تبدیل فعل به اسم: استفاده از مصدر و مصدرهای فعلی (ing / to)
-ing و to کارا رو اسم میکنه. اینجوری «اکشن»ها تبدیل به «مفهوم» میشن.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Gerunds (-ing) and Infinitives (to) turn verbs into nouns, but their usage depends entirely on the preceding verb or preposition.
- Use gerunds after prepositions and certain verbs like 'suggest' or 'enjoy'. Example: 'He suggested going.'
- Use infinitives after adjectives and verbs like 'decide' or 'hope'. Example: 'I decided to stay.'
- Some verbs change meaning entirely depending on which form follows. Example: 'Stop to smoke' vs 'Stop smoking'.
مرور کلی
Gerunds (اسم مصدر مختوم به -ing) و Infinitives (مصدر با to) یکی از حیاتیترین گامها برای زبانآموزان سطح C1 است که به دنبال دقت، ظرافت و طبیعی بودن در بیان مفاهیم هستند. این ساختارها که در دستور زبان انگلیسی به عنوان Verbals شناخته میشوند، در واقع فعلهایی هستند که تغییر ماهیت داده و در نقش اسم، صفت یا قید ظاهر میشوند. این تبدیل، کنشهای گذرا را به مفاهیم انتزاعی و ثابت تبدیل میکند که برای ساختارهای پیچیده و آکادمیک ضروری است.Gerund یا یک Infinitive صرفاً یک قانون خشک گرامری نیست، بلکه ابزاری برای انتقال معنای دقیق و تفاوتهای ظریف سبکی (Stylistic nuances) است. درک این موضوع که چرا یک سخنور بومی (Native speaker) در یک موقعیت خاص از فرم -ing استفاده میکند و در موقعیتی دیگر از to + verb استفاده مینماید، مرز بین دانش متوسط و تسلط حرفهای است. در این راهنمای جامع، ما نه تنها به قواعد ساختاری، بلکه به منطق پشت این انتخابها و تفاوتهای آنها با ساختار زبان فارسی خواهیم پرداخت.- 1Gerund: فرم
-ingفعل است که به عنوان یک اسم عمل میکند و یک فعالیت را به عنوان یک مفهوم کلی یا تجربه در نظر میگیرد. مانند:Swimming is great(شنا کردن عالی است). - 2Infinitive: شامل
toبه همراه شکل پایه فعل است که علاوه بر نقش اسمی، میتواند هدف، نتیجه یا دیدگاه را نیز بیان کند. مانند:To learn is to grow(آموختن، رشد کردن است).
Infinitive تبدیل میشود: I asked him to go.Gerund میآیند، در حالی که افعال مربوط به نیت، آرزو یا اقدامات آینده تمایل به گرفتن Infinitive دارند.- Gerunds: با افزودن
-ingبه انتهای فعل ساخته میشوند.
travel | travelling / traveling | در انگلیسی بریتانیایی l دوبل میشود |lie | lying | تغییر ie به y |write | writing | حذف e انتهایی |run | running | تکرار حرف بیصدا در ساختار CVC (بیصدا-صدادار-بیصدا) |- Infinitives: شامل
toو شکل ساده فعل است. اما باید به Bare Infinitive (مصدر بدونto) نیز توجه داشت که در موارد خاصی استفاده میشود.
Full Infinitive | بعد از اکثر افعال و صفتها | I decided to study. |Bare Infinitive | بعد از افعال مدال (can, should, etc.) | You must stay. |Bare Infinitive | بعد از افعال سببی (make, let) | She let me go. |Perfect Infinitive | برای اشاره به گذشته (to have + P.P) | He claims to have seen it. |- به عنوان فاعل جمله: در انگلیسی مدرن، استفاده از
Gerundبه عنوان فاعل بسیار رایجتر و طبیعیتر ازInfinitiveاست. Investing in the stock market requires patience.(سرمایهگذاری در بازار بورس نیازمند صبر است.)- بعد از حروف اضافه (Prepositions): این یکی از طلاییترین قوانین برای فارسیزبانان است. هر فعلی که بلافاصله بعد از یک حرف اضافه (مانند
in,at,with,of,about) بیاید، حتماً باید به صورتGerundباشد. He is famous for creating innovative designs.- نکته مهم: در عباراتی مثل
look forward toیاbe accustomed toکهtoخود یک حرف اضافه است (نه بخشی از مصدر)، فعل بعدی باید-ingبگیرد:I look forward to meeting you. - بعد از افعال خاص: برخی افعال در انگلیسی ذاتاً با
Gerundهمراه میشوند. این افعال معمولاً به تجربیات تمام شده یا فعالیتهای مستمر اشاره دارند. Avoid,Consider,Deny,Enjoy,Finish,Imagine,Involve,Mind,Postpone,Risk,Suggest.- مثال:
I suggest consulting a specialist.(پیشنهاد میکنم با یک متخصص مشورت کنید.)
- بیان هدف (Purpose): برخلاف فارسی که از «برایِ» استفاده میکنیم، در انگلیسی برای بیان دلیل انجام یک کار از
to-infinitiveاستفاده میشود. I went to the library to study.(به کتابخانه رفتم [تا/برای اینکه] درس بخوانم.)- بعد از صفتها: وقتی میخواهیم احساس یا قضاوتی را درباره یک عمل بیان کنیم.
It is difficult to ignore the facts.(نادیده گرفتن حقایق دشوار است.)- بعد از افعال نیت و آینده: افعالی که به برنامهریزی یا آرزو برای آینده اشاره دارند.
Agree,Decide,Expect,Hope,Learn,Offer,Plan,Promise,Refuse,Want.- مثال:
They agreed to sign the contract.(آنها موافقت کردند که قرارداد را امضا کنند.) - بعد از کلمات پرسشی: در ساختارهای غیرمستقیم.
I don't know what to say.(نمیدانم چه بگویم.)
to ظاهر شود. این ساختار دقیقاً معادل ساختار «از کسی خواستن که...» در فارسی است.Advise,Allow,Encourage,Force,Invite,Order,Persuade,Remind,Teach,Tell.- مثال:
The teacher encouraged the students to participate.(معلم دانشآموزان را تشویق کرد که مشارکت کنند.)
- 1استفاده از مصدر با to بعد از حروف اضافه:
- اشتباه:
I am interested in to learn English. - درست:
I am interested in learning English. - چرا؟ در فارسی میگوییم «علاقه به یادگیری». چون «به» حرف اضافه است، در انگلیسی هم بعد از حرف اضافه فقط اسم یا اسم مصدر (
Gerund) مجاز است.
- 1استفاده از for برای بیان هدف:
- اشتباه:
I came here for see you. - درست:
I came here to see you. - چرا؟ فارسیزبانان «برایِ» را مستقیماً به
forترجمه میکنند. در حالی که برای بیان هدف انجام یک فعل، باید ازto-infinitiveاستفاده کرد.forفقط قبل از اسم میآید (مثلاًfor a meeting).
- 1اشتباه در افعال سببی (Causative Verbs):
- اشتباه:
My boss made me to work late. - درست:
My boss made me work late. - چرا؟ فعل
makeدر معنای اجبار، از ساختارBare Infinitive(بدونto) پیروی میکند. این یکی از رایجترین خطاهای کنکوری و آکادمیک است.
- 1حذف فاعل در جملات مرکب (Pro-drop):
- در فارسی میتوانیم بگوییم «فکر میکنم برم» (حذف من). در انگلیسی حتماً باید بگوییم
I think about going. ساختارGerundکمک میکند که بدون تکرار فاعل، مفهوم را برسانیم.
Gerund و هم با Infinitive بیایند، اما معنای آنها به کلی تغییر میکند. این بخش اوج ظرافت در سطح C1 است.I remember locking the door. | Remember to lock the door. |I'll never forget visiting Paris. | Don't forget to buy milk. |He stopped smoking. (ترک کرد) | He stopped to smoke. (ایستاد تا سیگار بکشد) |I regret telling him. | I regret to inform you... |Try adding more salt. | I tried to open the window. |see, hear, watch تفاوت ظریفی دارند:I saw him crossing the street: یعنی بخشی از عمل را دیدم (در حال عبور بود).I saw him cross the street: یعنی کل عمل را از ابتدا تا انتها دیدم.
- 1چطور بفهمم کدام فعل با کدام ساختار میآید؟
Gerund معمولاً به کارهای واقعی، تمام شده یا کلی اشاره دارد، در حالی که Infinitive به کارهای بالقوه، آینده و هدفمند اشاره میکند.- 1آیا میتوانم همیشه از to-infinitive استفاده کنم چون به فارسی نزدیکتر است؟
I enjoy to read کاملاً غیرطبیعی و غلط است و در آزمونهایی مثل IELTS یا TOEFL نمره شما را به شدت کاهش میدهد.- 1تفاوت Like + ing و Like + to چیست؟
I like swimming یعنی من از نفسِ این کار لذت میبرم (لذت شخصی). اما I like to swim every morning بیشتر به معنای این است که من این کار را یک عادت خوب یا درست میدانم، حتی اگر لزوماً هر لحظه از آن لذت نبرم.- 1در مورد پیشنهاد دادن (Suggest) چرا نمیتوانیم از to استفاده کنیم؟
suggest است. شما نمیتوانید بگویید I suggest to go. حتماً باید بگویید I suggest going یا از یک بند با that استفاده کنید: I suggest that we go. این از آن مواردی است که حتی بسیاری از سخنوران پیشرفته هم به اشتباه از to استفاده میکنند.Gerund vs. Infinitive Structures
| Form | Gerund (-ing) | Infinitive (to + V) |
|---|---|---|
|
Simple
|
Doing
|
To do
|
|
Negative
|
Not doing
|
Not to do
|
|
Passive
|
Being done
|
To be done
|
|
Perfect
|
Having done
|
To have done
|
|
Perfect Passive
|
Having been done
|
To have been done
|
|
Continuous
|
N/A
|
To be doing
|
Meanings
The use of gerunds (the -ing form) and infinitives (to + base form) as objects or subjects in a sentence to represent an action as a concept or thing.
Gerund as Subject/Object
Using the -ing form to talk about an activity in general.
“Skiing is my favorite winter sport.”
“I really enjoy hiking in the mountains.”
Infinitive of Purpose
Using 'to + verb' to explain why someone does something.
“I went to the store to buy milk.”
“She studied hard to pass the exam.”
Meaning-Change Verbs
Verbs like 'remember', 'forget', and 'stop' that change meaning based on the complement.
“I stopped to smoke (I paused my walk to have a cigarette).”
“I stopped smoking (I quit the habit).”
Gerunds after Prepositions
English strictly requires the -ing form after any preposition.
“I am interested in learning more.”
“She is good at drawing.”
Reference Table
| فعل اصلی | اسمفعل (-ing) | مصدر (to...) | مثال کاربردی |
|---|---|---|---|
|
read
|
reading
|
to read
|
Reading is relaxing.
|
|
work
|
working
|
to work
|
I hate working late.
|
|
travel
|
traveling
|
to travel
|
Traveling is expensive.
|
|
eat
|
eating
|
to eat
|
I want to eat now.
|
|
sleep
|
sleeping
|
to sleep
|
Sleeping is important.
|
|
game
|
gaming
|
to game
|
Gaming is my hobby.
|
|
shop
|
shopping
|
to shop
|
I love shopping online.
|
|
run
|
running
|
to run
|
Running keeps me fit.
|
طیف رسمیت
I would suggest implementing a new strategy. (Business meeting)
I suggest trying a new strategy. (Business meeting)
How about trying something else? (Business meeting)
Let's just wing it. (Business meeting)
The Gerund vs. Infinitive Split
Gerund (-ing)
- After Prepositions Interested in going
- As Subject Running is fun
- Specific Verbs Enjoy, Suggest, Avoid
Infinitive (to)
- Purpose I went to help
- After Adjectives Happy to meet
- Specific Verbs Want, Decide, Hope
Meaning Change Verbs
Which one do I use?
Is it after a preposition?
Is it to show purpose?
Common Gerund Verbs
Emotions
- • Enjoy
- • Dislike
- • Fancy
Advice/Suggestions
- • Suggest
- • Recommend
- • Advise
Completion
- • Finish
- • Quit
- • Postpone
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I like reading books.
I want to go home.
Swimming is fun.
He needs to sleep.
She finished doing her homework.
They decided to buy a car.
I am interested in learning English.
We went to the cafe to meet friends.
You should avoid eating too much sugar.
I hope to see you soon.
He kept talking even though I was busy.
It is difficult to understand him.
I remember visiting Paris when I was ten.
Please remember to lock the door.
I tried to open the window, but it was stuck.
Try adding some salt to the soup.
I resent being treated like a child.
He is reported to have escaped from prison.
I object to being spoken to in that tone.
The company anticipates making a profit this year.
I don't much care for his interfering in our affairs.
To have lived through such a crisis is a miracle.
I watched the sun set over the horizon.
The suspect confessed to having forged the documents.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use 'stop to do' when they mean they quit a habit.
Mixing up past memories with future tasks.
Used incorrectly in academic or biographical contexts.
اشتباهات رایج
I like swim.
I like swimming.
I want going.
I want to go.
He is good in play.
He is good at playing.
To reading is fun.
Reading is fun.
I am thinking to go.
I am thinking of going.
She finished to eat.
She finished eating.
I went for buy milk.
I went to buy milk.
I suggest to wait.
I suggest waiting.
I don't mind to help.
I don't mind helping.
I am used to get up early.
I am used to getting up early.
I regret to tell him the news.
I regret telling him the news.
He was seen cross the road.
He was seen crossing the road.
I look forward to meet you.
I look forward to meeting you.
They denied to have stolen it.
They denied having stolen it.
الگوهای جملهسازی
I am looking forward to ___.
It's no use ___.
I would rather ___ than ___.
I resent ___.
Real World Usage
I am skilled at managing large teams.
Stop bugging me!
Thanks for following!
I'd like to check in, please.
Your order is being prepared.
Understanding the data is crucial.
قانونِ دوست داشتن!
فعلهای لخت ممنوع!
راز تنظیمات گوشی!
Smart Tips
Never use 'to'. Always use -ing or a 'that' clause.
Use 'to + verb' instead of 'for + -ing'.
Check if the action happened in the past (use -ing) or needs to happen in the future (use to).
Always add -ing to the following verb.
تلفظ
The -ing suffix
In casual speech, the 'g' is often dropped (e.g., 'runnin'), but in formal English, the full 'ng' sound is expected.
The 'to' particle
In the infinitive, 'to' is usually unstressed and sounds like 'tuh'.
Emphasis on the Gerund
I LOVE ↗swimming.
Emphasizes the activity itself.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Prepositions are 'ing'-clined to take the gerund.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a 'To' bridge leading to a future goal (Infinitive) and an '-ing' circle representing a continuous cycle or a past memory (Gerund).
Rhyme
After 'suggest' and 'avoid', the -ing form is employed. After 'hope' and 'decide', the 'to' form will be your guide.
Story
I was 'walking' (gerund) in the park when I 'stopped to look' (infinitive of purpose) at a bird. I 'remembered seeing' (gerund for memory) that bird before. I 'decided to take' (infinitive for decision) a photo.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write 5 sentences about your career goals using at least 3 gerunds and 3 infinitives.
نکات فرهنگی
BrE often uses 'like + gerund' (I like swimming), whereas AmE is more likely to use 'like + infinitive' (I like to swim), though both are understood.
Gerunds are preferred for naming fields of study or complex processes in formal papers.
Sometimes uses 'a-' prefixing with gerunds in folk speech, though this is non-standard.
The English gerund evolved from the Old English suffix '-ung', while the infinitive comes from the Germanic 'to' + dative case of the verbal noun.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What is something you really enjoy doing on weekends?
What do you hope to achieve in the next five years?
Is there anything you regret doing in your past?
What would you suggest doing to improve the local economy?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
I enjoy ___ books on my Kindle.
Choose the grammatically correct sentence:
Find and fix the mistake:
Swim in the pool is my favorite exercise.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesI suggest ___ to the museum instead.
I'll never forget ___ (see) the Eiffel Tower for the first time.
Find and fix the mistake:
I am looking forward to meet you next week.
It is not worth trying to fix this. (USE)
1. Avoid, 2. Decide, 3. Stop (quit)
He stopped to talk to her.
She is interested in ___ (apply) for the job.
Choose the grammatically perfect sentence.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesShe needs ___ her homework now.
I hate wait for the bus.
life / gaming / is / my
Me gusta viajar.
Which is a gerund?
Match the pairs:
___ is good for your health.
I would like ordering a coffee.
to / learn / I / want / English
Cocinar es relajante.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
In this phrase, 'to' is a preposition, not part of the infinitive. Just as you say 'I'm going to London' (noun), you must use a gerund (verbal noun) after 'to' here.
'Try to do' means you are making an effort to achieve something difficult. 'Try doing' means you are experimenting with an action to see if it solves a problem.
Yes, usually. 'I like swimming' and 'I like to swim' are both correct. However, 'I like to swim' often implies a habit or something you think is a good idea, while 'I like swimming' focuses on the enjoyment of the activity.
Common ones include: avoid, enjoy, finish, mind, suggest, recommend, and keep.
No. After modal verbs (can, should, must) and verbs like 'make' and 'let', we use the 'bare infinitive' without 'to'.
Absolutely! 'Smoking is prohibited' or 'Learning is fun' are perfect examples.
It's the form 'being + past participle'. For example: 'I don't like being told what to do.'
Try putting a noun after it. If it makes sense (e.g., 'I'm used to *the noise*'), then 'to' is a preposition and needs a gerund.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Infinitivo
Spanish never uses the -ando/-iendo form as a noun.
Infinitif
French uses the gerundive (en + participe présent) only for simultaneous actions.
Infinitiv mit zu
German has no direct equivalent to the English -ing gerund.
Koto / No (Nominalizers)
Japanese doesn't have a 'to-infinitive' vs 'gerund' distinction; it depends on the following particle.
Masdar
The Masdar is a distinct morphological form, not just a suffix like -ing.
No change
There are no morphological markers like -ing or 'to'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
01:22 Top 3 Google Play Google I/O 2025 announcements
05:02 The 3 best predictors of how well you’ll age - Juulia Jylhävä
05:05 How the lead industry lied to the public for decades - Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner
English Grammar | GERUNDS in 5 simple steps
Arnel's Everyday English
GERUNDS & INFINITIVES | WINNING is everything? OR TO WIN is everything?
Arnel's Everyday English
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