C1 Gerunds & Infinitives 12 min read Difícil

Orações Participiais: Combinando Ação com Sujeito

Sempre garanta que a ação da sua cláusula participial seja realizada pelo sujeito da frase principal. Nada de dangling!

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Participle clauses shorten sentences by removing the subject, but that subject MUST match the main clause's subject to avoid 'dangling' errors.

  • The implied subject of the participle must be the same as the main subject: 'Walking home, I saw a cat.'
  • Use -ing for active actions and -ed for passive states: 'Feeling tired, he slept' vs 'Exhausted, he slept.'
  • Place the clause next to the noun it describes to avoid confusion: 'Covered in rust, the car was old.'
[Verb-ing/ed + ...] , [Subject] + [Verb] ...

Overview

Já disse acidentalmente aos seus seguidores do Instagram que o seu café da manhã estava feeling refreshed após um longo sono? Ou talvez tenha tweetado que, standing on the balcony, o pôr do sol estava lindo? Se o fez, caiu na armadilha do particípio pendente (dangling participle).
No fundo, esta regra trata de lógica. Em inglês, quando começa uma frase com uma oração de particípio — como Walking down the street ou Having finished my coffee — o ouvinte assume imediatamente que o sujeito da parte seguinte da frase é quem está a realizar essa ação. Se a pessoa ou coisa seguinte que mencionar não for quem realiza a ação, a sua frase basicamente quebra-se.
É um obstáculo clássico de nível C1 que separa os fluentes dos verdadeiramente polidos. Dominar isto não serve apenas para passar num exame; serve para garantir que as suas apresentações no Zoom e as suas reclamações no WhatsApp façam sentido.

How This Grammar Works

Pense numa oração de particípio como um sidecar numa moto. O sidecar (a oração de particípio) não tem o seu próprio condutor (um sujeito). Depende inteiramente do condutor da moto (a oração principal) para saber para onde ir e a quem pertence.
Se o condutor da moto for I, então I também sou quem está no sidecar. Se disser Running for the bus, my phone fell out, basicamente colocou o seu telemóvel no lugar do condutor. A menos que o seu telemóvel tenha pernas e uma necessidade desesperada de se deslocar, isso é um erro lógico.
O implied subject do particípio deve coincidir com o explicit subject da oração principal. Isto cria uma estrutura de frase fluida e elegante que evita repetir I, she ou they a cada cinco segundos. É o truque linguístico definitivo para parecer mais profissional sem trabalhar mais.
Só não deixe o seu telemóvel começar a correr maratonas.

Formation Pattern

1
Criar estas orações é como construir um conjunto de Lego, mas com menos peças e mais lógica. Tem três tipos principais para explorar:
2
Present Participle (-ing): Use para ações que acontecem ao mesmo tempo que a ação principal. Padrão: [Verb+ing] + [Main Clause]. Exemplo: Checking my emails, I realized I was late.
3
Past Participle (-ed/-en): Use para significados passivos ou estados. Padrão: [Past Participle] + [Main Clause]. Exemplo: Shocked by the news, they called a meeting.
4
Perfect Participle (Having + Past Participle): Use para mostrar que uma ação terminou antes de a seguinte começar. Padrão: Having + [Past Participle] + [Main Clause]. Exemplo: Having ordered my Uber, I waited outside.
5
A regra de ouro: O sujeito após a vírgula deve ser quem realiza (ou recebe) a ação na oração de particípio. Se estiver a usar uma forma passiva como Having been warned, o sujeito ainda tem de ser a pessoa que foi avisada. É como um contrato: a oração de particípio fornece o contexto e a oração principal fornece a pessoa. Sem assinatura, não há negócio.

When To Use It

Verá (e usará) isto principalmente na escrita ou na fala formal. É ótimo para legendas da Netflix onde o espaço é curto, ou em ensaios académicos onde quer parecer que leu mais do que o resumo da Wikipédia. Use para:
  • Mostrar relações temporais: Arriving at the gym, I realized I forgot my shoes. (Clássico movimento de segunda-feira).
  • Explicar razões: Knowing she was busy, I didn't call. (A forma educada de evitar uma sessão de desabafo de 2 horas).
  • Descrever resultados: The storm hit the coast, causing massive power outages.
  • Declarar condições: Followed correctly, these instructions are easy.
É especialmente útil para e-mails profissionais. Em vez de dizer
Terminei o relatório e agora estou a enviá-lo para si
, pode exibir-se com
Having finished the report, I am now sending it for your review
. Parece um CEO, e tudo o que foi preciso foi um particípio extra.
Só se certifique de que o relatório não se está a enviar a si próprio.

Common Mistakes

O vilão mais famoso aqui é o Dangling Participle. Isto acontece quando a oração de particípio fica pendurada porque o sujeito que deveria modificar falta ou está errado.
Walking into the room, the air conditioning felt cold. (O ar condicionado está a caminhar? Assustador.)
Walking into the room, I felt the air conditioning was cold.
Outra armadilha é o Misrelated Participle, onde o particípio está demasiado longe do substantivo que descreve.
I saw a man eating a burger with one leg. (Espere, o hambúrguer tem uma perna? Ou o homem tem uma perna?)
With only one leg, the man was eating a burger.
Também tenha cuidado com a Confusão de Sujeito nas legendas de redes sociais. Being a huge fan of the show, the finale was a letdown. O final não é fã da série; você é! Não deixe a sua gramática fazê-lo parecer um bot confuso. Se vai queixar-se de uma série de TV, faça-o com precisão gramatical.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

Não confunda orações de particípio com Absolute Constructions. Uma construção absoluta é como uma oração de particípio que decidiu que não precisava de condutor e comprou a sua própria moto. Tem o seu *próprio* sujeito.
  • Oração de particípio: Waiting for the bus, I got wet. (Sujeito: I)
  • Construção absoluta: The bus being late, I got wet. (O sujeito de 'being late' é 'The bus').
Estas são perfeitamente legais, mas muito mais formais. Encontrá-las-á em romances do século XIX ou em documentos legais muito sérios. Outra coisa a distinguir é o Gerund.
Embora ambos terminem em -ing, um gerúndio atua como um substantivo (Swimming is fun), enquanto uma oração de particípio atua como um adjetivo ou advérbio descrevendo uma ação ou estado. Finalmente, existe a exceção Judging by / Generally speaking. Estas são expressões fixas que não precisam de seguir a regra de concordância do sujeito.
Pode dizer Judging by the reviews, the movie is great sem implicar que o filme é quem está a julgar. A língua é estranha assim.

Quick FAQ

Q

O sujeito tem de ser *sempre* o mesmo?

R: Normalmente, sim! Se não for, precisa de indicar o sujeito (Construção Absoluta) ou usar uma oração completa com because ou while.

Q

Posso usar isto em SMS casuais?

R: Pode, mas pode parecer um pouco pomposo. Having seen your text, I'm coming now parece que é um fantasma vitoriano. Talvez fique-se pelo Saw your text, omw para os amigos.

Q

E se a oração principal for passiva?

R: Não há problema. Having been filmed on a phone, the video was blurry. O vídeo é o sujeito de ambas as partes. Lógica preservada!

Q

Existem particípios pendentes legais?

R: Sim, frases como Considering the price, Roughly speaking, e Taking everything into account podem ficar pendentes. São como os rebeldes do mundo da gramática.

Participle Clause Forms

Type Active Form Passive Form Meaning
Present Participle
Doing...
Being done...
Simultaneous or continuous action
Past Participle
N/A
Done...
State or passive result
Perfect Participle
Having done...
Having been done...
Action completed before the main verb
Negative Present
Not doing...
Not being done...
Absence of action/reason
Negative Perfect
Not having done...
Not having been done...
Action that did not happen before

Meanings

A participle clause is a form of adverbial clause that uses a present (-ing), past (-ed), or perfect (having + -ed) participle to provide extra information about the main subject's actions, reasons, or circumstances.

1

Simultaneous Action

Used when two actions happen at the same time by the same person.

“Walking down the street, I hummed a tune.”

“She sat by the window, watching the rain fall.”

2

Reason or Cause

Used to explain why the main action is happening, replacing 'because' or 'since'.

“Knowing she was late, she took a taxi.”

“Not wanting to wake the baby, he crept out of the room.”

3

Sequence of Events

Used when one action happens immediately after another, or as a result of it.

“Opening the envelope, he found a check for $1,000.”

“Having lost the keys, they had to call a locksmith.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Orações Participiais: Combinando Ação com Sujeito
Tipo de Cláusula Forma Relação com o Sujeito Exemplo
Present Participle
V-ing
Mesmo sujeito da frase principal, sentido ativo
Running fast, he won the race.
Past Participle
V-ed / V-en
Mesmo sujeito da frase principal, sentido passivo
Exhausted by work, she slept soundly.
Perfect Participle
Having V-ed
Ação concluída antes do verbo principal, sentido ativo
Having finished, they went home.
Passive Perfect Participle
Having been V-ed
Ação concluída antes do verbo principal, sentido passivo
Having been warned, he was careful.
Implicit Being
(Being) V-ed / Adj.
Frequentemente passivo, mesmo sujeito
(Being) tired, I rested.

Espectro de formalidade

Formal
Feeling fatigued, I departed for my residence.

Feeling fatigued, I departed for my residence. (Leaving a social event)

Neutro
Feeling tired, I went home.

Feeling tired, I went home. (Leaving a social event)

Informal
I was beat, so I just headed home.

I was beat, so I just headed home. (Leaving a social event)

Gíria
I was wiped, so I bailed.

I was wiped, so I bailed. (Leaving a social event)

Exemplos por nível

1

I am walking and I see a bird.

I am walking and I see a bird.

2

He is happy and he is singing.

He is happy and he is singing.

3

I eat breakfast and then I go to school.

I eat breakfast and then I go to school.

4

She is in the kitchen and she is cooking.

She is in the kitchen and she is cooking.

1

When I was walking, I saw a bird.

When I was walking, I saw a bird.

2

Because I was tired, I went to bed.

Because I was tired, I went to bed.

3

He sat on the chair and read a book.

He sat on the chair and read a book.

4

After I finished work, I went home.

After I finished work, I went home.

1

He walked down the street whistling a song.

He walked down the street whistling a song.

2

She sat by the fire reading her favorite book.

She sat by the fire reading her favorite book.

3

Knowing it was late, he ran to the station.

Knowing it was late, he ran to the station.

4

Not wanting to go, she stayed at home.

Not wanting to go, she stayed at home.

1

Feeling exhausted, the runner collapsed at the finish line.

Feeling exhausted, the runner collapsed at the finish line.

2

Built in 1920, the house was still in good condition.

Built in 1920, the house was still in good condition.

3

Having lost his passport, he couldn't board the plane.

Having lost his passport, he couldn't board the plane.

4

Not being a fan of spicy food, she ordered a salad.

Not being a fan of spicy food, she ordered a salad.

1

Realizing the gravity of the situation, the CEO called an emergency meeting.

Realizing the gravity of the situation, the CEO called an emergency meeting.

2

Having been warned about the risks, they decided to proceed anyway.

Having been warned about the risks, they decided to proceed anyway.

3

Stunned by the sudden turn of events, the audience remained silent.

Stunned by the sudden turn of events, the audience remained silent.

4

Not wishing to cause any further offense, he withdrew his comment.

Not wishing to cause any further offense, he withdrew his comment.

1

The evidence having been presented, the jury retired to deliberate.

The evidence having been presented, the jury retired to deliberate.

2

Viewed from a purely economic perspective, the project is a failure.

Viewed from a purely economic perspective, the project is a failure.

3

Having once been the center of the empire, the city still retains its grandeur.

Having once been the center of the empire, the city still retains its grandeur.

4

Admitting of no other interpretation, the text remains a mystery.

Admitting of no other interpretation, the text remains a mystery.

Fácil de confundir

Participle Clauses: Matching Action to Subject vs Gerunds vs. Participles

Both end in -ing, but gerunds act as nouns while participles act as adjectives or adverbs.

Participle Clauses: Matching Action to Subject vs Absolute Constructions

Learners think you can *never* have a different subject in a participle clause.

Participle Clauses: Matching Action to Subject vs Past Participle vs. Past Simple

Learners use the past simple form instead of the participle form.

Erros comuns

I walking see bird.

I am walking and I see a bird.

Beginners often forget the auxiliary verb 'am' and the conjunction 'and'.

When walking I see bird.

When I was walking, I saw a bird.

At A2, learners try to shorten sentences but forget the subject 'I'.

He sat reading book.

He sat reading a book.

Missing articles are common when focusing on the participle.

Walking down the street, the sun was hot.

Walking down the street, I felt the hot sun.

This is a dangling participle. The sun isn't walking.

Having finish the work, he left.

Having finished the work, he left.

Using the base form instead of the past participle in a perfect participle clause.

Exhausting by the news, she cried.

Exhausted by the news, she cried.

Confusing the active (-ing) and passive (-ed) participle.

Not wanting to go, the party was skipped.

Not wanting to go, he skipped the party.

The party doesn't have 'wants'. The subject must be 'he'.

Padrões de frases

___ing the news, [Subject] [Verb]...

Having ___ed the ___, [Subject] [Verb]...

Not ___ing to ___, [Subject] [Verb]...

___ed by the ___, [Subject] [Verb]...

Real World Usage

Job Interviews very common

Having worked in sales for five years, I developed strong negotiation skills.

News Headlines constant

Arriving in London, the Prime Minister refused to comment.

Novel Writing very common

Sighing deeply, she closed the book and looked out at the sea.

Formal Emails common

Not having heard from you, I am resending my previous inquiry.

Travel Vlogs occasional

Walking through these streets, you really feel the history of the place.

Recipe Instructions common

Having boiled the water, add the pasta and a pinch of salt.

🎯

O Teste 'Quem Fez o Quê?'

Sempre se pergunte: 'Quem ou o quê está realizando a ação na cláusula participial?' Esse 'quem' ou 'o quê' DEVE ser o sujeito da sua frase principal. Se não for, reescreva!
⚠️

Cuidado com o 'Dangling Participle'

Um dangling participle (particípio pendurado) é a armadilha mais comum. Acontece quando sua cláusula participial não se refere clara (ou logicamente) ao sujeito principal. Revise especificamente para esse erro!
💡

Use para Concisão

Cláusulas participiais são geniais para condensar informações, especialmente causa/efeito ou ações simultâneas. Elas ajudam a eliminar palavras desnecessárias como as, while, ou because.
🌍

Soando Mais 'Nativo'

Dominar essas cláusulas eleva sua fluência para C1. Falantes nativos as usam instintivamente para criar frases mais suaves e conectadas, especialmente na escrita e fala formal. É uma marca do inglês avançado.
💡

Varie a Estrutura da Sua Frase

Além de estarem corretas, usar cláusulas participiais adiciona variedade à sua escrita. Não as use em excesso, mas colocá-las estrategicamente torna seu inglês menos repetitivo e mais envolvente.

Smart Tips

Use a present participle clause. It sounds more professional and flows better in writing.

Because I knew the area well, I didn't need a map. Knowing the area well, I didn't need a map.

Use 'Having + past participle' for the first action to make the timeline crystal clear.

I finished my homework and then I went out. Having finished my homework, I went out.

Immediately look for the subject after the comma. That person/thing MUST be the one doing the -ing action.

Opening the door, the cat ran out. (Wait, did the cat open the door?) Opening the door, I let the cat out. (Correct!)

Start with the past participle (-ed) directly. Don't use 'Being...'.

Being shocked by the news, he cried. Shocked by the news, he cried.

Pronúncia

/ˈfiliŋ ˈtaɪərd | aɪ ˈwɛnt ˈhoʊm/

The Comma Pause

There is always a slight drop in pitch and a brief pause at the comma following an initial participle clause.

Rising-Falling

Having finished (rise), I left (fall).

Indicates the first part is a dependency and the second is the main point.

Memorize

Mnemônico

SAME: Subject Always Matches Exactly.

Associação visual

Imagine a bridge. The participle clause is one side, the main clause is the other. If the subject isn't the same person, the bridge collapses in the middle.

Rhyme

If the subject doesn't match the start, your sentence simply falls apart.

Story

A chef was 'Cooking dinner.' Suddenly, 'the phone rang.' If you say 'Cooking dinner, the phone rang,' it sounds like the phone is holding a spatula. Always put the chef back in: 'Cooking dinner, the chef answered the phone.'

Word Web

HavingBeingFeelingKnowingRealizingExhaustedShocked

Desafio

Write three sentences about your morning using 'Having + past participle', 'Feeling...', and 'Not wanting to...'. Ensure your subjects match!

Notas culturais

Participle clauses are a hallmark of high-level academic writing. Using them correctly signals to the reader that you are a sophisticated writer.

Classic British novels (like those by Jane Austen) use long, complex participle clauses to describe characters' thoughts and actions simultaneously.

News agencies like the BBC or Reuters use participle clauses to pack information into the 'lead' of a story.

Participle clauses evolved from Old English and Latin influences, where synthetic structures (using verb endings) were common to show relationships between actions.

Iniciadores de conversa

Having lived in your city for a while, what's the one thing you'd change?

Feeling stressed, what is your go-to activity to relax?

Not wanting to cook, where do you usually order food from?

Looking back at your childhood, what is your fondest memory?

Temas para diário

Describe a time you were surprised. Start your sentences with 'Walking...', 'Hearing...', and 'Not expecting...'.
Write a formal letter of complaint. Use 'Having purchased...', 'Being disappointed...', and 'Not wishing to...'.
Write a short story about a mystery. Use 'Stunned by...', 'Having found...', and 'Realizing...'.
Reflect on your language learning journey. Use 'Starting out...', 'Having reached this level...', and 'Looking forward...'.

Erros comuns

Incorrect

Correto


Incorrect

Correto


Incorrect

Correto


Incorrect

Correto

Test Yourself

Encontre e corrija o erro Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Working late into the night, the report was finally completed.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Working late into the night, we finally completed the report.
A frase original implica que o relatório estava trabalhando até tarde. A frase corrigida esclarece que 'nós' estávamos trabalhando até tarde e completamos o relatório.
Escolha a forma correta para completar a frase

______ for my flight, I grabbed a quick coffee.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Waiting
O particípio presente 'Waiting' indica uma ação acontecendo ao mesmo tempo em que se pega o café. 'Eu' estou fazendo as duas ações.
Qual frase usa corretamente uma cláusula participial? Múltipla escolha

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Known for its ancient history, Rome attracts many tourists.
Na frase correta, 'Rome' é o sujeito que é 'known for its ancient history' e 'attracts' turistas. As outras opções têm 'dangling participles', implicando que os turistas são conhecidos pela história.

Score: /3

Exercicios praticos

8 exercises
Choose the correct sentence that avoids a dangling participle. Múltipla escolha

Which sentence is grammatically correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
In 'c', 'I' am the one walking. In the others, the grass or the shoes are implied to be walking.
Fill in the blank with the correct participle form of 'finish'.

_______ the marathon, he collapsed from exhaustion.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
We use the perfect participle 'Having finished' to show the action was completed before he collapsed.
Identify the error in this sentence: 'Shocking by the news, he sat down.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Shocking by the news, he sat down.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
He was the one receiving the shock (passive), so we need the past participle 'Shocked'.
Combine these two sentences using a participle clause: 'She didn't want to wake the baby. She crept out of the room.' Sentence Transformation

Combine: She didn't want to wake the baby. She crept out of the room.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Not wanting' is the standard way to form a negative participle clause of reason.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

The subject of a participle clause must always be the same as the subject of the main clause.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
This is the fundamental rule for standard participle clauses to avoid dangling participles.
Match the participle clause to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
These represent the four primary uses of participle clauses.
Sort these into 'Correct' or 'Dangling' participle categories. Grammar Sorting

1. Running fast, the finish line appeared. 2. Running fast, I saw the finish line.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The finish line cannot run, so sentence 1 is dangling.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Why didn't you call me? B: _______ you were busy, I decided to wait.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Thinking' provides the reason for the decision.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Escolha a forma correta Preencher as lacunas

______ by the noise, she couldn't concentrate on her studies.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Disturbed
Encontre e corrija o erro Error Correction

Opening the door, a strong wind blew my hat off.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Opening the door, I felt a strong wind blow my hat off.
Qual frase está correta? Múltipla escolha

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Driving home from work, I saw a deer run into the road.
Traduza para o inglês: 'Estando cansado, decidió irse a la cama.' Tradução

Translate into English: 'Estando cansado, decidió irse a la cama.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Being tired, he decided to go to bed.","Tired, he decided to go to bed."]
Organize estas palavras em uma frase: Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Famous for its world cuisine, France attracts many.
Combine o início da cláusula participial com o sujeito correto da cláusula principal. Match Pairs

Match the clauses:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched
Escolha a forma correta para completar a frase. Preencher as lacunas

_______ through the data, she noticed a critical anomaly.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sifting
Identifique o erro e selecione a frase corrigida. Error Correction

Stuck in traffic, the meeting started late.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Stuck in traffic, I arrived late for the meeting.
Selecione a frase com a cláusula participial gramaticalmente correta. Múltipla escolha

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Having finished her degree, she quickly received a new job offer.
Traduza a frase para o inglês, usando uma cláusula participial. Tradução

Translate: 'Como estaba agotado, se quedó dormido en el sofá.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Being exhausted, he fell asleep on the sofa.","Exhausted, he fell asleep on the sofa."]
Reorganize as palavras para formar uma frase correta com uma cláusula participial. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Starting her new job, she felt confident.
Combine as cláusulas para formar frases lógicas: Match Pairs

Match the clauses to form logical sentences:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched

Score: /12

Perguntas frequentes (8)

It's an error where the participle clause seems to describe the wrong subject. Example: `Coming home, the door was open.` (The door didn't come home).

Yes, but they are more common in formal speech (presentations, interviews) than in casual chats with friends.

`Doing` implies the action is happening at the same time as the main verb. `Having done` implies the action finished before the main verb started.

Yes, these are called 'absolute constructions' (e.g., `The sun having set, we went home`). They are very formal and rare.

Always put `not` at the very beginning: `Not knowing...`, `Not having seen...`, `Not exhausted...`.

They are related. A reduced relative clause describes a noun (`The man standing there`), while an adverbial participle clause describes the whole situation (`Standing there, he saw the man`).

They make writing more concise and elegant. They help you avoid repeating 'because,' 'and,' and 'then' constantly.

Yes! `He walked away, waving his hand.` This usually describes a simultaneous action.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

El gerundio

Spanish gerundios are more restricted in their adverbial use compared to English participle clauses.

French high

Le gérondif

French almost always requires the preposition 'en' for this structure.

German moderate

Partizipialattribute

German prefers full 'subordinate clauses' (with 'weil' or 'als') over participle clauses.

Japanese partial

Te-form (〜て)

The -te form is much more common and less 'formal' than English participle clauses.

Arabic moderate

Hal (حال) clause

Arabic Hal clauses often require a specific case (accusative) and have different word order rules.

Chinese low

Serial Verb Construction

Chinese has no specific 'participle' form; the verbs remain unchanged.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Was this helpful?
Nenhum comentário ainda. Seja o primeiro a compartilhar suas ideias!