Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'Having + Past Participle' to show one action finished completely before the next one started.
- Use for sequence: 'Having finished work, I went home.' (max 20 words)
- Use for cause: 'Having lost my keys, I couldn't enter.'
- Negative form: Put 'not' first: 'Not having seen him, I left.'
Overview
Perfect Participle Clauses (완료 분사 구문)는 문장을 아주 경제적이면서도 세련되게 만들어주는 강력한 도구입니다. 한국어에서도 «과제를 다 끝내고 나서, 나는 잠이 들었다»라고 말할 때, '끝내다'와 '잠들다' 사이의 시간적 선후 관계를 명확히 하죠?Having + Past Participle (V3) 구조입니다.after나 because 같은 접속사를 생략함으로써 글의 흐름을 더 빠르고 전문적으로 만들어줍니다.After he finished the report, he went home.이라고 말하는 것보다 Having finished the report, he went home.이라고 표현할 때, 여러분의 영어는 훨씬 더 원어민스럽고 전문적인 느낌을 주게 됩니다. 오늘 이 강의를 통해 단순히 공식을 외우는 것을 넘어, 원어민들이 이 구조를 사용할 때 느끼는 미묘한 뉘앙스까지 완벽하게 마스터해 봅시다.Having + V3를 사용할 때, 이 행동을 한 주체는 반드시 뒤에 오는 주절(Main Clause)의 주어와 같아야 합니다. 이를 '공유된 주어(Shared Subject)'라고 부릅니다.- 1시간적 선후 관계 (Temporal Anteriority): 주절의 사건이 일어나기 전에 이미 완료된 상태여야 합니다.
- 2부사적 기능 (Adverbial Function): 이 구문은 문장에서 부사처럼 쓰여, 주절의 행동이 왜 일어났는지(이유), 혹은 언제 일어났는지(시간)에 대한 배경 지식을 제공합니다.
Having secured the funding, the startup expanded its operations. (자금을 확보한 후, 그 스타트업은 사업을 확장했다.) 여기서 자금을 확보하는 행위는 사업 확장보다 먼저 일어난 일이며, 사업 확장의 '전제 조건'이 됩니다. 한국어의 '-고 나서' 혹은 '-(으)ㄴ 끝에'와 비슷한 뉘앙스를 풍기지만, 훨씬 더 압축된 형태라고 이해하시면 됩니다.- 구조:
Having + Past Participle (V3), S + V - 예시:
Having written the final draft, she submitted it to the professor.(최종고를 다 쓴 후에, 그녀는 그것을 교수님께 제출했다.)
not의 위치가 가장 중요합니다. 반드시 Having 앞에 위치해야 합니다. 한국인 학습자들이 가장 많이 실수하는 부분 중 하나입니다.- 구조:
Not having + Past Participle (V3), S + V - 예시:
Not having received an invitation, I didn't go to the party.(초대장을 받지 못했기 때문에, 나는 파티에 가지 않았다.)
been이 추가되는 것에 주의하세요.- 구조:
Having been + Past Participle (V3), S + V - 예시:
Having been warned about the traffic, we took the subway.(교통 체증에 대해 경고를 받았기 때문에, 우리는 지하철을 탔다.)
Having + V3 | Having lost his key, he called a locksmith. |Not having + V3 | Not having slept well, she felt dizzy. |Having been + V3 | Having been fired, he started his own business. |Not having been told | Not having been told about the meeting, I missed it. |after를 대신하는 것이 아니라, 특정한 수사적 목적이 있을 때 사용합니다.Having passed the bar exam, he became a licensed lawyer.(변호사 시험에 합격하고 나서야, 그는 공인 변호사가 되었다.)
Because나 Since를 쓰지 않고도 세련되게 이유를 설명할 수 있습니다.Having lived in Paris for ten years, she speaks French fluently.(파리에서 10년 동안 살았기 때문에, 그녀는 프랑스어를 유창하게 한다.)
Having analyzed the data, the researchers concluded that the hypothesis was correct.(데이터를 분석한 후, 연구진은 가설이 옳다는 결론을 내렸다.)
I went..., I did...로 시작하면 지루해집니다. 문장의 시작을 Having + V3로 하면 독자의 주의를 환기시키고 글의 흐름에 변화를 줄 수 있습니다.- 틀린 예:
Having finished the meal, the plates were cleared.(식사를 마친 후, 접시들이 치워졌다. -> 접시가 식사를 마쳤다는 뜻이 됨) - 맞는 예:
Having finished the meal, the waiter cleared the plates.(식사가 끝난 후, 웨이터가 접시를 치웠다.) - 이유: 한국어로는 «식사 다 하고, 접시가 치워졌어»라고 해도 자연스럽게 느껴질 수 있지만, 영어에서는
Having finished의 주체가 반드시 뒤에 나오는 주어(the waiter)여야 합니다.
-ing)를 써야 하고, 먼저 일어난 일에는 완료 분사(Having + V3)를 써야 합니다.- 틀린 예:
Opening the envelope, he read the letter.(봉투를 열면서 편지를 읽었다 - 거의 동시 동작) - 맞는 예:
Having opened the envelope, he began to read the letter.(봉투를 다 열고 나서, 편지를 읽기 시작했다 - 선후 관계 강조)
not의 위치Not having 순서여야 합니다.- 틀린 예:
Having not seen him for years, I didn't recognize him. - 맞는 예:
Not having seen him for years, I didn't recognize him.
Having + V3) | 현재 분사 구문 (V-ing) | 과거 완료 절 (After + S + had + V3) |Having eaten, I left. | Eating lunch, I watched TV. | After I had eaten, I left. |Having + V3는 앞선 사건이 뒤에 오는 사건의 '배경'이나 '원인'이 되는 느낌이 훨씬 강하다는 점입니다. 반면 After 절은 단순히 시간 순서를 나열하는 느낌이 강합니다.Having + V3를 자주 쓰나요?After I finished...나 Once I'm done... 같은 표현을 더 많이 씁니다. 하지만 비즈니스 프레젠테이션, 대학교 강의, 혹은 격식 있는 연설에서는 여러분의 지적 수준을 보여주기 위해 아주 자주 사용됩니다.The sun having set, we decided to head back. (해가 졌기 때문에, 우리는 돌아가기로 했다.) 하지만 이는 매우 문어체적인 표현입니다.Having been은 생략 가능한가요?Having been은 종종 생략되고 과거 분사(V3)만 남기도 합니다. 예: (Having been) exhausted by the long flight, he fell asleep. 하지만 완료의 의미를 명확히 강조하고 싶을 때는 Having been을 써주는 것이 C1 레벨의 정석입니다.Having + V3와 Having + 명사는 어떻게 구분하나요?Having a car, I can travel easily.에서 Having은 완료 분사가 아니라 '가지고 있다'는 의미의 현재 분사입니다. 뒤에 과거 분사(V3)가 오는지, 아니면 목적어인 명사가 오는지를 확인하면 쉽게 구분할 수 있습니다.Having + V3 구문은 여러분의 영어를 한 단계 업그레이드해 줄 '비장의 무기'와 같습니다. 처음에는 어색하겠지만, 일기나 에세이를 쓸 때 의도적으로 한 번씩 사용해 보세요. 문장이 훨씬 더 단단하고 우아해지는 것을 느끼실 수 있을 겁니다. 수고하셨습니다, 선생님은 여러분의 도전을 응원합니다!Perfect Participle Forms
| Type | Structure | Example Verb: 'Finish' | Example Verb: 'See' |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active Affirmative
|
Having + V3
|
Having finished
|
Having seen
|
|
Active Negative
|
Not + having + V3
|
Not having finished
|
Not having seen
|
|
Passive Affirmative
|
Having been + V3
|
Having been finished
|
Having been seen
|
|
Passive Negative
|
Not + having been + V3
|
Not having been finished
|
Not having been seen
|
Meanings
A grammatical structure used to indicate that the action in the participle clause was completed before the action in the main clause began.
Temporal Sequence
To emphasize that one action happened strictly before another.
“Having written the email, she hit send.”
“Having packed his bags, he called a taxi.”
Causal Relationship
To provide a reason for the action in the main clause.
“Having lived there for years, she knew the city well.”
“Not having heard the news, I was shocked by his arrival.”
Passive Perfect Participle
To show a completed action that was done to the subject.
“Having been told the truth, he felt much better.”
“Having been invited to the gala, she bought a new dress.”
Negative Perfect Participle
To show that an action did NOT happen before the main event.
“Not having slept, I was very grumpy.”
“Not having studied, he failed the exam.”
Reference Table
| 원문 1 | 원문 2 | 완료 분사 구문 | 의미/강조 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
She had eaten breakfast.
|
She left for work.
|
Having eaten breakfast, she left for work.
|
다음 행동 시작 전 완료된 행동.
|
|
He had forgotten his keys.
|
He couldn't get into the house.
|
Having forgotten his keys, he couldn't get into the house.
|
첫 행동이 두 번째 행동의 원인.
|
|
We had completed the assignment.
|
We felt relieved.
|
Having completed the assignment, we felt relieved.
|
행동 완료 후 느끼는 감정.
|
|
They had waited for hours.
|
They finally gave up.
|
Having waited for hours, they finally gave up.
|
장시간의 선행 행동.
|
|
You had reviewed the document.
|
You found some errors.
|
Having reviewed the document, you found some errors.
|
선행 검토 후 발견.
|
|
The students had studied hard.
|
They passed the exam.
|
Having studied hard, the students passed the exam.
|
노력이 성공으로 이어짐.
|
|
I had lived abroad for years.
|
I understood cultural nuances.
|
Having lived abroad for years, I understood cultural nuances.
|
과거 경험이 이해를 제공.
|
|
She had saved enough money.
|
She bought a new car.
|
Having saved enough money, she bought a new car.
|
축적이 구매를 가능하게 함.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
Having completed the report, I departed for the day. (Leaving work)
Having finished the report, I went home. (Leaving work)
Finished the report, so I headed home. (Leaving work)
Report done, I'm out. (Leaving work)
완료 분사 구문: 'Having Done This...'
목적
- 선행 행동 주절 행동 이전에 완료된 행동
- 원인/결과 첫 행동이 두 번째로 이어짐
- 간결성 문장을 우아하게 결합
핵심 규칙
- 동일 주어 분사 구문 주어 = 주절 주어
- Dangling 금지 주어 불일치 피하기
예시
- Having studied... 학습 먼저 완료
- Having eaten... 식사 먼저 완료
완료 분사 구문 vs. 'After + V-ing'
완료 분사 구문을 사용해야 할까요?
두 가지 행동이 일어나고 있나요?
한 행동이 다른 행동보다 *완전히* 먼저 완료되었나요?
두 행동을 수행하는 주어가 동일한가요?
완료 분사 구문 사용 상황
격식 있는 글쓰기
- • 학술 에세이
- • 사업 보고서
- • 전문적인 이메일
이야기하기
- • 과거 사건 서술
- • 순서 설명
- • 묘사적 세부 사항 추가
원인과 결과
- • 행동이 결과로 이어짐
- • 결과의 이유
- • 전제 조건 충족
간결성
- • 문장 간소화
- • 반복 피하기
- • 우아한 표현
수준별 예문
After finishing work, I went home.
After I finished work, I went home.
I ate lunch and then I slept.
I ate lunch and then I slept.
Because I was tired, I went to bed.
Because I was tired, I went to bed.
After seeing the movie, she was happy.
After she saw the movie, she was happy.
After having a shower, he felt better.
After he had a shower, he felt better.
Having finished the test, she left the room.
She finished the test and then left.
Not having any money, he stayed at home.
He didn't have money, so he stayed home.
Having seen the doctor, I felt relieved.
After I saw the doctor, I felt better.
Having lost his passport, he went to the embassy.
Because he had lost his passport, he went to the embassy.
Having been invited to the party, I bought a gift.
Because I was invited, I bought a gift.
Not having heard from her, I called her office.
Since I hadn't heard from her, I called.
Having lived in London, he speaks English well.
Because he lived in London, he speaks well.
Having completed the project, the team celebrated.
The team celebrated after they completed the project.
Having been warned about the weather, we stayed inside.
We stayed inside because we were warned.
Not having studied enough, he was nervous about the exam.
He was nervous because he hadn't studied enough.
Having seen the results, she decided to change her strategy.
She changed her strategy after seeing the results.
Having exhausted all other options, they decided to sue.
They decided to sue because no other options remained.
Not having been informed of the changes, I arrived late.
I arrived late because nobody told me about the changes.
Having been raised in a bilingual household, she is fluent in both.
Her fluency is a result of her upbringing.
Having finally secured the funding, the startup began hiring.
The startup started hiring after getting the money.
Having been meticulously vetted, the candidate was offered the role.
The candidate got the job after a very thorough check.
Not having anticipated such a backlash, the company issued an apology.
The company apologized because they didn't expect the anger.
Having traversed the continent, the explorer had many stories to tell.
The explorer's stories came from his travels.
Having been erroneously identified, the suspect was later released.
The suspect was released because the ID was wrong.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners use '-ing' when they should use 'Having + V3'. '-ing' implies simultaneous action.
Learners use 'Finished the work, I left' instead of 'Having finished...'.
They are similar, but 'Having done' is more formal and can show cause.
자주 하는 실수
After have lunch, I go.
After lunch, I go.
Having finish...
Having finished...
I having done...
Having done...
Having not...
Not having...
Having saw the movie...
Having seen the movie...
Having being happy...
Being happy...
Having finished, the bell rang.
Having finished, I heard the bell ring.
Not have seen...
Not having seen...
Having been finish the work...
Having finished the work...
Having lived there, the house was old.
Having lived there, I knew the house was old.
Not having being told...
Not having been told...
Having had finished...
Having finished...
Having been realized the truth...
Having realized the truth...
Having not been informed...
Not having been informed...
Having arrived, the meeting started.
Having arrived, we started the meeting.
Having been a student, the library was my home.
Having been a student, I considered the library my home.
문장 패턴
Having ___ (V3) the ___, I ___.
Not having ___ (V3) ___, she ___.
Having been ___ (V3) by ___, the ___.
Having ___ (V3) for ___ years, he ___.
Real World Usage
Having managed a team of ten, I am confident in my leadership skills.
Having analyzed the data, we found a significant correlation.
Not having heard back from you, I am resending the invoice.
Having reached a deal, the two countries signed the treaty.
Having packed his few belongings, he left the village forever.
Having been duly sworn, the witness began her testimony.
Having just finished my MBA, I'm looking for new opportunities!
Having spent a week in Rome, I can say the pasta is unbeatable.
주어 일치를 항상 확인하세요
Having finished the book, I put it back on the shelf.
과도한 사용은 피하고 자연스러운 흐름을 유지하세요
Having finished work, I went home.처럼 자연스럽게 써보세요.
완료와 원인-결과를 강조할 때 활용하세요
Having saved enough money, she bought a new car.
격식체와 비격식체에서의 사용
Having completed my presentation, I felt relieved처럼 공식적인 상황에 잘 어울려요.
Smart Tips
Replace one with 'Having + V3' to make your writing sound more professional and varied.
Use 'Having + V3' to link the past cause to the present effect.
Always put 'not' first. Think of it as the 'guard' at the front of the sentence.
Read the main clause first, then ask 'Who did the first action?'. If it's not the same person, rewrite it.
발음
The 'Having' Stress
Stress the first syllable of 'HAV-ing'. The past participle that follows usually carries the primary sentence stress.
The Comma Pause
There is always a slight pause (comma) after the participle clause before the main clause begins.
Rising-Falling
Having finished (rising) ↗, I left (falling) ↘.
The rising intonation signals that the thought is not yet complete.
암기하기
기억법
H.A.V.I.N.G.: Happened Already, Verb In Next Group.
시각적 연상
Imagine a 'Checkmark' (✅) on the first action and an 'Arrow' (➡️) pointing to the second action. The checkmark is the 'Having Done' part.
Rhyme
Action one is done and through, 'Having' starts the sentence for you.
Story
A chef finishes a meal (Having cooked), then he serves it (he served). A traveler packs a bag (Having packed), then he leaves (he left). The first action is always the 'baggage' you carry into the next sentence.
Word Web
챌린지
Write three sentences about your morning using 'Having + V3'. For example: 'Having brushed my teeth, I had breakfast.'
문화 노트
This structure is a staple of British and American academic writing. It is used to create 'syntactic density', allowing more information to be packed into a single sentence.
High-end journalism uses this to provide background context quickly without slowing down the narrative.
In legal contracts, this structure ensures that the sequence of obligations is clear.
This construction is influenced by the Latin 'Ablative Absolute', which allowed for concise backgrounding of completed actions.
대화 시작하기
Having traveled to many places, which city was your favorite?
Not having seen the latest movie, what are people saying about it?
Having been raised in your hometown, how has it changed over the years?
Having finished your studies, what are your career goals?
Having worked in your current field, what advice would you give a beginner?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
______ for hours, the hikers finally reached the summit.
Find and fix the mistake:
Having eat all the pizza, I started to feel very full.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Después de haber vivido en Japón, ella hablaba japonés con fluidez.'
Answer starts with: ["H...
Score: /4
연습 문제
8 exercises___ the book, she returned it to the library.
Find and fix the mistake:
Having not seen him for years, I didn't recognize him.
After he had lost his keys, he couldn't get into his house.
Having ___ (tell) the news, she burst into tears.
Having finished the meal, the bill was paid.
A: Why didn't you call me? B: ___ my phone, I had no way to reach you.
Reorder the words.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercises______ her degree, she immediately started applying for jobs.
Having wrote the email, I sent it off.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Habiendo perdido su pasaporte, tuvo que solicitar uno nuevo.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the sentence parts:
______ the instructions, I was able to assemble the furniture easily.
Having driven for twelve hours, a hotel was needed.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Después de haber vivido en la ciudad, extrañaba el silencio del campo.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Score: /11
자주 묻는 질문 (10)
Yes! For example: `Having been a teacher for years, she knew how to handle the class.` It emphasizes the duration of the state leading up to the main event.
Mostly, yes. However, `Having done` is more formal and often implies a causal link (because I did), whereas `After doing` is strictly about time.
It's when the subject of the `Having` clause doesn't match the subject of the main clause. Example: `Having finished the book, the phone rang.` (The phone didn't finish the book!)
You can, but it sounds quite formal. In casual speech, people usually say `After I finished...` or `Since I'd already seen it...`.
It always goes at the very beginning: `Not having seen...`. Putting it anywhere else is a common mistake.
No. You only need one 'having'. The correct form is `Having finished`.
Yes, but it's less common. Example: `I left the room, having finished my work.` It usually follows a comma.
Yes, as long as the action can be 'completed'. It works best with dynamic verbs like 'finish', 'see', 'write', etc.
Because it requires managing complex sentence structures and ensuring subject-verb logic across clauses, which is a hallmark of advanced proficiency.
No, `Having been` is for passive voice (something done to you) or for the verb 'to be' (a state).
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Habiendo + participio
Spanish often uses the simple participle where English requires 'Having'.
Ayant + participe passé
French uses this more frequently in literature than English does.
Nachdem... / Partizipialkonstruktion
German lacks a direct 'Having + V3' equivalent for most verbs.
-te kara / -ta ato
Japanese requires a specific particle for 'after', whereas English embeds it in the 'Having' form.
Ba'da an / Qad + verb
Arabic requires a conjunction (after/since), while English uses the participle alone.
...le yihou
Chinese relies on word order and particles rather than verb forms.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
관련 동영상
Related Grammar Rules
분사 구문: 동작과 주어 일치시키기
Overview 혹시 인스타그램 팔로워들에게 아침 커피가 긴 잠을 자고 나서 `feeling refreshed`한 기분이라고 실수로 말한 적이 있...
수동형 동명사 및 부정사 (being done / to be done)
Overview 다른 사람에 의해 `being directed`(감독되는) 영화 속 엑스트라가 된 기분을 느껴본 적 있나요? 아니면 퇴근 전 중요...
Stop + 동명사 vs. 부정사: 그만두기 vs. 잠시 멈추기
Overview 혹시 이메일을 확인하려고 잠깐 쉬는 거였는데, 실수로 직장을 그만뒀다고 말해본 적 있어? 시트콤의 한 장면 같지만,...
Infinitives and Gerunds: Verb Patterns (Want to Go / Enjoy Going)
## Infinitives and Gerunds: Verb Patterns ### Verbs + to + infinitive - **want**: I want **to eat**. - **need**: She ne...
영어 분사 구문: 동시에 두 가지 일을 하는 것 (V-ing)
### Overview 영어 학습의 여정에서 C1 레벨, 즉 고급 단계에 도달했다는 것은 단순히 문법 규칙을 아는 것을 넘어, 언어의 '경...
