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B2 noun 9分で読める

öncül

例文 メモとヒント öncül 30秒で
解説 öncül in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 'öncül' yourself, as it is quite advanced. However, it's good to know that it comes from the word 'ön', which means 'front' or 'before'. Think of it as a special word for 'the first part' of a serious idea. In simple terms, if you have a puzzle, the first piece you put down could be seen as an 'öncül' for the rest of the picture. For now, just remember that 'ön' is the root, and 'öncül' is something that comes first in a sequence. You will mostly see this word in books later in your studies. It is not a word you use to talk about food, family, or daily hobbies. It is a 'thinking' word.
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At the A2 level, you might start seeing 'öncül' in short readings about history or science. It means 'something that happened before and helped something else happen.' For example, if you read about the invention of the wheel, the text might say the wheel was an 'öncül' to modern cars. It is a noun. You can remember it by linking it to 'önce' (before). While you would say 'Önce yemek yedik' (First we ate), in a formal science book, they might say 'Bu olay, büyük bir değişimin öncülüdür' (This event is the precursor of a big change). Don't worry about using it in conversation yet; just recognize it as a formal way to say 'starting point'.
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At the B1 level, you should understand 'öncül' as 'premise' or 'precursor'. You will encounter it in news articles, documentaries, and intermediate-level textbooks. It is used to describe the logic behind an idea. For instance, if you are discussing a problem, you might say, 'The first premise (öncül) of our plan is that everyone wants to help.' It is different from 'önceki' (previous) because 'öncül' implies that the first thing *caused* or *influenced* the second thing. It's not just about time; it's about a connection. You can start using it in your writing when you want to sound more professional or academic, especially when explaining the causes of an event.
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At the B2 level, 'öncül' is a word you are expected to know and use correctly, particularly in the context of logic and formal analysis. You should be able to distinguish it from 'öncü' (pioneer/leader). At this level, you might use it to discuss 'logical fallacies' or 'syllogisms' in a Turkish debate. For example: 'Eğer öncül yanlışsa, sonuç da yanlış olur' (If the premise is wrong, the conclusion is also wrong). You will also see it in scientific contexts describing chemical precursors. It is a key word for expressing complex relationships in academic Turkish. You should be comfortable adding suffixes to it, like 'öncüllerimiz' (our premises) or 'öncüllerinden' (from its precursors).
At the C1 level, you should have a nuanced command of 'öncül'. You understand its role in Aristotelian logic and can use it to deconstruct complex philosophical arguments. You recognize it as a hallmark of 'Öztürkçe' (pure Turkish) and might contrast it with the Ottoman 'mukaddeme'. You can use it metaphorically in literary analysis to discuss how one author's work served as an 'öncül' for a whole movement. Your usage should be precise—you don't just use it for anything that comes before; you use it for things that have a structural or causal priority. You can also use it in technical fields like computer science (antecedents in logic programming) or advanced chemistry with ease.
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At the C2 level, 'öncül' is part of your instinctive vocabulary for high-level intellectual discourse. You can use it to discuss the 'epistemological precursors' of a theory or the 'socio-political premises' of a revolution. You are aware of its subtle connotations in different academic disciplines—from the 'antecedent' in linguistics to the 'premise' in formal logic. You can write entire academic papers where 'öncül' is a central concept, using it to build a rigorous framework for your arguments. You can also play with the word in sophisticated rhetorical ways, perhaps questioning the very 'öncüller' of a commonly accepted truth in society. Your mastery is such that you never confuse it with 'öncü' or 'başlangıç'.
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例文 メモとヒント

öncül 30秒で

  • Öncül means 'premise' in logic, referring to the starting statements of an argument.
  • In science, it means 'precursor', a substance or stage that comes before the final form.
  • In history, it describes a 'forerunner' or something that paved the way for later developments.
  • It is a formal, academic word derived from the Turkish root 'ön' (before/front).

The Turkish word öncül is a sophisticated noun primarily used in academic, logical, and scientific contexts. At its core, it refers to something that precedes another thing, serving as a foundation, a starting point, or a precursor. Derived from the root ön (front/before), it embodies the concept of 'that which comes before' in a sequence or a logical argument. In common parlance, you will encounter it most frequently when discussing logic, where it translates to 'premise', or in historical and scientific discussions, where it means 'precursor' or 'forerunner'.

Logical Premise
In the field of logic (mantık), an öncül is a proposition upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn. If you are studying Aristotelian syllogisms, the major and minor premises are called 'öncüller'. For example, in the argument 'All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore Socrates is mortal,' the first two statements are the öncül.

Mantıksal bir çıkarım yapabilmek için sağlam bir öncül belirlemek gerekir.

Translation: To make a logical inference, one must determine a solid premise.
Scientific Precursor
In chemistry or biology, öncül refers to a substance from which another is formed. For instance, a pro-vitamin is an öncül to a vitamin. It signifies a developmental stage that must occur before the final product emerges.

Beyond these technical fields, öncül is also used to describe historical figures or movements that paved the way for something greater. While the word öncü is more common for 'pioneer' in a general sense, öncül is often used when the focus is on the chronological or structural relationship between the pioneer and the successor. It highlights the causal link between the past and the present.

Bu buluş, modern internetin en önemli öncüllerinden biri sayılır.

Translation: This invention is considered one of the most important precursors of the modern internet.

In summary, use öncül when you are being precise. It is not a word for casual coffee-shop talk about who arrived first; it is a word for the classroom, the laboratory, the courtroom, and the philosophical treatise. It demands a clear relationship between what came before and what follows.

Integrating öncül into your Turkish requires an understanding of its abstract and formal nature. It is rarely used as a simple object; instead, it often functions as a subject or a predicate in definitional sentences. Because it is a noun, it can take various Turkish suffixes, including the plural -ler/-lar and possessive markers.

Describing Logical Foundations
When criticizing an argument, you might point out that the starting point is flawed. In Turkish, you would say the öncül is wrong. This implies that no matter how good the reasoning is, the result will be invalid because the starting data was incorrect.

Tartışmanın öncülleri yanlış olduğu için varılan sonuç da hatalıdır.

Translation: Since the premises of the argument are wrong, the conclusion reached is also incorrect.
Identifying Historical Precursors
When writing an essay about the history of art or science, use öncül to link an earlier style or discovery to a later one. It creates a sense of lineage and evolution.

Rönesans, modern bilimsel düşüncenin en temel öncülüdür.

Translation: The Renaissance is the most fundamental precursor of modern scientific thought.

In more complex sentences, öncül can be modified by adjectives like temel (basic), varsayımsal (hypothetical), or tarihsel (historical). This allows for nuanced descriptions of exactly what kind of 'preceding element' you are discussing. For example, a 'temel öncül' is a cornerstone premise that cannot be ignored.

Bu kuram, üç ana öncül üzerine inşa edilmiştir.

Translation: This theory is built upon three main premises.

When using it in the sense of a 'precursor' in biology or chemistry, it functions almost like a technical label. You might say 'Substance A is the öncül of Substance B.' This informs the reader about the biochemical pathway without needing long, descriptive phrases.

You are unlikely to hear öncül while buying bread at a local bakery or chatting about the weather. It is a 'high-register' word. However, in specific environments, it is indispensable. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize its weight and importance.

Academic Lectures and Seminars
In Turkish universities, particularly in the humanities, social sciences, and law faculties, professors use öncül constantly. It is the bread and butter of critical thinking. A law professor might discuss the öncüller of a specific piece of legislation, meaning the social conditions or previous laws that led to its creation.

Hukuk sistemimizdeki bu kuralın tarihsel öncüllerini incelemeliyiz.

Translation: We must examine the historical precursors of this rule in our legal system.
News Analysis and Political Commentary
On intellectual news programs or in op-eds in newspapers like Cumhuriyet or Gazete Duvar, analysts use öncül to deconstruct political arguments. They might challenge a politician's conclusion by attacking the öncül—the assumption—upon which the policy is based.

Scientific documentaries and journals are another prime location. When explaining how a complex molecule is synthesized or how a species evolved, the narrator will use öncül to describe the earlier, simpler forms. It conveys a sense of rigorous, step-by-step progression.

Bu enzim, reaksiyonun gerçekleşmesi için gerekli olan temel öncüldür.

Translation: This enzyme is the essential precursor required for the reaction to occur.

Finally, in the world of literature and film criticism, öncül is used to discuss 'prequels' or works that influenced a particular genre. A critic might describe a 1920s silent film as the öncül of modern horror cinema, highlighting how it established the tropes we see today.

Because öncül is a formal word, the most common mistakes involve using it in the wrong register or confusing it with similar-sounding words derived from the same root. For English speakers, the nuance between 'pioneer', 'leader', and 'premise' can be tricky to navigate in Turkish.

Confusing Öncül with Öncü
This is the most frequent error. Öncü refers to a person or group who leads the way (a pioneer, a vanguard, or a leader). Öncül refers to the thing or idea that comes before (a premise or precursor). While a person can be an 'öncü', they are rarely described as an 'öncül' unless they are being treated as a historical 'data point' in a sequence.

Atatürk, modern Türkiye'nin öncülüdür (Incorrect) / öncüsüdür (Correct).

Overusing it in Casual Speech
Using öncül when you simply mean 'first' or 'previous' sounds unnatural. If you are talking about the previous episode of a TV show, use 'önceki bölüm'. Using 'öncül bölüm' would sound like the episode is a logical premise for the existence of the next one, which is far too heavy for a casual chat.

Another mistake is failing to provide the 'successor' or 'conclusion'. Since öncül implies a relationship, using it in isolation can leave a sentence feeling incomplete. If you identify something as an öncül, your reader or listener will instinctively wait for you to explain what it led to or what conclusion it supports.

Sadece öncülleri sıralamak yetmez, bir sonuca varmalısın.

Translation: Just listing the premises isn't enough; you must reach a conclusion.

Lastly, be careful with the plural. While 'premises' in English is often plural, in Turkish logic, you might discuss a single 'öncül' if only one starting point is relevant. Don't pluralize it just because the English equivalent usually is.

To truly master öncül, you must know how it sits alongside its synonyms and near-synonyms. Turkish has a rich vocabulary for 'beginnings' and 'causes', many of which come from Arabic or Persian roots, while öncül is a pure Turkish (Öztürkçe) word.

Mukaddeme vs. Öncül
Mukaddeme is the older, Ottoman-Turkish word for 'introduction' or 'premise'. While you might still see it in very old texts or specific religious/philosophical contexts, öncül has largely replaced it in modern academia. Öncül feels more scientific and 'clean', while mukaddeme feels traditional and literary.
Öncü vs. Öncül
As mentioned before, öncü is the pioneer (the person). If you want to say 'He was a pioneer in medicine,' use 'öncü'. If you want to say 'This discovery was a precursor to modern medicine,' use 'öncül'.

O, alanında bir öncüydü; fikirleri ise devrimin öncülleriydi.

Translation: He was a pioneer in his field; his ideas were the precursors of the revolution.
Varsayım (Assumption) vs. Öncül
An öncül is a stated part of an argument. A varsayım is an underlying assumption that might not be explicitly stated. You use öncül when you are mapping out a logical proof, and varsayım when you are guessing or hypothesizing.

Other alternatives include haberci (herald/harbinger) for something that signals what is coming, and kaynak (source) for the origin of something. However, neither captures the specific 'if-then' structural quality of öncül.

豆知識

The word 'öncül' was popularized during the Turkish Language Reform (Dil Devrimi) in the 1930s to replace the Arabic-origin word 'mukaddeme'. It is a perfect example of 'Öztürkçe'—creating technical terms from native roots.

発音ガイド

UK /ønˈdʒyl/
US /ønˈdʒul/
The stress is on the second syllable: ön-CÜL.
韻が合う語
gönül (heart) ödül (award) eylül (September) bülbül (nightingale) gül (rose) kül (ash) tül (tulle) mül (archaic word for wine)
よくある間違い
  • Pronouncing 'c' as 's' or 'k'. In Turkish, 'c' is always like 'j'.
  • Confusing 'ö' with 'o'. Keep your lips rounded for 'ö'.
  • Confusing 'ü' with 'u'. Keep your tongue forward and lips rounded for 'ü'.
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レベル別の例文

1

Bu, hikayenin öncülüdür.

This is the precursor (starting part) of the story.

Simple noun sentence with possessive suffix.

2

Ön, öncül kelimesinin köküdür.

'Front' is the root of the word 'precursor'.

Defining a root.

3

İlk öncül çok önemlidir.

The first premise is very important.

Adjective + noun.

4

Bu bir öncüldür.

This is a precursor.

Basic 'A is B' structure.

5

Kitapta üç öncül var.

There are three premises in the book.

Using 'var' (there is/are).

6

Öncül nedir?

What is a premise?

Question form.

7

Bu öncül doğru mu?

Is this premise correct?

Question particle 'mu'.

8

Öncül ve sonuç.

Premise and result.

Noun phrase with 've'.

1

Bilim insanları yeni bir öncül buldu.

Scientists found a new precursor.

Past tense 'buldu'.

2

Bu eski alet, bilgisayarın öncülüdür.

This old tool is the precursor of the computer.

Genitive-possessive construction.

3

Öncülleri dikkatlice okuyun.

Read the premises carefully.

Imperative form (plural).

4

Her öncül bir kanıt gerektirir.

Every premise requires evidence.

Simple present tense.

5

Bu fikir, büyük bir değişimin öncülüydü.

This idea was the precursor of a big change.

Past tense of the copula '-ydi'.

6

Mantık dersinde öncülleri öğrendik.

We learned the premises in the logic class.

Direct object with '-(i)leri'.

7

Bu madde, ilacın ana öncülüdür.

This substance is the main precursor of the medicine.

Compound noun phrase.

8

Öncüllerimiz sağlam olmalı.

Our premises must be solid.

Necessitative 'olmalı'.

1

Tartışmaya başlamadan önce öncülleri belirledik.

We determined the premises before starting the debate.

Adverbial clause with '-meden önce'.

2

Bu rapor, gelecekteki çalışmaların öncülü niteliğindedir.

This report is in the nature of a precursor to future studies.

Phrase 'niteliğinde' (in the nature of).

3

Yanlış bir öncülden yola çıkarsanız hata yaparsınız.

If you set out from a wrong premise, you will make a mistake.

Conditional '-(s)eniz'.

4

Yazar, kitabında iki temel öncül sunuyor.

The author presents two basic premises in his book.

Present continuous tense.

5

Bu kimyasal, hormonun öncülü olarak işlev görür.

This chemical functions as a precursor to the hormone.

'Olarak' (as) construction.

6

Öncüller arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamak zordur.

It is difficult to understand the relationship between the premises.

Infinitive '-mak' as subject.

7

Tarihçiler, bu olayı devrimin öncülü olarak görürler.

Historians see this event as the precursor of the revolution.

Plural subject and verb.

8

Öncüllerin doğruluğu test edilmelidir.

The accuracy of the premises must be tested.

Passive voice 'edilmelidir'.

1

Aristo mantığında öncüller, sonucu zorunlu kılar.

In Aristotelian logic, premises make the conclusion necessary.

Technical terminology (zorunlu kılmak).

2

Bu keşif, genetik mühendisliğinin en önemli öncüllerinden biridir.

This discovery is one of the most important precursors of genetic engineering.

Partitive construction '...den biri'.

3

Tezinizdeki öncüllerin birbirleriyle çeliştiğini fark ettim.

I noticed that the premises in your thesis contradict each other.

Participle '-diğini' as object.

4

Öncülün zayıf olması, tüm argümanı çökertir.

The weakness of the premise collapses the entire argument.

Gerund '-olması' as subject.

5

Modern sanatın öncüllerini anlamak için geçmişe bakmalıyız.

To understand the precursors of modern art, we must look to the past.

Purpose clause '-mak için'.

6

Bu molekül, kolesterol sentezinde bir öncüldür.

This molecule is a precursor in cholesterol synthesis.

Locative case 'sentezinde'.

7

Öncüllerin her biri ayrı ayrı incelenmelidir.

Each of the premises must be examined separately.

Distributive 'her biri'.

8

Mantıksal çıkarım, öncüllerden sonuca giden bir süreçtir.

Logical inference is a process that goes from premises to conclusion.

Relative clause '-giden'.

1

Filozof, ontolojik kanıtın öncüllerini yeniden tanımladı.

The philosopher redefined the premises of the ontological argument.

Compound noun phrase with 'kanıtın'.

2

Bu akım, romantizmin estetik öncüllerinden beslenmektedir.

This movement feeds on the aesthetic precursors of Romanticism.

Passive/Middle voice 'beslenmektedir'.

3

Öncüllerin örtük olması, analizi zorlaştıran bir etkendir.

The fact that the premises are implicit is a factor that complicates the analysis.

Complex sentence with 'olması' and 'zorlaştıran'.

4

Deney, hipotezin öncüllerini doğrulamak amacıyla tasarlandı.

The experiment was designed with the aim of confirming the premises of the hypothesis.

Passive voice 'tasarlandı'.

5

Siyaset bilimci, krizin ekonomik öncüllerini derinlemesine analiz etti.

The political scientist analyzed the economic precursors of the crisis in depth.

Adverb 'derinlemesine'.

6

Kuantum fiziği, klasik fiziğin bazı öncüllerini sarsmıştır.

Quantum physics has shaken some of the premises of classical physics.

Perfective '-miştir' for established facts.

7

Hukuki mütalaada, kararın dayandığı öncüller titizlikle belirtilmiş.

In the legal opinion, the premises on which the decision is based are meticulously stated.

Relative clause 'dayandığı'.

8

Öncüllerin tutarlılığı, kuramsal bütünlük için elzemdir.

The consistency of the premises is essential for theoretical integrity.

Formal adjective 'elzem'.

1

Post-yapısalcılar, dilin öncüllerini ve yapısını dekonstrüksiyona tabi tutarlar.

Post-structuralists subject the precursors and structure of language to deconstruction.

Complex phrase 'tabi tutarlar'.

2

Eser, modernitenin epistemolojik öncüllerine kökten bir eleştiri getiriyor.

The work brings a radical critique to the epistemological premises of modernity.

Dative case 'öncüllerine'.

3

Fenomenolojik yaklaşım, bilincin öncüllerini paranteze almayı önerir.

The phenomenological approach suggests putting the precursors of consciousness in brackets.

Idiomatic philosophical term 'paranteze almak'.

4

Matematiksel mantıkta, aksiyomlar en temel öncüller olarak kabul edilir.

In mathematical logic, axioms are accepted as the most basic premises.

Passive voice 'kabul edilir'.

5

Yazarın üslubu, divan edebiyatının retorik öncüllerinden izler taşır.

The author's style carries traces of the rhetorical precursors of Divan literature.

Noun phrase with 'izler taşır'.

6

Toplumsal sözleşme teorisi, insanın doğasına dair belirli öncüllere dayanır.

The social contract theory is based on certain premises regarding human nature.

Phrase 'dair' (regarding).

7

Öncüllerin aksiyomatik karakteri, sistemin kapalı devre çalışmasını sağlar.

The axiomatic character of the premises ensures the closed-circuit operation of the system.

Possessive-gerund construction.

8

Bu paradigma değişimi, eski sistemin öncüllerini geçersiz kılmıştır.

This paradigm shift has rendered the premises of the old system invalid.

Causative/factitive 'geçersiz kılmak'.

類義語

mukaddeme ön şart temel esas belit haberci başlangıç kaynak

反対語

ardıl sonuç netice takipçi

よく使う組み合わせ

mantıksal öncül
temel öncül
tarihsel öncül
kimyasal öncül
öncül madde
öncül belirlemek
yanlış öncül
öncül kabul etmek
öncül niteliğinde
öncül ve ardıl

よく使うフレーズ

Öncül olarak

— Acting as a premise or starting point.

Öncül olarak şunu söyleyebilirim...

Sağlam bir öncül

— A solid, reliable premise.

Sağlam bir öncül üzerine kurulan her şey kalıcıdır.

Gizli öncül

— An unstated or implicit premise.

Bu argümanda gizli bir öncül var.

Öncül bilgisi

— Prior knowledge or background information.

Konu hakkında öncül bilgimiz yoktu.

Öncül oluşturmak

— To form or constitute a precursor.

Bu adımlar büyük bir başarıya öncül oluşturacak.

Ana öncül

— The main premise.

Tezimin ana öncülü budur.

Öncüller dizisi

— A series of premises.

Öncüller dizisi bizi bu noktaya getirdi.

Öncül saptamak

— To identify or detect a precursor.

Hastalığın öncüllerini saptamak zordur.

Öncül değer

— A baseline or initial value.

Öncül değerleri sisteme girdik.

Öncül fikir

— A pioneering or preceding idea.

Bu öncül fikirler dünyayı değiştirdi.

慣用句と表現

"Öncülünü hazırlamak"

— To prepare the ground for something.

Bu hamle, barışın öncülünü hazırladı.

formal
"Öncüllerden yola çıkmak"

— To start from specific premises.

Doğru öncüllerden yola çıkarsak kazanırız.

neutral
"Öncülü olmak"

— To be the precursor of something.

Bu icat, internetin öncülü oldu.

neutral
"Öncülleri sarsmak"

— To challenge fundamental premises.

Yeni teori tüm öncülleri sarstı.

academic
"Öncül dayatmak"

— To impose a premise on an argument.

Bize yanlış bir öncül dayatıyorlar.

formal
"Öncülleri ayıklamak"

— To sort through and clean up premises.

Önce gereksiz öncülleri ayıklamalıyız.

academic
"Öncülün gölgesinde kalmak"

— To be overshadowed by what came before.

Yeni eser, öncülünün gölgesinde kaldı.

literary
"Öncül kurmak"

— To establish a premise.

Mantıklı bir öncül kurmak zaman alır.

neutral
"Öncülleri birleştirmek"

— To synthesize different premises.

Farklı öncülleri birleştirerek yeni bir sonuca ulaştı.

academic
"Öncülden kopmak"

— To deviate from the initial premise.

Tartışma sırasında öncülden koptuk.

neutral

語族

名詞

öncülük (pioneering/leadership)
öncü (pioneer)
öncelik (priority)
ön (front)

動詞

öncülemek (to precede - rare)
öncelik tanımak (to give priority)

形容詞

öncül (preceding/premise-related)
öncelikli (prioritized)
önceki (previous)

関連

ardıl (successor)
mantık (logic)
çıkarım (inference)
varsayım (assumption)
hipotez (hypothesis)
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暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Ön' (Front) + 'Cül' (Tool). A 'Premise' is the 'Front-Tool' you need to build a logical house. Without the front-tool, the house falls.

視覚的連想

Imagine a train. The locomotive is the 'öncül'. It comes first and determines where the rest of the carriages (the conclusion) will go.

Word Web

mantık felsefe bilim başlangıç ön ardıl sonuç kanıt

チャレンジ

Try to write three sentences about your favorite hobby using 'öncül' to describe the basic rules or the history of that hobby.

語源

Derived from the Old Turkic root 'ön' meaning 'front, before, or east'. The suffix '-cül' is a productive suffix in modern Turkish used to create nouns or adjectives related to a concept.

元の意味： Something that is in the front or comes before.

Turkic Language Family.

文化的な背景

No specific sensitivities; it is a neutral academic term.

The word 'premise' in English is common in law and logic, but 'precursor' is used more in science. Turkish 'öncül' covers both, which can be surprising for English learners.

Aristoteles Mantığı (Aristotelian Logic) - the primary domain of this word. Dil Devrimi (Language Reform) - the historical context of the word's creation. Tümdengelim (Deduction) - the logical process where 'öncül' is vital.
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