Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Turn any action into a noun by adding '-nje' to the verb's passive participle base.
- Use imperfective verbs for general actions: 'pjevati' (to sing) becomes 'pjevanje' (singing).
- Form it from the passive participle: 'čitan' + 'je' = 'čitanje' (reading).
- They are always neuter gender and follow the 'koplje' declension pattern.
Formation from Verb to Verbal Noun
| Infinitive | Passive Participle | Verbal Noun | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
pjevati
|
pjevan
|
pjevanje
|
singing
|
|
čitati
|
čitan
|
čitanje
|
reading
|
|
piti
|
pit
|
piće
|
drinking
|
|
raditi
|
rađen
|
rađenje
|
working/doing
|
|
učiti
|
učen
|
učenje
|
learning/studying
|
|
platiti
|
plaćen
|
plaćanje
|
paying
|
|
vidjeti
|
viđen
|
viđenje
|
seeing/vision
|
|
misliti
|
mišljen
|
mišljenje
|
thinking/opinion
|
Meanings
A verbal noun is a noun derived from a verb that names the action itself rather than the performing of it by a specific subject.
General Activity
Naming a hobby, sport, or general habit.
“Plivanje je moj omiljeni sport.”
“Trčanje me opušta.”
Formal Process
Describing administrative or technical procedures.
“Potpisivanje ugovora će biti sutra.”
“Glasovanje traje do osam sati.”
State or Condition
Describing a state resulting from an action.
“Njegovo ponašanje je čudno.”
“Osjećam olakšanje.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Verb Stem + -nje
|
Trčanje je zdravo.
|
|
Negative
|
Ne + Verbal Noun
|
Nepoštivanje pravila se kažnjava.
|
|
With Preposition
|
Prep + Verbal Noun (Case)
|
Za čitanje nam treba mir.
|
|
With Object
|
Verbal Noun + Genitive
|
Gledanje televizije.
|
|
With Possessive
|
Possessive + Verbal Noun
|
Tvoje pjevanje je divno.
|
|
Plural
|
Verbal Noun + -a
|
Sva ta silna obećanja.
|
|
Instrumental
|
Verbal Noun + -em
|
Bavim se skijanjem.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Preferiram trčanje kao metodu tjelovježbe. (talking about exercise)
Volim trčanje. (talking about exercise)
Trčanje mi je vrh. (talking about exercise)
Trčanje mi je špica. (talking about exercise)
The World of Verbal Nouns
Hobbies
- Plivanje Swimming
- Kuhanje Cooking
Formal
- Potpisivanje Signing
- Glasovanje Voting
Infinitive vs. Verbal Noun
How to form a Verbal Noun
Is it an action?
Is it imperfective?
Add -nje/-će?
Common Suffixes
Standard
- • -nje
- • -enje
Special
- • -će
- • -tje
レベル別の例文
Volim čitanje.
I like reading.
Plivanje je zdravo.
Swimming is healthy.
Kuhanje je zabavno.
Cooking is fun.
Trčanje je teško.
Running is hard.
Idem na spavanje.
I am going to sleep (to sleeping).
Hvala na pozivu.
Thanks for the invitation (calling).
Ovo je soba za pušenje.
This is a smoking room.
Učenje je važno.
Learning is important.
Tijekom putovanja smo vidjeli svašta.
During the travel we saw all sorts of things.
Uživam u slušanju glazbe.
I enjoy listening to music.
Njegovo ponašanje nije u redu.
His behavior is not okay.
Čekanje u redu je dosadno.
Waiting in line is boring.
Došlo je do kašnjenja vlaka.
A train delay occurred.
Potpisivanje ugovora je zakazano za podne.
The signing of the contract is scheduled for noon.
Vjerujem u rješavanje problema razgovorom.
I believe in solving problems through conversation.
Povećanje cijena utječe na sve.
The price increase affects everyone.
Sustavno zanemarivanje dužnosti vodi do otkaza.
Systematic neglect of duties leads to dismissal.
Njezino promišljanje o životu je duboko.
Her reflection on life is deep.
Došlo je do preklapanja termina.
An overlap of appointments occurred.
Izbjegavanje odgovornosti nije rješenje.
Avoiding responsibility is not the solution.
Implementacija reformi zahtijeva besprijekorno planiranje.
Implementation of reforms requires flawless planning.
Ustanovljeno je kršenje ustavnih prava.
A violation of constitutional rights was established.
Njegovo poimanje svijeta je jedinstveno.
His perception of the world is unique.
Došlo je do zasićenja tržišta.
Market saturation has occurred.
間違えやすい
Learners mix up 'pjevanje' (singing - noun) and 'pjevajući' (singing - adverb).
Using 'naučenje' instead of 'učenje'.
Sometimes a verbal noun becomes a regular object, like 'piće' (drink).
よくある間違い
Ja volim pjevati.
Volim pjevanje.
Za čitati.
Za čitanje.
On je dobar u trčati.
On je dobar u trčanju.
Učenje je težak.
Učenje je teško.
Poslije jesi.
Poslije jela.
Plaćanje s kartica.
Plaćanje karticom.
Vrijeme za spavati.
Vrijeme za spavanje.
Gledanje film.
Gledanje filma.
Slušanje glazbu.
Slušanje glazbe.
Zbog kasniti.
Zbog kašnjenja.
Ustanovljeno je kršiti prava.
Ustanovljeno je kršenje prava.
文型パターン
Volim ___.
Nemam vremena za ___.
Tijekom ___ sam se osjećao sretno.
Došlo je do ___ zbog lošeg vremena.
Real World Usage
Moje putovanje u Pariz! #putovanje #uživanje
Moje vještine uključuju rješavanje problema i timski rad.
Zabranjeno pričanje s vozačem.
Vaše naručivanje je uspješno.
Danas je na redu vježbanje trbušnjaka.
Preporučujem mirovanje i pijenje puno tekućine.
The 'Za' Rule
Genitive Trap
Sound Changes
Formal Tone
Smart Tips
Use the preposition 'u' + the locative case of the verbal noun.
The next word will almost always be a verbal noun in the nominative.
Try using the verbal noun as the subject to vary your sentence structure.
Always follow it with a verbal noun in the genitive.
発音
The 'NJ' sound
The 'nj' in '-nje' is a single palatal nasal sound, like the 'ny' in 'canyon'.
Falling Tone
Most verbal nouns have a short-falling accent on the first syllable.
Declarative
Čitanje je ↘ zabavno.
Standard statement about a hobby.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of '-nje' as the 'ing' of Croatian. If you want to make it a 'thing', add '-nje' to the wing!
視覚的連想
Imagine a giant 'N' and 'J' (NJ) sitting on top of a verb like a hat, turning the person doing the action into a statue (a noun).
Rhyme
Kad radnju u stvar pretvoriti želiš, -nje na kraj dodaš i onda se veseliš!
Story
A chef (Kuhar) was cooking (Kuha). He wanted to enter a contest called 'Cooking' (Kuhanje). He took his action, added a 'NJE' trophy to the end, and it became a noun he could hold.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Look around your room. For every action you can do (sit, read, sleep), try to form the verbal noun and say 'Volim [imenica]' (I like [noun]).
文化メモ
Croatians are very proud of their 'kavica' (coffee) culture. You will often hear 'Idemo na pijenje kave' (Let's go for coffee drinking), though 'Idemo na kavu' is more common.
In Dalmatia, verbal nouns for fishing and sea activities are part of daily life. 'Idem na ribanje' (I'm going fishing/scrubbing) can sometimes be ambiguous!
Croatian administration is famous for using long verbal nouns to sound official. This is often called 'drveni jezik' (wooden language).
Derived from Proto-Slavic verbal nouns formed with the suffix *-nije or *-tije.
会話のきっかけ
Koje ti je omiljeno slobodno vrijeme?
Što misliš o pušenju na javnim mjestima?
Kako se osjećaš tijekom putovanja avionom?
Smatraš li da je učenje jezika cjeloživotni proces?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
___ (učiti) je ključ uspjeha.
Ovo je soba za ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
Uživam u slušanje glazbu.
___ ugovora je završeno.
Identify the non-verbal noun.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Verbal nouns in Croatian are always neuter gender.
A: Što radiš u slobodno vrijeme? B: Moja strast je ___.
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercises___ (učiti) je ključ uspjeha.
Ovo je soba za ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
Uživam u slušanje glazbu.
___ ugovora je završeno.
Identify the non-verbal noun.
1. Platiti, 2. Raditi, 3. Misliti
Verbal nouns in Croatian are always neuter gender.
A: Što radiš u slobodno vrijeme? B: Moja strast je ___.
Score: /8
よくある質問 (8)
Yes, but it's less common. A perfective verbal noun like `otvorenje` refers to a single event (the opening ceremony), while `otvaranje` refers to the process of opening.
`Pjevanje` is the singular nominative. `Pjevanja` is either the singular genitive or the plural nominative. Usually, we use the singular.
This is due to a sound change called iotation. When the 't' from the verb stem meets the 'j' from the suffix '-je', they merge into 'ć'.
Yes, both are correct. `Volim pjevati` means 'I like to sing', while `Volim pjevanje` means 'I like singing'. The noun form is slightly more abstract.
Absolutely! You'll see things like `Uživancija!` (from uživanje) or `Čekanje...` when someone is stuck in traffic.
You usually add the prefix 'ne-'. For example, `nepoznavanje zakona` (not knowing the law).
The genitive case. Always. `Gledanje (koga/čega?) filma`.
Technically yes, it comes from `piti`. But it has become so common as a concrete noun (a drink) that we don't always think of it as one.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
-ing (Gerund)
Croatian verbal nouns are strictly nouns and cannot function as verbs.
Infinitivo sustantivado
Spanish uses the infinitive; Croatian uses a derived noun.
Substantiviertes Verb / -ung
German has multiple suffixes; Croatian is mostly '-nje'.
Verb + koto / no
Japanese uses particles; Croatian uses inflectional suffixes.
Masdar (مصدر)
Arabic Masdars have many patterns; Croatian is very regular.
Contextual nominalization
Chinese has no morphological change; Croatian has a mandatory suffix.
