with high stakes, personal tragedy, or deep reflection. Because it carries such a heavy nuance of "the final blow," it is perfect for dramatic climaxes.

1. K-Dramas and Movies

In melodramas, when a character is betrayed by their last remaining ally, they will inevitably say, "너마저 나를 배신하다니..." (To think that even you would betray me...). It is the ultimate expression of feeling abandoned. You'll also hear it in disaster movies where the last escape route is blocked: "탈출구마저 막혔어!" (Even the exit is blocked!).

2. News and Economic Reports

Journalists use ~마저 to emphasize the severity of a crisis. If the stock market crashes, and then the housing market follows, a news anchor might say: "부동산 시장마저 무너지고 있습니다." (Even the real estate market is collapsing.) This signals to the audience that the situation has reached a critical, final stage of decline.

3. Literature and Poetry

Korean poets often use ~마저 to describe the passage of time or the loss of nature. A poem might describe how the leaves fell, the birds left, and then "햇살마저 사라진 숲" (The forest where even the sunlight has vanished). It evokes a sense of absolute emptiness and loneliness.

4. Daily Conversations (The 'Bad Luck' String)

In everyday life, Koreans use it when complaining about a string of bad luck. Imagine a morning where you woke up late, missed the bus, and then it started raining. You might sigh and say, "비마저 오네..." (Now even the rain is coming...). It implies that the rain is the final annoying thing that makes the day truly terrible.

"마지막 남은 빵 한 조각마저 동생이 먹어버렸어." (My sibling ate even the very last piece of bread that was left.)

5. Lyrics in K-Pop Ballads

Sad ballads are full of ~마저. Lyrics often talk about losing love, losing memories, and finally losing oneself. "내 기억마저 지워줘" (Please erase even my memories). Here, memories are the last thing the singer is holding onto from a past relationship.

While ~마저 is grammatically straightforward, its semantic nuance is where most learners trip up. Because English often uses "even" for several different Korean particles, it's easy to use the wrong one and sound unnatural.

1. Using it in Purely Positive Contexts

This is the most frequent error. If you say "선물마저 받았어요" (I even received a gift) in a happy tone, it sounds strange. It implies that the gift was an unwanted final addition to a series of things. For positive surprises, use ~까지 instead.

오늘 날씨도 좋고 기분마저 좋아요! (Awkward)

오늘 날씨도 좋고 기분까지 좋아요! (Natural - Today the weather is good and even my mood is great!)

2. Confusion with ~조차

Learners often treat ~마저 and ~조차 as identical. While they both mean "even," ~조차 emphasizes that something is so basic or extreme that it's shocking. ~마저 emphasizes the lastness of the item.

  • ~조차: "그는 자기 이름조차 못 써요." (He can't even write his own name - Shocking lack of basic skill).
  • ~마저: "그는 이름마저 바꿨어요." (He even changed his name - The last thing he had left of his identity).

3. Redundant Particle Usage

Do not keep the subject or object markers when adding ~마저. This makes the sentence cluttered and grammatically incorrect.

친구를마저 믿지 못해요. (Incorrect)

친구마저 믿지 못해요. (Correct - I can't even trust my friend.)

4. Misplacing in the Sentence

Remember that ~마저 attaches to the noun that is the "last straw," not the verb. In English, we might say "I even lost my keys," but in Korean, you must say "I lost even my keys" (열쇠마저 잃어버렸어요).

5. Over-dramatizing

Because ~마저 is so heavy, using it for trivial things can make you sound like a drama queen/king. If you just want to say "I also ate an apple," stick to ~도. Use ~마저 only when the apple was the very last thing in the fridge and you're starving.

To master ~마저, you must understand its neighbors in the Korean particle family. These words all overlap with the English word "even," but they serve distinct roles in Korean logic.

1. ~까지 (Until / Even / Including)

This is the most common and neutral of the group. It implies an addition that goes further than expected. It can be used for both positive and negative situations. If ~마저 is the "last straw," ~까지 is just "one more thing on the list."

  • Example: "그는 한국어뿐만 아니라 일본어까지 잘해요." (He is good at not only Korean but even Japanese.) - Positive/Neutral.

2. ~조차 (Even / Not even)

This particle is used when something is so obvious or easy that it's surprising it's included (or excluded). It is almost always used in negative sentences to show that even the most basic thing wasn't possible.

  • Example: "너무 아파서 일어날 수조차 없어요." (I'm so sick I can't even get up.) - Focus on the extremity/impossibility.

3. ~도 (Also / Even)

The most basic additive particle. It lacks the "last straw" nuance of ~마저 and the "shocking" nuance of ~조차. It's just a simple addition.

  • Example: "나도 갈래." (I want to go too.) - Simple addition.

Summary Table

ParticlePrimary NuanceContext
~마저The last remaining thingMostly Negative
~조차Extreme / UnexpectedNegative / Shocking
~까지Extension / AdditionAny (Pos/Neg/Neu)
~도Simple additionAny

Choosing between these depends on what you want to emphasize. If you want to sound sad about losing your last dollar, use ~마저. If you want to express shock that you don't have a single penny, use ~조차. If you're just listing your lack of money along with other things, use ~까지.

How Formal Is It?

औपचारिक

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अनौपचारिक

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कठिनाई स्तर

ज़रूरी व्याकरण

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

너마저 가요?

Are even you going?

Noun + 마저. Replaces subject marker.

2

돈마저 없어요.

I don't even have money (now).

Emphasizes money was the last thing left.

3

비마저 내려요.

Even the rain is falling.

Used when things are already going badly.

4

빵마저 다 먹었어요?

Did you eat even the (last) bread?

Implies the bread was the last food.

5

이름마저 잊었어요.

I even forgot the name.

The name was the last thing they remembered.

6

오늘마저 바빠요.

I'm busy even today.

Today was supposed to be a day off.

7

우유마저 없네요.

There isn't even any milk.

Milk was the last thing expected to be there.

8

너마저 나빠요.

Even you are mean.

Expressing disappointment in the last person trusted.

1

마지막 희망마저 사라졌어요.

Even the last hope has disappeared.

Commonly used with '마지막' (last).

2

친구마저 나를 안 믿어요.

Even my friend doesn't believe me.

Replaces the subject marker '가'.

3

감기마저 걸려서 힘들어요.

It's hard because I even caught a cold.

Adding a physical ailment to other problems.

4

남은 시간마저 다 썼어요.

I used up even the remaining time.

Emphasizes the total depletion of time.

5

버스마저 놓치면 어떡하죠?

What if I even miss the bus?

Hypothetical final bad event.

6

막내마저 군대에 갔어요.

Even the youngest went to the army.

The last child has left the house.

7

작은 방마저 꽉 찼어요.

Even the small room is completely full.

The very last bit of space is gone.

8

하나밖에 없는 옷마저 더러워졌어요.

Even my only set of clothes got dirty.

Used with '하나밖에 없는' (the only one).

1

믿었던 사람에게마저 배신을 당했다.

I was betrayed even by the person I trusted.

Used with particle '에게' (to/by).

2

부모님마저 내 꿈을 반대하신다.

Even my parents oppose my dream.

Parents are the last people expected to oppose.

3

그 사건으로 자존심마저 상처를 입었다.

Even my pride was hurt by that incident.

Abstract noun '자존심' (pride) + 마저.

4

가뭄 때문에 우물마저 말라 버렸다.

Even the well dried up because of the drought.

The well was the last water source.

5

전쟁은 아이들의 웃음마저 앗아갔다.

The war took away even the children's laughter.

Poetic/Literary use of ~마저.

6

이제는 건강마저 예전 같지 않다.

Now even my health isn't like it used to be.

Health is the last thing failing.

7

그는 고향에서마저 환영받지 못했다.

He wasn't welcomed even in his hometown.

Used with '에서' (in/at).

8

마지막 남은 자존심마저 버리고 부탁했다.

I threw away even my last bit of pride and asked.

Emphasizes the difficulty of the action.

1

경제 위기로 대기업마저 흔들리고 있다.

Even large corporations are shaking due to the economic crisis.

Used in news/economic contexts.

2

그의 결백을 증명할 증거마저 사라졌다.

Even the evidence to prove his innocence has vanished.

The final hope for justice is gone.

3

오랜 친구였던 그마저 나를 외면했다.

Even he, who was a long-time friend, turned away from me.

Focuses on the emotional weight of the person.

4

폭풍우에 마을의 다리마저 끊기고 말았다.

Even the village bridge was cut off by the storm.

The last connection to the outside world.

5

그는 자신의 정체성마저 부정하려 했다.

He tried to deny even his own identity.

Abstract and psychological usage.

6

기계가 인간의 일자리마저 위협하고 있다.

Machines are threatening even human jobs.

Societal trend context.

7

그 영화는 관객의 상상력마저 뛰어넘었다.

That movie even surpassed the audience's imagination.

Slightly more positive/neutral but still emphasizing the 'limit'.

8

실패의 두려움이 그의 용기마저 꺾어 놓았다.

The fear of failure broke even his courage.

Metaphorical use of '꺾다' (to break/fold).

1

현대 사회는 인간의 고독마저 상품화한다.

Modern society commodifies even human loneliness.

High-level social criticism.

2

죽음 앞에서는 권력마저 무의미해진다.

In the face of death, even power becomes meaningless.

Philosophical reflection.

3

그 학설은 과학적 근거마저 부족해 보인다.

That theory seems to lack even scientific grounds.

Academic critique.

4

언어는 사고의 틀마저 규정하는 힘이 있다.

Language has the power to define even the framework of thought.

Linguistic determinism context.

5

그는 마지막 남은 양심마저 저버리고 말았다.

He ended up abandoning even his last remaining conscience.

Moral/Ethical context.

6

예술은 일상의 지루함마저 아름다움으로 승화시킨다.

Art elevates even the boredom of daily life into beauty.

Positive but emphasizing the 'limit' of what can be changed.

7

정치적 갈등이 가족 관계마저 파괴하고 있다.

Political conflict is destroying even family relationships.

Societal impact on the private sphere.

8

역사는 승자의 기록마저 의심하게 만든다.

History makes us doubt even the records of the victors.

Historiographical skepticism.

1

존재의 근원마저 흔드는 실존적 위기를 겪고 있다.

I am experiencing an existential crisis that shakes even the roots of existence.

Deeply philosophical/existential.

2

그의 문체는 침묵마저 언어로 번역해내는 힘이 있다.

His writing style has the power to translate even silence into language.

Literary criticism at the highest level.

3

자본의 논리가 종교적 신념마저 잠식하고 있다.

The logic of capital is eroding even religious beliefs.

Complex sociological analysis.

4

시간은 기억의 파편마저 풍화시켜 버린다.

Time weathers away even the fragments of memory.

Highly metaphorical/poetic.

5

기술의 진보는 인간의 정의마저 재고하게 한다.

Technological progress forces us to reconsider even the definition of 'human'.

Futuristic/Ethical debate.

6

그 작품은 비극의 극한마저 초월한 미학을 보여준다.

That work shows an aesthetic that transcends even the limits of tragedy.

Advanced aesthetic theory.

7

절대적 진리마저 상대화되는 포스트모던 시대이다.

It is a postmodern era where even absolute truth is relativized.

Postmodernist discourse.

8

그는 자신의 고통마저 타인을 위한 도구로 승화시켰다.

He sublimated even his own suffering into a tool for others.

Hagiographic or deeply moral context.

सामान्य शब्द संयोजन

마지막마저 (even the last)
너마저 (even you)
희망마저 (even hope)
돈마저 (even money)
기억마저 (even memory)
이름마저 (even the name)
건강마저 (even health)
시간마저 (even time)
친구마저 (even a friend)
목숨마저 (even one's life)

सामान्य वाक्यांश

너마저 그럴 줄 몰랐어 (I didn't know even you would be like that)

마지막 남은 것마저 (Even the very last thing left)

기회마저 놓치다 (To miss even the opportunity)

자존심마저 버리다 (To throw away even one's pride)

건강마저 잃다 (To lose even one's health)

이름마저 바꾸다 (To change even one's name)

비마저 오다 (Even the rain is falling)

하나마저 없다 (Not even one is left)

꿈마저 포기하다 (To give up even one's dreams)

사랑마저 식다 (Even love grows cold)

अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है

~마저 vs ~조차 (Focus on the surprising/extreme nature)

~마저 vs ~까지 (Focus on the extent/addition)

~마저 vs ~도 (Focus on simple addition)

मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ

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आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले

~마저 vs

~마저 vs

~마저 vs

~마저 vs

~마저 vs

वाक्य संरचनाएँ

इसे कैसे इस्तेमाल करें

nuance check

Does the situation feel like the 'last straw'? If yes, use ~마저.

grammar check

Did you delete the object/subject marker? If yes, it's correct.

सामान्य गलतियाँ
  • Using ~마저 for a happy surprise (Use ~까지).
  • Keeping the object marker (e.g., 책을 마저 -> 책마저).
  • Using it for the first item in a list (It should be the last).
  • Confusing it with the adverb '마저' (finish doing).
  • Using it in a neutral context where ~도 would suffice.

सुझाव

No Markers

Never use -이/가 or -을/를 with ~마저. It replaces them entirely.

The Sad Particle

Think of it as the 'sad' version of 'even'. Use it when things are going wrong.

Pair with '마지막'

It sounds very natural when paired with '마지막' (last).

Dramatic Effect

Use it to show you are really disappointed or shocked by a final event.

Climax Builder

In a story, use it to describe the final loss that breaks the character.

Context Clues

If you hear it, look for the 'series' of events that came before it.

Vs. 조차

Use ~조차 for 'not even a single...' and ~마저 for 'even the last...'.

Adverbial Link

Remember the adverb '마저' (the rest/completely) to help remember the 'finality' nuance.

Betrayal

The most common phrase is '너마저...' (Even you...).

Abstract Nouns

Try using it with abstract nouns like '희망' (hope) or '자존심' (pride) for B2+ levels.

याद करें

स्मृति सहायक

Think of 'MA-JEO' as 'MY-LAST-JOE'. If you lose all your coffee and then lose your last cup of Joe, that's '마저'.

शब्द की उत्पत्ति

Native Korean particle.

सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ

Frequently used in 'Shin-so-seol' (New Novels) of the early 20th century to depict the tragic lives of characters.

Often used in 'sad' memes or posts about bad luck (e.g., '월급마저 통장을 스쳐지나갔다' - Even my salary just grazed my bank account).

असल ज़िंदगी में अभ्यास करें

वास्तविक संदर्भ

बातचीत की शुरुआत

"너마저 나를 안 도와주면 어떡해?"

"마지막 남은 케이크마저 먹었어?"

"비마저 오는데 우리 어디로 가?"

"돈마저 다 떨어지면 어쩌지?"

"친구마저 떠나면 정말 외로울 거야."

डायरी विषय

가장 소중한 것마저 잃어버린다면 어떤 기분일까요?

오늘 하루 중 '비마저 내리는' 것 같은 불운한 일이 있었나요?

내가 끝까지 지키고 싶은 '마지막 자존심마저' 버려야 했던 순간이 있나요?

세상 모든 것이 변해도 이것마저 변하지 않았으면 하는 것은?

믿었던 사람마저 나를 실망시켰을 때 어떻게 대처하나요?

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल

10 सवाल

It is rare and usually sounds like the 'last addition' rather than a happy surprise. For positive 'even', use ~까지.

~마저 focuses on being the 'last remaining' thing. ~조차 focuses on something being so basic or extreme that it's shocking.

Yes, but specifically 'even the last one'. In some contexts, it can also mean 'also' with a heavy heart.

In that case, '마저' is an adverb meaning 'completely' or 'the rest of'. It is not the particle version.

~마저도 is just an emphasized version of ~마저. They are interchangeable in most contexts.

No, it only attaches to nouns. To say 'even doing...', you must nominalize the verb first (e.g., -기마저).

Because the character feels betrayed by the very last person they trusted.

It is used in both, but it appears frequently in formal news and literary texts to show gravity.

No, ~마저 and ~만 (only) have opposite meanings in terms of inclusion.

Usually, it works with specific items that are part of a whole, rather than the word 'everything' itself.

खुद को परखो 180 सवाल

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

संबंधित सामग्री

यह शब्द अन्य भाषाओं में

～さえ जापानी 连...都/也 चीनी

academic के और शब्द

입체적

B2

Having a three-dimensional effect or examining something from multiple perspectives rather than a single flat view. It implies a comprehensive and detailed analysis.

~에 관해

B1

एक वाक्यांश जिसका अर्थ है 'के बारे में' या 'के संबंध में'। इसका उपयोग औपचारिक संदर्भों में विषय पेश करने के लिए किया जाता है।

~에 대하여

A2

Concerning or regarding a particular subject; about.

~대해

A2

About; concerning; regarding.

~에 관하여

A2

किसी विषय के बारे में या उसके संबंध में। रिपोर्ट या भाषण जैसी औपचारिक स्थितियों में उपयोग किया जाता है।

~에 대해(서)

A1

चर्चा के विषय या मुद्दे को इंगित करता है, जिसका अर्थ है 'के बारे में' या 'के संबंध में'। इसका उपयोग अक्सर बोलने या सोचने जैसी क्रियाओं के साथ किया जाता है।

무엇보다

A2

सब से ऊपर; किसी भी चीज़ से ज़्यादा।

결석생

A2

A student who is absent from class.

추상화하다

B2

To consider something theoretically or separately from its physical reality. It involves extracting general principles from specific examples.

추상

A2

Abstraction; the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events.

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