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B1 adjective 12분 분량

robust

예시
설명 robust in your Level:
At the A1 level, you will mostly see the word 'robust' used to describe simple, physical things. It is an easy word to learn because it is very similar to the English word. You can use it to say that a toy is strong and won't break when a child plays with it, or that a table is solid. At this stage, you don't need to worry about complex grammar. Just remember that if you say 'Das ist robust', you mean 'That is strong/sturdy'. It is a helpful word for describing objects you see every day. You might hear it in a shop when someone is talking about shoes or bags. The focus for A1 learners should be on the basic physical meaning: something that is not easily broken. Learning this word early helps you build a basic vocabulary for describing the quality of items around you. You can also use it for simple health descriptions, like saying someone is healthy and strong. It's a positive word that shows you appreciate the quality of something. Since the pronunciation is slightly different from English (stress on the end!), practicing the sound 'ro-BUST' will help you sound more like a native speaker from the very beginning.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'robust' in more specific ways, particularly when comparing items. You might say 'Dieser Stuhl ist robuster als jener' (This chair is more robust than that one). You will also begin to see it used with different noun genders, requiring you to learn the basic adjective endings like 'ein robuster Tisch' (masculine) or 'eine robuste Tasche' (feminine). At this level, you should also understand that 'robust' can describe a person's health more broadly. For example, if you are talking about your grandparents, you might say they are still very 'robust' for their age. This means they are active and don't get sick often. You might also encounter the word in simple advertisements or product descriptions. When you see 'robustes Design', you know the product is built to last. It's a great word to use when you want to explain why you prefer one product over another. 'Ich kaufe diese Schuhe, weil sie robust sind' (I am buying these shoes because they are robust). This level is about moving from simple identification to basic description and comparison in everyday contexts like shopping, health, and home life.
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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'robust' in a variety of contexts, including more abstract ones. You will hear it in the news when people talk about the 'robuste Wirtschaft' (robust economy) or in professional settings when discussing 'robuste Lösungen' (robust solutions). You should understand that 'robust' implies more than just being strong; it implies resilience and the ability to recover from problems. At B1, you are expected to handle the full range of adjective declensions, meaning you can correctly use 'robust' in the dative case ('mit einem robusten Werkzeug') or the genitive case ('trotz der robusten Bauweise'). You will also start to distinguish 'robust' from its synonyms like 'widerstandsfähig' or 'belastbar'. For example, you might use 'belastbar' to describe your ability to work under pressure, but 'robust' to describe your physical health. B1 learners should also be aware of the word's use in culinary contexts, such as describing a 'robuster Wein'. This level is about expanding the word's application from the purely physical to the economic, professional, and sensory worlds, while maintaining grammatical accuracy in more complex sentence structures.
At the B2 level, 'robust' becomes a tool for more nuanced and sophisticated expression. you will use it to describe complex systems, such as 'robuste Software' or 'robuste politische Institutionen'. You should be able to discuss why a certain strategy is robust—for example, because it accounts for various risks and potential failures. At this level, you will also encounter the word in more formal writing, such as technical reports or academic articles. You should understand the subtle difference between 'robust' and 'stabil' in an engineering or scientific context. For instance, a 'robuste Methode' in research is one that yields consistent results even if the initial conditions change slightly. You will also be able to use the word in more idiomatic or metaphorical ways, such as describing a 'robuste Natur' in literature or film. Your understanding of the word should include its historical roots (the oak tree analogy) and how that influences its current usage. B2 learners should also be able to use the superlative 'am robustesten' to make complex comparisons and evaluations in discussions or presentations.
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At the C1 level, your use of 'robust' should be precise and contextually perfect. You will understand its application in high-level fields like statistics (robust statistics), where it refers to methods that are not overly influenced by outliers. You will be able to debate the 'Robustheit' (robustness) of an argument or a theory in a university seminar. At this stage, you are expected to recognize and use the word in its most abstract forms, such as describing a 'robuste Diplomatie' (robust diplomacy) that is firm and unyielding. You will also be sensitive to the register of the word—knowing when 'robust' sounds professional and when it might sound a bit too informal or 'earthy'. You should be able to use the word to describe complex human characters in literature, perhaps analyzing the 'robuste' nature of a protagonist in a 19th-century novel. Your grammar will be flawless, and you will use the word effortlessly in complex sentences involving passive voice or subjunctive moods. C1 learners should also be familiar with related nouns and verbs, such as 'Robustheit' or the less common 'roborieren' (to strengthen), though the adjective remains the primary focus.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'robust' and all its subtle connotations. You can use it to critique the structural integrity of philosophical systems or the resilience of global ecosystems. You will understand how the word has evolved in the German language and its relationship to other European languages. You can use 'robust' in creative writing to evoke specific imagery—perhaps describing the 'robuste' bark of an ancient tree or the 'robuste' laughter of a tavern owner. You will be able to distinguish between the various technical definitions in fields as diverse as wine-making, computer science, and macroeconomics. At this level, you can also play with the word, perhaps using it ironically to describe something that is surprisingly fragile. Your understanding is not just linguistic but cultural; you know how the concept of 'Robustheit' fits into the German psyche and national identity. You can participate in expert-level discussions where the 'Robustheit' of a scientific model is the central theme, and you can express these ideas with the elegance and precision of a native speaker.
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예시
The German adjective robust is a versatile and essential word for any learner reaching the B1 level. It is a loanword from the Latin 'robustus', which originally referred to the strength and durability of oak wood. In modern German, its meaning spans across physical, emotional, and technical domains, making it a high-frequency term in both daily conversation and professional jargon. When you describe something as robust, you are emphasizing its ability to withstand stress, pressure, or wear and tear without breaking or failing. This applies to a wide variety of subjects, from the physical health of a person to the durability of a piece of outdoor furniture.
Physical Durability
This is the most common use. It describes objects that are built to last, such as hiking boots, construction machinery, or kitchen appliances that can handle heavy use. If a product is advertised as robust, the manufacturer is promising that it won't break easily under normal or even slightly extreme conditions.

Für die Wanderung in den Alpen brauchst du ein paar robuste Schuhe, die nicht sofort kaputtgehen.

Beyond the physical, 'robust' is frequently used to describe human health and constitution. A person with a 'robuste Gesundheit' is someone who rarely gets sick, even when exposed to cold weather or viruses. It implies a certain natural toughness and resilience. In a more psychological sense, it can describe someone's character—someone who is not easily offended or who can handle high-pressure situations without becoming overwhelmed. In technical and scientific contexts, 'robust' describes systems, software, or mathematical models that perform well even under uncertain conditions or with noisy data. An IT professional might speak of a 'robuste Softwarearchitektur', meaning the system can handle errors without crashing. Similarly, in economics, a 'robuste Konjunktur' refers to an economy that remains stable despite global market fluctuations.
Culinary Context
You will often hear this word in wine or coffee tastings. A 'robuster Rotwein' is a full-bodied wine with strong flavors and high tannin content that can stand up to hearty meals like steak or game. It is the opposite of a light, delicate wine.

Dieser Kaffee hat ein sehr robustes Aroma, das perfekt zum Frühstück passt.

Finally, in political and social discourse, 'robust' can describe actions or measures that are decisive and forceful. A 'robustes Vorgehen' by the police or government suggests a firm hand and a lack of hesitation. This nuance is important because it moves away from the physical durability of an object and toward the assertive quality of an action.
Emotional Resilience
When describing a person's nature, 'robust' can sometimes border on 'unsensitive' or 'thick-skinned', depending on the context. If someone has a 'robuste Natur', they aren't bothered by small inconveniences or criticism.

Sie hat eine robuste Persönlichkeit und lässt sich von Kritikern nicht einschüchtern.

Die Brücke wurde aus robustem Stahl gebaut, um den extremen Wetterbedingungen standzuhalten.

Trotz der Wirtschaftskrise zeigten sich die Zahlen der Firma erstaunlich robust.

Using robust correctly requires an understanding of German adjective declension and the specific contexts where it outshines synonyms like 'stark' or 'fest'. As an adjective, it can be used predicatively (after a verb like 'sein' or 'werden') or attributively (before a noun). When used predicatively, it does not change its ending, which is the easiest way for beginners to start using it.
Predicative Use
In sentences like 'Der Tisch ist robust' (The table is robust), the word remains in its base form. This is common when describing the quality of an item you are currently looking at or discussing.

Dieses neue Smartphone-Modell ist besonders robust gegen Wasser und Staub.

When used attributively, 'robust' must agree with the gender, case, and number of the noun it precedes. For example, 'ein robuster Wagen' (masculine nominative), 'eine robuste Pflanze' (feminine nominative), or 'ein robustes Material' (neuter nominative). Understanding these endings is crucial for B1 learners.
Attributive Examples
'Wir brauchen robuste Lösungen für dieses Problem.' (We need robust solutions for this problem.) Here, the plural ending '-e' is used because 'Lösungen' is plural and the case is accusative.

Dank seiner robusten Konstitution erholte er sich schnell von der Operation.

It is also important to note how 'robust' interacts with adverbs. You can intensify it using 'sehr' (very), 'äußerst' (extremely), or 'erstaunlich' (surprisingly). Conversely, you can soften it with 'relativ' (relatively) or 'einigermaßen' (somewhat).

Dieses Material ist noch robuster als das, welches wir letztes Jahr verwendet haben.

In more advanced usage, you might see 'robust' combined with prefixes or in compound structures, though it is most powerful on its own. It often appears in the dative case after prepositions: 'Mit einem robusten Werkzeug kann man diese Arbeit viel schneller erledigen.' (With a robust tool, one can finish this work much faster.)
Comparison with 'Stark'
While 'stark' is a general term for 'strong', 'robust' is more specific to structural integrity and health resilience. You wouldn't say a 'starker Tisch' as often as a 'robuster Tisch' if you mean it is hard to break.

Das Unternehmen verfügt über ein robustes Geschäftsmodell, das auch in Krisenzeiten Gewinne abwirft.

In der freien Natur überleben nur die robustesten Pflanzenarten.

Wir haben die Software robust programmiert, damit sie bei Fehlern nicht abstürzt.

You will encounter the word robust in a surprisingly wide array of environments in Germany. From the hardware store to the doctor's office, and from financial news to the dinner table, it is a staple of the German vocabulary. In daily life, one of the most common places is during shopping. Whether it's for children's clothes, garden tools, or kitchenware, Germans value quality and durability, often asking if a product is 'robust genug' (robust enough) for their needs.
In the Workshop or DIY Store
Salespeople will use 'robust' to describe tools that can take a beating. 'Diese Bohrmaschine ist sehr robust' means it can handle hours of work in tough materials like concrete without overheating.

Für die Arbeit auf der Baustelle benötigen wir robustes Material, das nicht sofort splittert.

In the medical field, a doctor might describe an elderly patient's health as 'erstaunlich robust' (surprisingly robust). This is a compliment, suggesting that despite their age, their body is strong and resilient. It's often used when someone recovers quickly from an illness that would normally floor others. The financial sector in Germany uses 'robust' constantly. If you watch the 'Tagesschau' (the main news program), you will hear news anchors talk about the 'robuste deutsche Wirtschaft' (the robust German economy). This implies that even during global downturns, the German export-driven economy is holding its own. It's a term of reassurance for investors and the public alike.
In the Kitchen and Dining Room
When discussing food and drink, 'robust' describes intensity. A robust cheese or a robust stew has deep, earthy flavors. It's the kind of food that fills you up and provides comfort on a cold winter day.

Zu diesem kräftigen Braten passt am besten ein robuster Rotwein aus der Region.

In the world of technology and engineering, 'robust' is a technical specification. Engineers design 'robuste Steuerungssysteme' for cars and airplanes. Here, it means the system has redundancy and can continue to function even if one part fails. It's about safety and reliability.

Das neue Betriebssystem gilt als sehr robust gegenüber Cyberangriffen.

Parenting and Education
Teachers or parents might describe a child as 'robust' if they are physically active and don't cry over every little scrape. It's a way of saying the child is tough and adventurous.

Kinder brauchen robuste Kleidung, damit sie im Wald spielen können, ohne dass alles zerreißt.

Die Wanderwege sind gut ausgebaut, aber man braucht trotzdem ein robustes Schuhwerk.

Even though robust is a cognate (it looks and sounds like the English word), learners often make subtle mistakes in its application and grammar. One of the most frequent errors is confusing 'robust' with 'stark'. While they are often interchangeable, 'stark' is much broader. You can have a 'starke Meinung' (strong opinion), but a 'robuste Meinung' sounds strange unless you mean it is an opinion that can withstand heavy criticism. 'Robust' is almost always tied to the concept of *durability* and *resilience*.
Misusing it for 'Physical Strength'
If you want to say someone can lift heavy weights, use 'stark' or 'kräftig'. If you say they are 'robust', you are saying they don't get sick or can handle cold weather, not necessarily that they have big muscles.

Falsch: Er ist so robust, dass er 100 kg heben kann. (Besser: stark)

Another common mistake involves the declension of the word when it follows an article. English speakers often forget the '-en' ending in the dative or accusative masculine. For example, 'mit einem robusten Seil' (with a robust rope) is often incorrectly said as 'mit einem robust Seil'. Remember that adjectives after 'ein/eine/ein' or 'der/die/das' must change.
Overusing it in Abstract Contexts
While we can talk about a 'robuste Wirtschaft', we rarely talk about a 'robuste Liebe' (robust love). For emotions, Germans prefer words like 'tief' (deep), 'fest' (firm), or 'innig' (intimate).

Richtig: Wir haben eine robuste Vereinbarung getroffen. (Meaning: The agreement is solid and unlikely to be broken.)

Pronunciation is another area where mistakes happen. In English, the stress is on the first syllable: RO-bust. In German, the stress is on the second syllable: ro-BUST. If you stress the first syllable, Germans will understand you, but it will immediately mark you as a non-native speaker. The 'u' is also short and crisp, followed by a clear 'st' cluster.
Confusing with 'Stabil'
'Stabil' (stable) means something isn't moving or falling over. 'Robust' means it won't break. A ladder can be 'stabil' (it doesn't wobble) but not 'robust' (the steps might break if you are too heavy).

Die Konstruktion sieht stabil aus, aber ist das Holz auch robust genug für den Außenbereich?

Trotz der robusten Bauweise ist das Gerät erstaunlich leicht.

Man sollte bei der Auswahl der Pflanzen auf robuste Sorten setzen, die wenig Pflege brauchen.

To truly master German, you need to know when to use robust and when a synonym might be more precise. German is a language of nuance, and having several words for 'strength' or 'durability' allows you to be much more descriptive.
Widerstandsfähig (Resistant/Resilient)
This is perhaps the closest synonym to 'robust'. It literally means 'capable of offering resistance'. It is used frequently in scientific contexts (e.g., 'widerstandsfähige Bakterien') or to describe materials that resist specific elements like heat or acid.

Diese Lackierung ist extrem widerstandsfähig gegen Kratzer.

Another common alternative is 'belastbar'. This word comes from 'Belastung' (load/stress). If a person is 'belastbar', they can handle a lot of work or emotional stress without burning out. If a floor is 'belastbar', it can hold a lot of weight. While 'robust' describes the state of being, 'belastbar' focuses on the capacity to handle a load.
Stabil (Stable/Sturdy)
As mentioned before, 'stabil' refers to something that is well-balanced and doesn't collapse. A 'stabile Brücke' is one that doesn't sway. A 'robuste Brücke' is one that won't rust or decay even after 100 years. They often go together: 'stabil und robust'.

Der Schrank ist sehr stabil gebaut, aber das Material ist nicht besonders robust.

For people, 'kräftig' is a great alternative when focusing on physical build. A 'kräftiger Mann' is a man with big muscles or a broad frame. A 'robuster Mann' might be less muscular but has a constitution that allows him to work outside in the rain all day without catching a cold.
Derb (Coarse/Rough)
Sometimes 'robust' can mean 'rough' or 'coarse', especially regarding textures or manners. In these cases, 'derb' is a more precise word. 'Derbe Witze' are crude jokes, and 'derber Stoff' is a thick, rough fabric like burlap.

Er hat einen etwas derben Humor, der nicht jedem gefällt.

Das widerstandsfähige Leder schützt die Hände bei der Gartenarbeit.

In diesem Beruf muss man psychisch sehr belastbar sein.

Diese alten Traktoren sind absolut unverwüstlich und laufen auch nach 50 Jahren noch.

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수준별 예문

1

Der Tisch ist sehr robust.

The table is very robust.

Predicative use of the adjective; no ending needed.

2

Ich habe robuste Schuhe.

I have robust shoes.

Attributive use; plural accusative ending '-e'.

3

Das Kind ist robust und gesund.

The child is robust and healthy.

Two adjectives used predicatively after 'ist'.

4

Ist das Spielzeug robust?

Is the toy robust?

Interrogative sentence structure.

5

Das ist ein robustes Auto.

That is a robust car.

Attributive use; neuter nominative ending '-es'.

6

Wir brauchen robuste Kleidung.

We need robust clothing.

Plural accusative; no article, so '-e' ending.

7

Meine Oma ist noch sehr robust.

My grandma is still very robust.

Describing health in a simple way.

8

Dieses Messer ist robust.

This knife is robust.

Demonstrative pronoun 'dieses' + predicative adjective.

1

Diese Tasche ist robuster als meine alte.

This bag is more robust than my old one.

Comparative form 'robuster'.

2

Er sucht einen robusten Rucksack für die Schule.

He is looking for a robust backpack for school.

Masculine accusative ending '-en' after 'einen'.

3

Die Blumen im Garten sind nicht sehr robust.

The flowers in the garden are not very robust.

Negation with 'nicht sehr'.

4

Wir haben ein robustes Zelt gekauft.

We bought a robust tent.

Neuter accusative ending '-es' after 'ein'.

5

Diese Arbeitsschuhe sind besonders robust.

These work shoes are particularly robust.

Adverb 'besonders' intensifying the adjective.

6

Der Hund hat eine robuste Natur.

The dog has a robust nature.

Feminine accusative ending '-e' after 'eine'.

7

Kaufen Sie robuste Möbel für das Kinderzimmer.

Buy robust furniture for the children's room.

Imperative sentence; plural accusative.

8

Das Material fühlt sich sehr robust an.

The material feels very robust.

Using 'sich anfühlen' with an adjective.

1

Trotz der Krise blieb die Wirtschaft robust.

Despite the crisis, the economy remained robust.

Abstract usage in an economic context.

2

Wir müssen eine robuste Lösung für das Problem finden.

We must find a robust solution for the problem.

Using 'robust' to mean 'reliable' or 'long-lasting'.

3

Dank seiner robusten Gesundheit wurde er selten krank.

Thanks to his robust health, he rarely got sick.

Genitive case after 'Dank' (usually followed by dative or genitive).

4

Die Software ist robust gegenüber Eingabefehlern.

The software is robust against input errors.

Technical usage in IT.

5

Ein robuster Rotwein passt gut zu diesem Fleisch.

A robust red wine goes well with this meat.

Culinary context.

6

Man erkennt die robuste Bauweise des Hauses.

One can recognize the robust construction of the house.

Feminine accusative ending '-e' after 'die'.

7

Sie hat eine robuste Persönlichkeit und verträgt Kritik.

She has a robust personality and can handle criticism.

Psychological/Character usage.

8

Die Brücke ist am robustesten von allen in der Stadt.

The bridge is the most robust of all in the city.

Superlative form 'am robustesten'.

1

Das Geschäftsmodell hat sich als äußerst robust erwiesen.

The business model has proven to be extremely robust.

Using 'sich erweisen als' with an adjective.

2

Wir benötigen ein robustes System zur Datensicherung.

We need a robust system for data backup.

Professional/Technical context.

3

Seine robuste Art kommt nicht bei jedem gut an.

His robust manner is not well-received by everyone.

Describing a direct or rough personality.

4

Die Prognosen basieren auf robusten Daten.

The forecasts are based on robust data.

Academic/Scientific context.

5

Diese Pflanze ist robust genug für den Winter im Freien.

This plant is robust enough for winter outdoors.

Using 'genug' (enough) to qualify the adjective.

6

Man sollte in robuste Aktien investieren.

One should invest in robust stocks.

Financial context; plural accusative after 'in'.

7

Das Gerät besticht durch seine robuste Verarbeitung.

The device impresses with its robust workmanship.

Using 'bestechen durch' (to impress with).

8

Trotz der Strapazen wirkte er immer noch robust.

Despite the hardships, he still seemed robust.

Using 'wirken' (to seem/appear).

1

Die Studie verwendet robuste statistische Methoden.

The study uses robust statistical methods.

High-level technical terminology.

2

Es bedarf eines robusten Vorgehens gegen den Klimawandel.

A robust approach against climate change is needed.

Formal genitive construction 'Es bedarf eines...'.

3

Die Robustheit der Theorie wurde mehrfach bestätigt.

The robustness of the theory has been confirmed several times.

Noun form 'Robustheit'.

4

Sein Argument war nicht robust genug für die Debatte.

His argument was not robust enough for the debate.

Metaphorical use for logic/arguments.

5

Die Firma verfügt über eine robuste Kapitalbasis.

The company has a robust capital base.

Advanced financial terminology.

6

Ein robustes Eingreifen der Polizei verhinderte Schlimmeres.

Robust intervention by the police prevented worse.

Describing forceful or decisive action.

7

Die Natur zeigt sich hier von ihrer robustesten Seite.

Nature shows itself here from its most robust side.

Superlative with 'von ihrer ... Seite'.

8

Das System muss robust gegenüber unvorhersehbaren Ereignissen sein.

The system must be robust against unpredictable events.

Using 'robust gegenüber' (robust against).

1

Die ontologische Robustheit seiner Philosophie ist umstritten.

The ontological robustness of his philosophy is controversial.

Highly abstract academic usage.

2

Man muss die Robustheit der Lieferketten neu bewerten.

One must re-evaluate the robustness of the supply chains.

Macroeconomic analysis context.

3

Ihre Prosa zeichnet sich durch eine robuste Bildsprache aus.

Her prose is characterized by robust imagery.

Literary criticism context.

4

Es gilt, die robuste Natur des demokratischen Rechtsstaates zu wahren.

It is important to preserve the robust nature of the democratic constitutional state.

Political/Legal philosophy context.

5

Die Robustheit dieses Algorithmus ist für die Anwendung entscheidend.

The robustness of this algorithm is crucial for the application.

Advanced computer science context.

6

Er begegnete dem Schicksal mit einer robusten Gelassenheit.

He met fate with a robust serenity.

Poetic/Abstract psychological usage.

7

Die Robustheit der empirischen Befunde steht außer Frage.

The robustness of the empirical findings is beyond question.

Formal academic phrasing 'steht außer Frage'.

8

Durch robuste Verhandlungen konnte ein Kompromiss erzielt werden.

Through robust negotiations, a compromise could be reached.

Describing tough, firm negotiation style.

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