동사에서 명사로: 동명사와 부정사 (-ing / to) 사용법
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Gerunds (-ing) and Infinitives (to) turn verbs into nouns, but their usage depends entirely on the preceding verb or preposition.
- Use gerunds after prepositions and certain verbs like 'suggest' or 'enjoy'. Example: 'He suggested going.'
- Use infinitives after adjectives and verbs like 'decide' or 'hope'. Example: 'I decided to stay.'
- Some verbs change meaning entirely depending on which form follows. Example: 'Stop to smoke' vs 'Stop smoking'.
Overview
Gerunds)와 부정사(Infinitives)의 구분은 한국인 학습자들이 가장 마지막까지 어려워하면서도, 마스터했을 때 가장 큰 성취감을 느끼는 영역입니다.Gerund와 Infinitive는 단순히 문장 성분을 바꾸는 장치가 아니라, 사건을 바라보는 시간적 관점과 심리적 거리감을 나타내는 정교한 장치입니다. 예를 들어, 카페에서 친구와 수다를 떨 때 I like to drink coffee라고 말하는 것과 I like drinking coffee라고 말하는 것 사이에는 미묘한 뉘앙스 차이가 존재합니다.-기, -는 것)와 영어의 동명사/부정사 체계를 비교하며, 왜 우리가 특정 상황에서 실수를 하는지, 그리고 원어민처럼 상황에 맞는 정확한 표현을 선택하는 방법은 무엇인지 심도 있게 다루겠습니다.-기나 -는 것을 붙여 아주 유연하게 명사처럼 사용합니다. 예를 들어, «공부하는 것은 힘들다»와 «공부하기는 힘들다»는 의미상 큰 차이 없이 혼용되곤 하죠.~ing(동명사)와 to-v(부정사)라는 두 가지 갈래로 엄격히 나눕니다. 이 선택은 문장의 주동사(Main Verb)가 무엇인지, 혹은 그 행동이 이미 일어난 일인지 아니면 앞으로 일어날 일인지에 따라 결정됩니다.-ing) | 부정사 (Infinitive, to-v) |~하는 것, ~함 (경험 강조) | ~하기, ~할 것 (의지/목적 강조) |I enjoy swimming은 자연스럽지만, I enjoy to swim은 틀린 문장이 됩니다. enjoy라는 동사는 기본적으로 '이미 경험해 본 즐거운 일'을 전제로 하기 때문에, 미래 지향적인 to-v와는 논리적으로 어울리지 않기 때문입니다. 반대로 I hope to see you에서 hope는 미래의 일을 소망하므로 to-v와 찰떡궁합을 이룹니다.- 동명사 (Gerunds): 동사 원형에
-ing를 붙입니다. - 단모음+단자음으로 끝나는 단어는 자음을 하나 더 씁니다:
run→running,stop→stopping. e로 끝나는 단어는e를 빼고-ing를 붙입니다:make→making.ie로 끝나는 단어는y로 고치고-ing를 붙입니다:lie→lying.
- 부정사 (Infinitives):
to+ 동사 원형의 형태가 기본입니다. - Bare Infinitive (원형 부정사):
to없이 동사 원형만 사용하는 경우로, 사역동사(make,let,have)나 지각동사(see,hear) 뒤에서 목적격 보어로 쓰입니다. - Perfect Infinitive (완료 부정사):
to have + p.p.형태로, 주절의 시점보다 더 앞선 과거의 일을 나타낼 때 씁니다. (예:He seems to have lost his key.- 지금 보기에 과거에 열쇠를 잃어버린 것 같다는 의미)
avoid(피하다),deny(부인하다),finish(끝내다),suggest(제안하다),consider(고려하다),mind(꺼리다).- 예문:
I considered changing my job after the project ended.(프로젝트가 끝난 후 이직을 고려했다.) - 문화적 팁: 회식(
company dinner) 자리에서 «술 마시는 거 피하고 있어요»라고 할 때,I'm avoiding drinking alcohol이라고 표현합니다.avoid to drink라고 하지 않도록 주의하세요.
decide(결정하다),hope(희망하다),plan(계획하다),promise(약속하다),refuse(거절하다),agree(동의하다).- 예문:
We agreed to meet at the cafe near the station.(우리는 역 근처 카페에서 만나기로 합의했다.)
in, at, of, for, about, without 등) 뒤에 동사가 올 때는 반드시 동명사 형태여야 합니다. 이는 한국인들이 가장 많이 틀리는 부분 중 하나입니다.I'm interested in learning English.(O)I'm interested in to learn English.(X)- 특히
to가 부정사의to가 아니라 전치사의to인 경우를 조심해야 합니다. (예:look forward to,be used to,object to)
to-v를 사용합니다. 한국어에서는 «공부하기 위해», «공부하려고» 등 어미가 복잡하지만 영어는 to 하나면 충분합니다.I went to the library to study.(공부하기 위해 도서관에 갔다.)
look forward to + 동사 원형 (The biggest trap)to를 부정사로 착각하기 쉽습니다. 하지만 여기서 to는 전치사입니다. 방향성을 나타내기 때문이죠.- 잘못된 표현:
I look forward to meet you. - 올바른 표현:
I look forward to meeting you. - 선생님의 조언: 비즈니스 이메일을 쓸 때 이 실수를 하면 전문성이 떨어져 보일 수 있어요. 꼭
-ing를 붙이세요!
suggest + to-v (L1 Transfer)to-v를 쓰고 싶어집니다. 하지만 suggest는 제안하는 내용(아이디어) 자체를 하나의 패키지(동명사)로 취급합니다.- 잘못된 표현:
He suggested to go to a PC bang. - 올바른 표현:
He suggested going to a PC bang.
stop의 오용I stopped smoking.(담배를 끊었다 - 하던 일을 그만둠)I stopped to smoke.(담배를 피우기 위해 멈췄다 - 목적을 위해 멈춤)
-ing (과거/경험/지속) | + to-v (미래/의무/목적) |I remember locking the door.: (이미 도어락 소리를 들으며) 문 잠근 기억이 난다.I remember to lock the door.: (집을 나서며) 문 잠가야 한다는 사실을 잊지 않고 기억한다.
I tried to finish the report by 5 PM은 마감 시간을 맞추기 위해 고군분투했다는 느낌을 주지만, I tried finishing the report early는 일찍 끝내면 어떨까 싶어 한 번 시도해봤다는 가벼운 느낌을 줍니다.Love, Hate, Like 같은 감정 동사는 뒤에 뭐가 와도 상관없나요?I like cooking은 요리하는 과정 자체를 즐긴다는 뜻이고, I like to cook은 건강을 위해서라거나 주말에는 직접 요리하는 것을 선호한다는 '선택'이나 '습관'의 의미가 강합니다. 영국 영어에서는 이 차이를 좀 더 엄격하게 두는 편입니다.To study를 써도 되나요? Studying이 더 자연스럽나요?To study English is fun이라고 하면 틀린 건 아니지만, 매우 격식 차린 느낌이거나 문학적인 표현처럼 들립니다. 일상적인 대화나 일반적인 글쓰기에서는 Studying English is fun처럼 동명사 주어를 쓰는 것이 훨씬 자연스럽습니다. 아니면 가주어 구문을 써서 It is fun to study English라고 하는 것이 가장 일반적입니다.Allow나 Permit 같은 동사는 목적어가 있을 때와 없을 때가 다르다던데 사실인가요?They don't allow smoking here.(여기선 흡연 금지입니다.)They don't allow us to smoke here.(그들은 우리가 여기서 담배 피우는 걸 허용하지 않습니다.)
advise, encourage 등에서도 동일하게 나타나니 꼭 기억해 두세요.Go -ing 구문은 왜 동명사를 쓰나요?Go shopping, Go swimming 등 레저 활동을 나타낼 때 쓰이죠. 이는 원래 Go on a shopping trip 같은 표현에서 전치사가 생략되며 굳어진 형태입니다. 활동의 '과정'과 '경험'을 강조하기 때문에 동명사를 사용하는 것이 논리적으로도 맞습니다.Gerund vs. Infinitive Structures
| Form | Gerund (-ing) | Infinitive (to + V) |
|---|---|---|
|
Simple
|
Doing
|
To do
|
|
Negative
|
Not doing
|
Not to do
|
|
Passive
|
Being done
|
To be done
|
|
Perfect
|
Having done
|
To have done
|
|
Perfect Passive
|
Having been done
|
To have been done
|
|
Continuous
|
N/A
|
To be doing
|
Meanings
The use of gerunds (the -ing form) and infinitives (to + base form) as objects or subjects in a sentence to represent an action as a concept or thing.
Gerund as Subject/Object
Using the -ing form to talk about an activity in general.
“Skiing is my favorite winter sport.”
“I really enjoy hiking in the mountains.”
Infinitive of Purpose
Using 'to + verb' to explain why someone does something.
“I went to the store to buy milk.”
“She studied hard to pass the exam.”
Meaning-Change Verbs
Verbs like 'remember', 'forget', and 'stop' that change meaning based on the complement.
“I stopped to smoke (I paused my walk to have a cigarette).”
“I stopped smoking (I quit the habit).”
Gerunds after Prepositions
English strictly requires the -ing form after any preposition.
“I am interested in learning more.”
“She is good at drawing.”
Reference Table
| 사용 맥락 | 형태 | 예시 동사 | 예시 문장 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
문장의 주어
|
Gerund
|
Swimming
|
Swimming is great exercise.
|
|
전치사 뒤
|
Gerund
|
of learning
|
She dreams of learning German.
|
|
특정 동사 뒤
|
Gerund
|
enjoy watching
|
I enjoy watching documentaries.
|
|
특정 동사 뒤
|
Infinitive
|
decide to go
|
They decided to go home.
|
|
동사 + 목적어 + Infinitive
|
Infinitive
|
told him to wait
|
I told him to wait for me.
|
|
형용사 + Infinitive
|
Infinitive
|
easy to understand
|
This rule is easy to understand.
|
|
의미가 변하는 동사 (stop)
|
Gerund
|
stop eating
|
You should stop eating sugar.
|
|
의미가 변하는 동사 (stop)
|
Infinitive
|
stop to eat
|
We stopped to eat lunch.
|
|
의미가 변하는 동사 (try)
|
Gerund
|
try calling
|
Try calling her number again.
|
|
의미가 변하는 동사 (try)
|
Infinitive
|
try to call
|
I will try to call her later.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
I would suggest implementing a new strategy. (Business meeting)
I suggest trying a new strategy. (Business meeting)
How about trying something else? (Business meeting)
Let's just wing it. (Business meeting)
동명사와 To부정사: 동사의 변형
동명사 (-ing)
- 주어 Reading is fun.
- 전치사 뒤 Good at drawing.
- 동사 뒤 Enjoy playing.
To부정사 (to + 동사원형)
- 목적어 Decide to go.
- 형용사 뒤 Easy to learn.
- 목적 Stopped to eat.
둘 다 가능 (의미 변화)
- Stop Stop smoking / Stop to smoke.
- Remember Remember locking / Remember to lock.
동명사 vs. To부정사: 빠른 가이드
동명사 또는 To부정사 선택: 결정 흐름도
동사 앞에 전치사(예: in, on, about, for, without)가 있나요?
동사가 문장의 주어인가요?
주동사가 보통 To부정사(예: want, need, decide, hope)를 취하는 동사인가요?
주동사가 보통 동명사(예: enjoy, finish, avoid, suggest)를 취하는 동사인가요?
동사가 다른 형태에 따라 의미가 바뀌나요(예: stop, remember, try)?
흔한 동사 그룹
동사 + 동명사
- • Enjoy
- • Finish
- • Avoid
- • Mind
- • Suggest
- • Consider
- • Deny
- • Admit
동사 + To부정사
- • Decide
- • Agree
- • Hope
- • Plan
- • Promise
- • Want
- • Learn
- • Refuse
동사 + 목적어 + To부정사
- • Ask
- • Tell
- • Advise
- • Allow
- • Force
- • Remind
- • Encourage
- • Persuade
동사 + 동명사 또는 To부정사 (동일 의미)
- • Start
- • Begin
- • Continue
- • Like
- • Love
- • Hate
- • Prefer
동사 + 동명사 또는 To부정사 (다른 의미)
- • Stop
- • Remember
- • Forget
- • Try
- • Regret
- • Need
수준별 예문
I like reading books.
I want to go home.
Swimming is fun.
He needs to sleep.
She finished doing her homework.
They decided to buy a car.
I am interested in learning English.
We went to the cafe to meet friends.
You should avoid eating too much sugar.
I hope to see you soon.
He kept talking even though I was busy.
It is difficult to understand him.
I remember visiting Paris when I was ten.
Please remember to lock the door.
I tried to open the window, but it was stuck.
Try adding some salt to the soup.
I resent being treated like a child.
He is reported to have escaped from prison.
I object to being spoken to in that tone.
The company anticipates making a profit this year.
I don't much care for his interfering in our affairs.
To have lived through such a crisis is a miracle.
I watched the sun set over the horizon.
The suspect confessed to having forged the documents.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners often use 'stop to do' when they mean they quit a habit.
Mixing up past memories with future tasks.
Used incorrectly in academic or biographical contexts.
자주 하는 실수
I like swim.
I like swimming.
I want going.
I want to go.
He is good in play.
He is good at playing.
To reading is fun.
Reading is fun.
I am thinking to go.
I am thinking of going.
She finished to eat.
She finished eating.
I went for buy milk.
I went to buy milk.
I suggest to wait.
I suggest waiting.
I don't mind to help.
I don't mind helping.
I am used to get up early.
I am used to getting up early.
I regret to tell him the news.
I regret telling him the news.
He was seen cross the road.
He was seen crossing the road.
I look forward to meet you.
I look forward to meeting you.
They denied to have stolen it.
They denied having stolen it.
문장 패턴
I am looking forward to ___.
It's no use ___.
I would rather ___ than ___.
I resent ___.
Real World Usage
I am skilled at managing large teams.
Stop bugging me!
Thanks for following!
I'd like to check in, please.
Your order is being prepared.
Understanding the data is crucial.
패턴에 귀 기울여 보세요
동사 짝꿍을 외우세요
Flashcards can be your best friend here, especially for the trickier ones.
전치사가 나오면 무조건!
격식과 비격식의 뉘앙스
좋은 사전을 활용하세요
They often list the grammatical patterns associated with verbs, indicating whether they take a gerund, an infinitive, or both.
Smart Tips
Never use 'to'. Always use -ing or a 'that' clause.
Use 'to + verb' instead of 'for + -ing'.
Check if the action happened in the past (use -ing) or needs to happen in the future (use to).
Always add -ing to the following verb.
발음
The -ing suffix
In casual speech, the 'g' is often dropped (e.g., 'runnin'), but in formal English, the full 'ng' sound is expected.
The 'to' particle
In the infinitive, 'to' is usually unstressed and sounds like 'tuh'.
Emphasis on the Gerund
I LOVE ↗swimming.
Emphasizes the activity itself.
암기하기
기억법
Prepositions are 'ing'-clined to take the gerund.
시각적 연상
Imagine a 'To' bridge leading to a future goal (Infinitive) and an '-ing' circle representing a continuous cycle or a past memory (Gerund).
Rhyme
After 'suggest' and 'avoid', the -ing form is employed. After 'hope' and 'decide', the 'to' form will be your guide.
Story
I was 'walking' (gerund) in the park when I 'stopped to look' (infinitive of purpose) at a bird. I 'remembered seeing' (gerund for memory) that bird before. I 'decided to take' (infinitive for decision) a photo.
Word Web
챌린지
Write 5 sentences about your career goals using at least 3 gerunds and 3 infinitives.
문화 노트
BrE often uses 'like + gerund' (I like swimming), whereas AmE is more likely to use 'like + infinitive' (I like to swim), though both are understood.
Gerunds are preferred for naming fields of study or complex processes in formal papers.
Sometimes uses 'a-' prefixing with gerunds in folk speech, though this is non-standard.
The English gerund evolved from the Old English suffix '-ung', while the infinitive comes from the Germanic 'to' + dative case of the verbal noun.
대화 시작하기
What is something you really enjoy doing on weekends?
What do you hope to achieve in the next five years?
Is there anything you regret doing in your past?
What would you suggest doing to improve the local economy?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
She finished ___ her essay just before the deadline.
Find and fix the mistake:
I'm looking forward to go on vacation next month.
Choose the correct sentence:
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Translate into English: 'Ella se detuvo para estirar las piernas.'
Answer starts with: ["S...
Score: /5
연습 문제
8 exercisesI suggest ___ to the museum instead.
I'll never forget ___ (see) the Eiffel Tower for the first time.
Find and fix the mistake:
I am looking forward to meet you next week.
It is not worth trying to fix this. (USE)
1. Avoid, 2. Decide, 3. Stop (quit)
He stopped to talk to her.
She is interested in ___ (apply) for the job.
Choose the grammatically perfect sentence.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesHave you considered ___ for that advanced course?
I regret telling you this, but we need to postpone the meeting.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Ella me sugirió ir a la playa.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the verbs with the correct form:
I can't imagine ___ without my phone for a day.
He offered taking us to the airport.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Recuerdo haber cerrado la puerta.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the verbs with the phrase that correctly completes them:
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
In this phrase, 'to' is a preposition, not part of the infinitive. Just as you say 'I'm going to London' (noun), you must use a gerund (verbal noun) after 'to' here.
'Try to do' means you are making an effort to achieve something difficult. 'Try doing' means you are experimenting with an action to see if it solves a problem.
Yes, usually. 'I like swimming' and 'I like to swim' are both correct. However, 'I like to swim' often implies a habit or something you think is a good idea, while 'I like swimming' focuses on the enjoyment of the activity.
Common ones include: avoid, enjoy, finish, mind, suggest, recommend, and keep.
No. After modal verbs (can, should, must) and verbs like 'make' and 'let', we use the 'bare infinitive' without 'to'.
Absolutely! 'Smoking is prohibited' or 'Learning is fun' are perfect examples.
It's the form 'being + past participle'. For example: 'I don't like being told what to do.'
Try putting a noun after it. If it makes sense (e.g., 'I'm used to *the noise*'), then 'to' is a preposition and needs a gerund.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Infinitivo
Spanish never uses the -ando/-iendo form as a noun.
Infinitif
French uses the gerundive (en + participe présent) only for simultaneous actions.
Infinitiv mit zu
German has no direct equivalent to the English -ing gerund.
Koto / No (Nominalizers)
Japanese doesn't have a 'to-infinitive' vs 'gerund' distinction; it depends on the following particle.
Masdar
The Masdar is a distinct morphological form, not just a suffix like -ing.
No change
There are no morphological markers like -ing or 'to'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
관련 동영상
Top 3 Google Play Google I/O 2025 announcements
The 3 best predictors of how well you’ll age - Juulia Jylhävä
How the lead industry lied to the public for decades - Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner
동명사 to부정사 차이점 (Gerunds & Infinitives) | 영어문법 | 라이브아카데미
라이브아카데미 Live Academy
동명사 vs To부정사 (Gerund vs Infinitive) | 영어문법 | 영어회화 | 라이브아카데미
라이브아카데미 Live Academy
Related Grammar Rules
분사 구문: 동작과 주어 일치시키기
Overview 혹시 인스타그램 팔로워들에게 아침 커피가 긴 잠을 자고 나서 `feeling refreshed`한 기분이라고 실수로 말한 적이 있...
수동형 동명사 및 부정사 (being done / to be done)
Overview 다른 사람에 의해 `being directed`(감독되는) 영화 속 엑스트라가 된 기분을 느껴본 적 있나요? 아니면 퇴근 전 중요...
Stop + 동명사 vs. 부정사: 그만두기 vs. 잠시 멈추기
Overview 혹시 이메일을 확인하려고 잠깐 쉬는 거였는데, 실수로 직장을 그만뒀다고 말해본 적 있어? 시트콤의 한 장면 같지만,...
Infinitives and Gerunds: Verb Patterns (Want to Go / Enjoy Going)
## Infinitives and Gerunds: Verb Patterns ### Verbs + to + infinitive - **want**: I want **to eat**. - **need**: She ne...
영어 분사 구문: 동시에 두 가지 일을 하는 것 (V-ing)
### Overview 영어 학습의 여정에서 C1 레벨, 즉 고급 단계에 도달했다는 것은 단순히 문법 규칙을 아는 것을 넘어, 언어의 '경...