C1 Gerunds & Infinitives 12 min read 어려움

분사 구문: 동작과 주어 일치시키기

항상 분사구문의 행동 주체가 주절의 주어와 일치하는지 확인해야 해요. «매달린 분사»를 조심하세요!

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Participle clauses shorten sentences by removing the subject, but that subject MUST match the main clause's subject to avoid 'dangling' errors.

  • The implied subject of the participle must be the same as the main subject: 'Walking home, I saw a cat.'
  • Use -ing for active actions and -ed for passive states: 'Feeling tired, he slept' vs 'Exhausted, he slept.'
  • Place the clause next to the noun it describes to avoid confusion: 'Covered in rust, the car was old.'
[Verb-ing/ed + ...] , [Subject] + [Verb] ...

Overview

혹시 인스타그램 팔로워들에게 아침 커피가 긴 잠을 자고 나서 feeling refreshed한 기분이라고 실수로 말한 적이 있나요? 아니면 standing on the balcony 일몰이 아름다워 보였다고 트윗한 적은요? 만약 그랬다면, 여러분은 '현수 분사(dangling participle)'의 함정에 빠진 것입니다.
이 규칙의 핵심은 논리입니다. 영어에서 Walking down the street이나 Having finished my coffee 같은 분사구문으로 문장을 시작할 때, 듣는 사람은 즉시 문장의 다음 부분에 나오는 주어가 그 동작을 하는 주인공이라고 가정합니다. 만약 다음에 언급하는 사람이나 사물이 그 동작을 하는 주체가 아니라면, 문장은 논리적으로 무너집니다.
이것은 유창한 사람과 진정으로 세련된 사람을 가르는 클래식한 C1 레벨의 장애물입니다. 이것을 마스터하는 것은 단순히 시험에 합격하기 위한 것이 아니라, 여러분의 Zoom 발표와 WhatsApp 대화가 실제로 말이 되도록 만드는 것입니다.

How This Grammar Works

분사구문을 오토바이에 달린 사이드카라고 생각해보세요. 사이드카(분사구문)에는 자체 운전사(주어)가 없습니다. 어디로 가는지, 누구의 것인지는 전적으로 오토바이 운전사(주절)에게 달려 있습니다.
오토바이 운전사가 I라면, 사이드카에 있는 사람도 I입니다. 만약 여러분이 Running for the bus, my phone fell out이라고 말한다면, 기본적으로 휴대폰을 운전석에 앉힌 셈입니다. 여러분의 휴대폰에 다리가 있고 필사적으로 통근해야 하는 상황이 아니라면, 그것은 논리적 오류입니다.
분사의 '암시된 주어(implied subject)’는 주절의 '명시된 주어(explicit subject)’와 일치해야 합니다. 이를 통해 5초마다 I, she, they를 반복하지 않고도 능숙하고 우아한 문장 구조를 만들 수 있습니다. 이것은 더 열심히 일하지 않고도 더 전문적으로 보일 수 있는 궁극적인 언어적 팁입니다.
다만 휴대폰이 마라톤을 하게 두지는 마세요.

Formation Pattern

1
이 구문을 만드는 것은 레고 세트를 조립하는 것과 비슷하지만, 조각은 더 적고 논리는 더 많이 필요합니다. 세 가지 주요 유형을 사용할 수 있습니다.
2
현재분사 (-ing): 주절의 동작과 동시에 일어나는 동작에 사용합니다. 패턴: [Verb+ing] + [Main Clause]. 예: Checking my emails, I realized I was late.
3
과거분사 (-ed/-en): 수동적인 의미나 상태에 사용합니다. 패턴: [Past Participle] + [Main Clause]. 예: Shocked by the news, they called a meeting.
4
완료분사 (Having + 과거분사): 다음 동작이 시작되기 전에 한 동작이 끝났음을 나타낼 때 사용합니다. 패턴: Having + [Past Participle] + [Main Clause]. 예: Having ordered my Uber, I waited outside.
5
황금률: 쉼표 뒤에 오는 주어는 반드시 분사구문의 동작을 수행하거나 받는 대상이어야 합니다. Having been warned와 같은 수동태를 사용할 때도 주어는 여전히 경고를 받은 사람이어야 합니다. 이것은 계약과 같습니다. 분사구문은 맥락을 제공하고, 주절은 인물을 제공합니다. 서명(주어 일치)이 없으면 계약은 성립되지 않습니다.

When To Use It

주로 글쓰기나 공식적인 말하기에서 사용하게 될 것입니다. 공간이 제한된 Netflix 자막이나, 위키피디아 요약본 이상을 읽은 것처럼 보이고 싶은 학술 에세이에 아주 좋습니다. 다음과 같은 경우에 사용하세요.
  • 시간 관계 표시: Arriving at the gym, I realized I forgot my shoes. (흔한 월요일의 실수).
  • 이유 설명: Knowing she was busy, I didn't call. (2시간 동안의 불평을 피하는 예의 바른 방법).
  • 결과 묘사: The storm hit the coast, causing massive power outages.
  • 조건 명시: Followed correctly, these instructions are easy.
비즈니스 이메일에서 특히 유용합니다. «보고서를 다 써서 지금 보냅니다»라고 말하는 대신 Having finished the report, I am now sending it for your review라고 멋지게 표현해보세요. CEO처럼 들릴 것이고, 필요한 것은 분사 하나뿐입니다. 보고서가 자기 자신을 보내고 있지 않은지만 확인하세요.

Common Mistakes

여기서 가장 유명한 악당은 Dangling Participle입니다. 이것은 수식해야 할 주어가 없거나 잘못되어 분사구문이 허공에 떠 있는 경우에 발생합니다.
Walking into the room, the air conditioning felt cold. (에어컨이 걷고 있나요? 무섭네요.)
Walking into the room, I felt the air conditioning was cold.
또 다른 함정은 Misrelated Participle로, 분사가 묘사하는 명사와 너무 멀리 떨어져 있는 경우입니다.
I saw a man eating a burger with one leg. (잠깐, 햄버거에 다리가 있나요? 아니면 남자가 외다리인가요?)
With only one leg, the man was eating a burger.
또한 SNS 캡션에서 주어 혼동에 주의하세요. Being a huge fan of the show, the finale was a letdown. 피날레는 드라마의 팬이 아닙니다. 바로 여러분이죠! 문법 실수 때문에 혼란스러운 봇처럼 보이지 않도록 하세요. TV 쇼에 대해 불평을 할 때도 문법적인 정확성을 갖추세요.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

분사구문을 Absolute Constructions와 혼동하지 마세요. 독립분사구문은 운전사가 필요 없다고 결정하고 자신의 오토바이를 산 분사구문과 같습니다. 그것만의 '자체적인' 주어를 가집니다.
  • 분사구문: Waiting for the bus, I got wet. (주어: I)
  • 독립분사구문: The bus being late, I got wet. ('being late'의 주어는 'The bus').
이것들은 완전히 옳지만 훨씬 더 격식 있는 표현입니다. 19세기 소설이나 매우 진지한 법률 문서에서 찾아볼 수 있습니다. 또 다른 구별해야 할 것은 Gerund입니다.
둘 다 -ing로 끝나지만, 동명사는 명사 역할을 하고(Swimming is fun), 분사구문은 동작이나 상태를 설명하는 형용사나 부사 역할을 합니다. 마지막으로 Judging by / Generally speaking 예외가 있습니다. 이것들은 주어 일치 규칙을 따를 필요가 없는 '고정 표현'입니다.
영화가 판단하고 있다는 암시 없이 Judging by the reviews, the movie is great라고 말할 수 있습니다. 언어는 때때로 이렇게 이상합니다.

Quick FAQ

Q

주어는 항상 같아야 하나요?

보통 그렇습니다! 그렇지 않다면 주어를 명시하거나(독립분사구문), becausewhile을 사용한 전체 절을 사용해야 합니다.

Q

일상적인 문자 메시지에서 사용할 수 있나요?

가능하지만 조금 딱딱하게 들릴 수 있습니다. Having seen your text, I'm coming now는 빅토리아 시대의 유령처럼 들릴 수 있습니다. 친구들에게는 Saw your text, omw 정도로 충분합니다.

Q

주절이 수동태라면 어떻게 되나요?

문제없습니다. Having been filmed on a phone, the video was blurry. 비디오가 두 부분의 주어입니다. 논리가 유지됩니다!

Q

'허용되는' 현수 분사가 있나요?

네, Considering the price, Roughly speaking, Taking everything into account와 같은 구문은 현수 상태로 남겨두는 것이 허용됩니다. 문법 세계의 반항아들 같죠.

Participle Clause Forms

Type Active Form Passive Form Meaning
Present Participle
Doing...
Being done...
Simultaneous or continuous action
Past Participle
N/A
Done...
State or passive result
Perfect Participle
Having done...
Having been done...
Action completed before the main verb
Negative Present
Not doing...
Not being done...
Absence of action/reason
Negative Perfect
Not having done...
Not having been done...
Action that did not happen before

Meanings

A participle clause is a form of adverbial clause that uses a present (-ing), past (-ed), or perfect (having + -ed) participle to provide extra information about the main subject's actions, reasons, or circumstances.

1

Simultaneous Action

Used when two actions happen at the same time by the same person.

“Walking down the street, I hummed a tune.”

“She sat by the window, watching the rain fall.”

2

Reason or Cause

Used to explain why the main action is happening, replacing 'because' or 'since'.

“Knowing she was late, she took a taxi.”

“Not wanting to wake the baby, he crept out of the room.”

3

Sequence of Events

Used when one action happens immediately after another, or as a result of it.

“Opening the envelope, he found a check for $1,000.”

“Having lost the keys, they had to call a locksmith.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 분사 구문: 동작과 주어 일치시키기
구문 유형 형태 주어와의 관계 예시
현재 분사
V-ing
주절 주어와 동일, 능동 의미
Running fast, he won the race.
과거 분사
V-ed / V-en
주절 주어와 동일, 수동 의미
Exhausted by work, she slept soundly.
완료 분사
Having V-ed
주절 동사보다 먼저 완료된 행동, 능동 의미
Having finished, they went home.
수동 완료 분사
Having been V-ed
주절 동사보다 먼저 완료된 행동, 수동 의미
Having been warned, he was careful.
being 생략
(Being) V-ed / 형용사
주로 수동, 주어와 동일
(Being) tired, I rested.

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Feeling fatigued, I departed for my residence.

Feeling fatigued, I departed for my residence. (Leaving a social event)

중립
Feeling tired, I went home.

Feeling tired, I went home. (Leaving a social event)

비격식체
I was beat, so I just headed home.

I was beat, so I just headed home. (Leaving a social event)

속어
I was wiped, so I bailed.

I was wiped, so I bailed. (Leaving a social event)

수준별 예문

1

I am walking and I see a bird.

I am walking and I see a bird.

2

He is happy and he is singing.

He is happy and he is singing.

3

I eat breakfast and then I go to school.

I eat breakfast and then I go to school.

4

She is in the kitchen and she is cooking.

She is in the kitchen and she is cooking.

1

When I was walking, I saw a bird.

When I was walking, I saw a bird.

2

Because I was tired, I went to bed.

Because I was tired, I went to bed.

3

He sat on the chair and read a book.

He sat on the chair and read a book.

4

After I finished work, I went home.

After I finished work, I went home.

1

He walked down the street whistling a song.

He walked down the street whistling a song.

2

She sat by the fire reading her favorite book.

She sat by the fire reading her favorite book.

3

Knowing it was late, he ran to the station.

Knowing it was late, he ran to the station.

4

Not wanting to go, she stayed at home.

Not wanting to go, she stayed at home.

1

Feeling exhausted, the runner collapsed at the finish line.

Feeling exhausted, the runner collapsed at the finish line.

2

Built in 1920, the house was still in good condition.

Built in 1920, the house was still in good condition.

3

Having lost his passport, he couldn't board the plane.

Having lost his passport, he couldn't board the plane.

4

Not being a fan of spicy food, she ordered a salad.

Not being a fan of spicy food, she ordered a salad.

1

Realizing the gravity of the situation, the CEO called an emergency meeting.

Realizing the gravity of the situation, the CEO called an emergency meeting.

2

Having been warned about the risks, they decided to proceed anyway.

Having been warned about the risks, they decided to proceed anyway.

3

Stunned by the sudden turn of events, the audience remained silent.

Stunned by the sudden turn of events, the audience remained silent.

4

Not wishing to cause any further offense, he withdrew his comment.

Not wishing to cause any further offense, he withdrew his comment.

1

The evidence having been presented, the jury retired to deliberate.

The evidence having been presented, the jury retired to deliberate.

2

Viewed from a purely economic perspective, the project is a failure.

Viewed from a purely economic perspective, the project is a failure.

3

Having once been the center of the empire, the city still retains its grandeur.

Having once been the center of the empire, the city still retains its grandeur.

4

Admitting of no other interpretation, the text remains a mystery.

Admitting of no other interpretation, the text remains a mystery.

혼동하기 쉬운

Participle Clauses: Matching Action to Subject Gerunds vs. Participles

Both end in -ing, but gerunds act as nouns while participles act as adjectives or adverbs.

Participle Clauses: Matching Action to Subject Absolute Constructions

Learners think you can *never* have a different subject in a participle clause.

Participle Clauses: Matching Action to Subject Past Participle vs. Past Simple

Learners use the past simple form instead of the participle form.

자주 하는 실수

I walking see bird.

I am walking and I see a bird.

Beginners often forget the auxiliary verb 'am' and the conjunction 'and'.

When walking I see bird.

When I was walking, I saw a bird.

At A2, learners try to shorten sentences but forget the subject 'I'.

He sat reading book.

He sat reading a book.

Missing articles are common when focusing on the participle.

Walking down the street, the sun was hot.

Walking down the street, I felt the hot sun.

This is a dangling participle. The sun isn't walking.

Having finish the work, he left.

Having finished the work, he left.

Using the base form instead of the past participle in a perfect participle clause.

Exhausting by the news, she cried.

Exhausted by the news, she cried.

Confusing the active (-ing) and passive (-ed) participle.

Not wanting to go, the party was skipped.

Not wanting to go, he skipped the party.

The party doesn't have 'wants'. The subject must be 'he'.

문장 패턴

___ing the news, [Subject] [Verb]...

Having ___ed the ___, [Subject] [Verb]...

Not ___ing to ___, [Subject] [Verb]...

___ed by the ___, [Subject] [Verb]...

Real World Usage

Job Interviews very common

Having worked in sales for five years, I developed strong negotiation skills.

News Headlines constant

Arriving in London, the Prime Minister refused to comment.

Novel Writing very common

Sighing deeply, she closed the book and looked out at the sea.

Formal Emails common

Not having heard from you, I am resending my previous inquiry.

Travel Vlogs occasional

Walking through these streets, you really feel the history of the place.

Recipe Instructions common

Having boiled the water, add the pasta and a pinch of salt.

🎯

'누가 무엇을 했나?' 테스트

친구랑 영어로 대화하는데, 어떤 행동의 주어가 명확하지 않을 때가 있어요. 이때 '이 행동을 누가(무엇이) 했지?'라고 스스로 물어보세요. 그 '누가(무엇이)'가 꼭 주절의 주어여야 해요. 아니라면 문장을 다시 써야겠죠? "Who is 'running' in 'Running fast, he won the race.'? He is."
⚠️

매달린 분사를 조심하세요

회사에서 중요한 이메일을 쓰는데, 주어와 분사구문이 연결이 안 되면 의미가 이상해져요. '매달린 분사'는 가장 흔한 실수예요. 분사구문의 행동 주체가 주절의 주어와 논리적으로 연결되지 않을 때 발생하죠. 꼭 다시 확인해 보세요!
Walking to the store, the apples looked ripe.
(← 사과가 가게로 걸어갔다는 뜻이 아니죠?)
💡

간결함을 위한 사용

영어 에세이를 쓰는데 문장이 너무 길고 복잡하게 느껴질 때가 있나요? 분사구문은 정보의 양은 줄이면서 의미는 그대로 전달하는 데 아주 좋아요. 'as', 'while', 'because' 같은 단어를 사용하지 않고도 원인이나 동시 동작을 깔끔하게 표현할 수 있답니다.
Feeling unwell, she went home.
🌍

원어민처럼 들리게 하기

영어 실력을 한 단계 더 높이고 싶을 때, 원어민처럼 자연스럽게 말하고 싶다면 분사구문을 마스터하는 게 정말 중요해요. 글쓰기나 격식 있는 대화에서 문장을 더 매끄럽고 유창하게 만들어주는 고급 문법 표현이거든요. C1 레벨이라면 필수로 알아야 할 문법이에요!
Having finished her degree, she quickly found a job.
💡

문장 구조에 변화 주기

계속 똑같은 문장 구조로만 글을 쓰면 좀 지루하게 느껴질 수 있죠. 분사구문을 적절히 사용하면 문장 구조에 변화를 줘서 훨씬 흥미로운 글을 쓸 수 있어요. 너무 많이 쓰는 건 좋지 않지만, 전략적으로 사용하면 글이 훨씬 세련돼 보인답니다.
Considering the weather, we decided to stay indoors.

Smart Tips

Use a present participle clause. It sounds more professional and flows better in writing.

Because I knew the area well, I didn't need a map. Knowing the area well, I didn't need a map.

Use 'Having + past participle' for the first action to make the timeline crystal clear.

I finished my homework and then I went out. Having finished my homework, I went out.

Immediately look for the subject after the comma. That person/thing MUST be the one doing the -ing action.

Opening the door, the cat ran out. (Wait, did the cat open the door?) Opening the door, I let the cat out. (Correct!)

Start with the past participle (-ed) directly. Don't use 'Being...'.

Being shocked by the news, he cried. Shocked by the news, he cried.

발음

/ˈfiliŋ ˈtaɪərd | aɪ ˈwɛnt ˈhoʊm/

The Comma Pause

There is always a slight drop in pitch and a brief pause at the comma following an initial participle clause.

Rising-Falling

Having finished (rise), I left (fall).

Indicates the first part is a dependency and the second is the main point.

암기하기

기억법

SAME: Subject Always Matches Exactly.

시각적 연상

Imagine a bridge. The participle clause is one side, the main clause is the other. If the subject isn't the same person, the bridge collapses in the middle.

Rhyme

If the subject doesn't match the start, your sentence simply falls apart.

Story

A chef was 'Cooking dinner.' Suddenly, 'the phone rang.' If you say 'Cooking dinner, the phone rang,' it sounds like the phone is holding a spatula. Always put the chef back in: 'Cooking dinner, the chef answered the phone.'

Word Web

HavingBeingFeelingKnowingRealizingExhaustedShocked

챌린지

Write three sentences about your morning using 'Having + past participle', 'Feeling...', and 'Not wanting to...'. Ensure your subjects match!

문화 노트

Participle clauses are a hallmark of high-level academic writing. Using them correctly signals to the reader that you are a sophisticated writer.

Classic British novels (like those by Jane Austen) use long, complex participle clauses to describe characters' thoughts and actions simultaneously.

News agencies like the BBC or Reuters use participle clauses to pack information into the 'lead' of a story.

Participle clauses evolved from Old English and Latin influences, where synthetic structures (using verb endings) were common to show relationships between actions.

대화 시작하기

Having lived in your city for a while, what's the one thing you'd change?

Feeling stressed, what is your go-to activity to relax?

Not wanting to cook, where do you usually order food from?

Looking back at your childhood, what is your fondest memory?

일기 주제

Describe a time you were surprised. Start your sentences with 'Walking...', 'Hearing...', and 'Not expecting...'.
Write a formal letter of complaint. Use 'Having purchased...', 'Being disappointed...', and 'Not wishing to...'.
Write a short story about a mystery. Use 'Stunned by...', 'Having found...', and 'Realizing...'.
Reflect on your language learning journey. Use 'Starting out...', 'Having reached this level...', and 'Looking forward...'.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

실수를 찾아 고치세요 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Working late into the night, the report was finally completed.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Working late into the night, we finally completed the report.
원래 문장은 보고서가 늦게까지 일했다는 의미가 돼요. 수정된 문장은 '우리'가 늦게까지 일했고 보고서를 완성했다는 것을 명확히 합니다.
문장을 완성하기 위해 올바른 형태를 고르세요

______ for my flight, I grabbed a quick coffee.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Waiting
현재 분사 'Waiting'은 커피를 마시는 것과 동시에 일어나는 행동을 나타냅니다. '나'가 두 가지 행동을 모두 하고 있어요.
올바른 분사구문을 사용한 문장을 고르세요 객관식

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Known for its ancient history, Rome attracts many tourists.
올바른 문장에서는 '로마'가 '고대 역사로 알려져 있고' 관광객을 '유인합니다'. 다른 선택지들은 매달린 분사를 포함하여, 관광객들이 역사로 알려져 있다는 의미가 됩니다.

Score: /3

연습 문제

8 exercises
Choose the correct sentence that avoids a dangling participle. 객관식

Which sentence is grammatically correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
In 'c', 'I' am the one walking. In the others, the grass or the shoes are implied to be walking.
Fill in the blank with the correct participle form of 'finish'.

_______ the marathon, he collapsed from exhaustion.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
We use the perfect participle 'Having finished' to show the action was completed before he collapsed.
Identify the error in this sentence: 'Shocking by the news, he sat down.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Shocking by the news, he sat down.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
He was the one receiving the shock (passive), so we need the past participle 'Shocked'.
Combine these two sentences using a participle clause: 'She didn't want to wake the baby. She crept out of the room.' Sentence Transformation

Combine: She didn't want to wake the baby. She crept out of the room.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Not wanting' is the standard way to form a negative participle clause of reason.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

The subject of a participle clause must always be the same as the subject of the main clause.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
This is the fundamental rule for standard participle clauses to avoid dangling participles.
Match the participle clause to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
These represent the four primary uses of participle clauses.
Sort these into 'Correct' or 'Dangling' participle categories. Grammar Sorting

1. Running fast, the finish line appeared. 2. Running fast, I saw the finish line.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The finish line cannot run, so sentence 1 is dangling.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Why didn't you call me? B: _______ you were busy, I decided to wait.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Thinking' provides the reason for the decision.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
올바른 형태를 고르세요 빈칸 채우기

______ by the noise, she couldn't concentrate on her studies.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Disturbed
실수를 찾아 고치세요 Error Correction

Opening the door, a strong wind blew my hat off.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Opening the door, I felt a strong wind blow my hat off.
올바른 문장을 고르세요 객관식

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Driving home from work, I saw a deer run into the road.
영어로 번역하세요 번역

Translate into English: 'Estando cansado, decidió irse a la cama.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Being tired, he decided to go to bed.","Tired, he decided to go to bed."]
단어를 배열하여 문장을 만드세요 Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Famous for its world cuisine, France attracts many.
절을 짝지으세요 Match Pairs

Match the clauses:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched
문장을 완성하기 위해 올바른 형태를 고르세요. 빈칸 채우기

_______ through the data, she noticed a critical anomaly.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sifting
오류를 식별하고 수정된 문장을 선택하세요. Error Correction

Stuck in traffic, the meeting started late.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Stuck in traffic, I arrived late for the meeting.
문법적으로 올바른 분사구문을 사용한 문장을 선택하세요. 객관식

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Having finished her degree, she quickly received a new job offer.
분사구문을 사용하여 문장을 영어로 번역하세요. 번역

Translate: 'Como estaba agotado, se quedó dormido en el sofá.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Being exhausted, he fell asleep on the sofa.","Exhausted, he fell asleep on the sofa."]
단어를 재배열하여 분사구문을 포함한 올바른 문장을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Starting her new job, she felt confident.
원인 (분사구문)과 결과 (주절)를 짝지어 논리적인 문장을 만드세요. Match Pairs

Match the clauses to form logical sentences:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched

Score: /12

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

It's an error where the participle clause seems to describe the wrong subject. Example: `Coming home, the door was open.` (The door didn't come home).

Yes, but they are more common in formal speech (presentations, interviews) than in casual chats with friends.

`Doing` implies the action is happening at the same time as the main verb. `Having done` implies the action finished before the main verb started.

Yes, these are called 'absolute constructions' (e.g., `The sun having set, we went home`). They are very formal and rare.

Always put `not` at the very beginning: `Not knowing...`, `Not having seen...`, `Not exhausted...`.

They are related. A reduced relative clause describes a noun (`The man standing there`), while an adverbial participle clause describes the whole situation (`Standing there, he saw the man`).

They make writing more concise and elegant. They help you avoid repeating 'because,' 'and,' and 'then' constantly.

Yes! `He walked away, waving his hand.` This usually describes a simultaneous action.

Scaffolded Practice

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Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

El gerundio

Spanish gerundios are more restricted in their adverbial use compared to English participle clauses.

French high

Le gérondif

French almost always requires the preposition 'en' for this structure.

German moderate

Partizipialattribute

German prefers full 'subordinate clauses' (with 'weil' or 'als') over participle clauses.

Japanese partial

Te-form (〜て)

The -te form is much more common and less 'formal' than English participle clauses.

Arabic moderate

Hal (حال) clause

Arabic Hal clauses often require a specific case (accusative) and have different word order rules.

Chinese low

Serial Verb Construction

Chinese has no specific 'participle' form; the verbs remain unchanged.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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