مثال آوردن: For Example, Like, Such As
for example, such as و like استفاده کن.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'for example' to start sentences, 'such as' for lists, and 'like' for casual comparisons or informal speech.
- Use 'for example' or 'for instance' followed by a comma to introduce a full sentence.
- Use 'such as' to introduce specific items within a category in formal writing.
- Use 'like' for informal examples or when comparing things that are similar.
مرور کلی
for example، like و such as میپردازد.for example معمولاً یک مثال کامل یا یک جمله را معرفی میکند.such as برای مشخص کردن اعضای یک دسته (Category) به کار میرود و like در نقش مثالآوری، عمدتاً بر شباهت دلالت دارد یا در موقعیتهای غیررسمی استفاده میشود. در ادامه، با نگاهی تحلیلی و مقایسهای با زبان فارسی، به بررسی این ساختارها میپردازیم.for example به عنوان یک «عبارت قیدی» (Adverbial Phrase) عمل میکند. این عبارت کل جمله یا عبارت قبلی را اصلاح کرده و یک نمونه جامع ارائه میدهد. هدف اصلی آن عینی کردن یک مفهوم انتزاعی است.for example هستیم. برای نمونه، در یک بحث دانشگاهی درباره تکنولوژیهای نوظهور، ممکن است بگویید:Emerging technologies are transforming the job market. For example, automation is creating new roles in AI.for example یک ایده کامل را معرفی کرده است.such as بیشتر شبیه به یک «عبارت حرفاضافهای» (Prepositional Phrase) عمل میکند. این عبارت، مثالها را مستقیماً به اسم یا عبارت اسمی قبل از خود پیوند میدهد. در واقع، such as اعضای یک گروه را لیست میکند.Many tropical fruits, such as mangoes and papayas, are rich in Vitamin C.tropical fruits را نام میبرید. این پیوند بسیار محکمتر از for example است.like نیز برای مثالآوری استفاده میشود، اما بار معنایی «شباهت» (Similarity) در آن قویتر است. در متون آکادمیک، استفاده از like برای ارائه مثالهای دستهبندیشده کمتر رایج است و بیشتر در مکالمات روزمره یا متون عمومی دیده میشود. تفاوت ظریف اینجاست که such as بر «عضویت در گروه» تأکید دارد، در حالی که like بر «شباهت به نمونه» متمرکز است.For example- در ابتدای جمله: رایجترین حالت است. بعد از آن حتماً باید ویرگول بیاید.
- الگو:
[Sentence]. For example, [Illustrative sentence]. - مثال:
The company faces challenges. For example, logistics are delayed. - در میان جمله (غیرضروری): برای ایجاد وقفه و ارائه یک مثال کوتاه.
- الگو:
[Subject], for example, [Example], [Verb]... - مثال:
Certain countries, for example, Japan and South Korea, have aging populations. - پس از نقطه-ویرگول (Semicolon): برای اتصال دو جمله مستقل که دومی مثال اولی است.
- الگو:
[Clause 1]; for example, [Clause 2].
Such as- بدون ویرگول (Restrictive): اگر مثالها برای تعریف و شناسایی دسته ضروری باشند، ویرگول نمیگذاریم.
- الگو:
[Category] such as [items]. - مثال:
Vegetables such as spinach and kale are high in iron.(منظور فقط این نوع سبزیجات خاص است). - با ویرگول (Non-restrictive): اگر دسته از قبل مشخص است و مثالها فقط اطلاعات اضافی هستند.
- الگو:
[Category], such as [items]. - مثال:
Common household pets, such as cats and dogs, require regular vaccinations.(حیوانات خانگی به طور کلی مشخص هستند، گربه و سگ فقط مثال اضافیاند).
Likelike ویرگول نمیآید، مگر اینکه مکث بلندی در کلام مد نظر باشد.- الگو:
[General idea] like [examples]. - مثال:
I prefer sports like tennis or squash.
For example | ابتدای جمله یا میانجمله | متوسط تا بالا | جداکننده (Adverbial) |Such as | بلافاصله بعد از اسم | بالا (آکادمیک) | متصلکننده (Prepositional) |Like | بلافاصله بعد از اسم | پایین (دوستانه) | مقایسهای/شباهتی |For example استفاده کنیم؟- مثال در محیط کار:
We need to improve our online presence. For example, we could start a weekly blog.
Such as استفاده کنیم؟- مثال در دانشگاه:
The study examines various factors such as socio-economic status, education level, and geographic location.
such as لیست دقیقی از متغیرها را ارائه میدهد.Like استفاده کنیم؟such as در یک کافه با دوستان ممکن است کمی بیش از حد رسمی و خشک (Stiff) به نظر برسد.- مثال در زندگی روزمره:
I need a vacation to a place like Bali or the Maldives.
Like در نوشتار رسمی:...problems like pollution and global warming.such as استفاده کنید. like نوشته شما را غیرحرفهای جلوه میدهد.For example:for example (وقتی در ابتدای جمله میآید) باید یک جمله کامل با فاعل و فعل بیاید.For example, going to the mountains.For example, people can go to the mountains.such as استفاده کنید یا for example را در میان جمله محصور در ویرگول قرار دهید.for example فاعل را حذف میکنند. در انگلیسی، هر جمله جدید که با for example شروع میشود، نیاز به فاعل صریح دارد.e.g.در مقابلfor example:
e.g. مخفف عبارت لاتین exempli gratia است. این مخفف فقط در نوشتار (بهویژه در متون فنی یا داخل پرانتز) استفاده میشود. هرگز در هنگام صحبت کردن نگویید «ایجی»! در صحبت کردن همیشه بگویید for example.Including:
such as در این است که including بر «شامل بودن» تأکید دارد.The price is $100, including taxes.(مالیات بخشی از آن ۱۰۰ دلار است).
NamelyیاSpecifically:
such as فقط چند نمونه را میآورد، اما namely لیست را کامل میکند.We have two options, namely, staying here or leaving immediately.
e.g. | فقط نوشتار، داخل پرانتز | (e.g., fruits, vegetables) |Including | تأکید بر شمولیت | All staff, including interns... |Namely | معرفی دقیق و کامل | The main issue, namely, lack of funds... |Such as شروع کرد؟such as یک عبارت وابسته است و باید به یک اسم قبل از خود وصل باشد. شروع جمله با آن باعث ایجاد «جمله ناتمام» (Sentence Fragment) میشود. با این حال، در متون ادبی یا تبلیغاتی گاهی برای تأکید این کار انجام میشود، اما در کنکور یا آزمونهای بینالمللی از آن بپرهیزید.e.g. و i.e. چیست؟e.g. برای مثال آوردن است (for example)، اما i.e. برای بازگویی یا توضیح دقیقتر مطلب است (that is یا به عبارتی دیگر).- مثال:
I like citrus fruits, e.g., oranges.(مثال) - مثال:
I'm going to the capital, i.e., London.(توضیح اینکه پایتخت کجاست).
such as باید همیشه ویرگول بگذاریم؟such as الزامی است. اما توجه داشته باشید که بعد از خودِ کلمه as هرگز ویرگول نمیآید.like و such as کدام بهتر است؟such as. استفاده از such as نشاندهنده دقت نظر و تسلط شما بر مکاتبات رسمی است و لحن شما را حرفهایتر (Professional) جلوه میدهد.Placement and Punctuation of Exemplifiers
| Connector | Position | Punctuation | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
|
For example
|
Start of sentence
|
Followed by a comma
|
Neutral/Formal
|
|
For instance
|
Start of sentence
|
Followed by a comma
|
Formal
|
|
Such as
|
Middle of sentence
|
Comma before (if non-essential)
|
Formal
|
|
Like
|
Middle of sentence
|
Usually no comma
|
Informal
|
|
e.g.
|
Inside parentheses
|
Periods after letters, comma after
|
Technical/Written
|
|
Including
|
Middle of sentence
|
Often preceded by a comma
|
Neutral
|
Common Abbreviations
| Abbreviation | Full Latin | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|
|
e.g.
|
Exempli gratia
|
For example
|
|
i.e.
|
Id est
|
That is / In other words
|
|
viz.
|
Videlicet
|
Namely / Specifically
|
Meanings
The use of specific words and phrases to introduce instances that illustrate a general statement or category.
Sentence-Level Exemplification
Using a connector to introduce a complete sentence that serves as an example of a previous point.
“The company has faced many challenges. For example, the recent supply chain issues delayed production by months.”
“Exercise is vital for health. For instance, a daily walk can significantly improve cardiovascular fitness.”
Intra-sentential Listing
Introducing a list of examples within a sentence to define a category.
“Citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges are high in Vitamin C.”
“Large predators, such as lions and tigers, require vast territories to hunt.”
Informal Comparison/Listing
Using 'like' to provide examples in casual conversation or less formal writing.
“I love spicy food, like Thai or Mexican.”
“She has a lot of hobbies, like painting and hiking.”
Written Abbreviations
Using Latin-derived abbreviations in formal or technical writing.
“The study focused on several European countries (e.g., France, Germany, and Italy).”
“Please bring the necessary equipment, e.g., a laptop and a charger.”
Reference Table
| Connector | Position | Formality | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
For example
|
ابتدای جمله
|
Neutral
|
For example, I like tea.
|
|
For instance
|
ابتدای جمله
|
Formal
|
For instance, we can meet at 5.
|
|
Such as
|
وسط جمله
|
Formal/Neutral
|
Cities such as London and Paris.
|
|
Like
|
وسط جمله
|
Informal
|
Apps like TikTok and Instagram.
|
|
Including
|
وسط جمله
|
Neutral
|
Everyone is here, including Sam.
|
|
e.g.
|
داخل پرانتز/نوشتار
|
Academic
|
Bring fruit (e.g. apples).
|
طیف رسمیت
One should consume nutrient-dense foods, such as kale. (Health advice)
You should eat healthy food, for example, kale. (Health advice)
You should eat healthy stuff, like kale. (Health advice)
Get some superfoods in ya, like kale and stuff. (Health advice)
The Exemplification Tree
Formal Writing
- Such as Used for lists within sentences
- For instance Used to start sentences
Casual Speech
- Like Informal comparison or listing
Like vs. Such As
Which connector should I use?
Are you starting a new sentence?
Is the context formal (essay/work)?
Register Grid
Academic
- • Such as
- • For instance
- • e.g.
Conversational
- • Like
- • For example
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I like pets like dogs.
I like pets like dogs.
For example, I play football.
For example, I play football.
I eat fruit, like an orange.
I eat fruit, like an orange.
She has toys, for example, a doll.
She has toys, for example, a doll.
I want to visit countries like Italy.
I want to visit countries like Italy.
He is good at sports. For example, he swims well.
He is good at sports. For example, he swims well.
You need tools, such as a hammer.
You need tools, such as a hammer.
I like cold drinks, for instance, iced tea.
I like cold drinks, for instance, iced tea.
The city has many problems, such as pollution.
The city has many problems, such as pollution.
There are many ways to save energy. For instance, you can turn off the lights.
There are many ways to save energy. For instance, you can turn off the lights.
I enjoy outdoor activities like hiking and cycling.
I enjoy outdoor activities like hiking and cycling.
Some animals, for example, the panda, are endangered.
Some animals, for example, the panda, are endangered.
Large corporations, such as Google and Apple, dominate the market.
Large corporations, such as Google and Apple, dominate the market.
The policy has several flaws; for example, it ignores the needs of rural communities.
The policy has several flaws; for example, it ignores the needs of rural communities.
You should bring identification (e.g., a passport or driver's license).
You should bring identification (e.g., a passport or driver's license).
He has a lot of experience in the field, for instance, working for three years in Dubai.
He has a lot of experience in the field, for instance, working for three years in Dubai.
The curriculum focuses on STEM subjects, such as advanced calculus and organic chemistry.
The curriculum focuses on STEM subjects, such as advanced calculus and organic chemistry.
Cognitive biases, for instance, the confirmation bias, can skew research results.
Cognitive biases, for instance, the confirmation bias, can skew research results.
The legislation was designed to curb unethical practices; for example, it prohibits insider trading.
The legislation was designed to curb unethical practices; for example, it prohibits insider trading.
Many modernist writers, such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, experimented with stream of consciousness.
Many modernist writers, such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, experimented with stream of consciousness.
The socio-economic ramifications, for example, the widening wealth gap, are profound.
The socio-economic ramifications, for example, the widening wealth gap, are profound.
The project requires specialized software (e.g., AutoCAD or Revit) for architectural modeling.
The project requires specialized software (e.g., AutoCAD or Revit) for architectural modeling.
The treaty addresses several environmental concerns, namely carbon emissions and deforestation.
The treaty addresses several environmental concerns, namely carbon emissions and deforestation.
One might argue that certain linguistic features, such as the use of the subjunctive mood, are declining in colloquial speech.
One might argue that certain linguistic features, such as the use of the subjunctive mood, are declining in colloquial speech.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners use 'i.e.' when they mean 'for example'. 'i.e.' means 'that is' (clarification), while 'e.g.' means 'for example' (illustration).
Learners use 'like' to introduce a clause, but 'as' is traditionally required for clauses.
Learners use 'such as' when they are listing every single item in a category.
اشتباهات رایج
I like fruit for example apples.
I like fruit. For example, apples.
I like pets such like dogs.
I like pets such as dogs.
I like sports like, football.
I like sports like football.
For example I am happy.
For example, I am happy.
He has many cars, for example, a Ford.
He has many cars; for example, a Ford.
I like fruits like apples, etc.
I like fruits like apples.
Such as I said, it is raining.
As I said, it is raining.
The company sells electronics, e.g. phones.
The company sells electronics, e.g., phones.
I need a person such as can help me.
I need a person who can help me.
I like movies, for instance, horror.
I like movies—for instance, horror.
The study included several variables such as, age and gender.
The study included several variables, such as age and gender.
We discussed the main issues, namely, the budget.
We discussed the main issues, namely the budget.
He loves poets like Shakespeare.
He loves poets such as Shakespeare.
The results (i.e. the data) were good.
The results (e.g., the data) were good.
الگوهای جملهسازی
I enjoy ___ like ___ and ___.
There are many ___; for example, ___.
The company faces several ___, such as ___ and ___.
One must consider the ___; for instance, ___.
Real World Usage
Several factors, such as socioeconomic status, influence educational outcomes.
Do you want to see a movie like the new Marvel one?
I have extensive experience; for instance, I led the marketing team for two years.
Ensure all peripherals (e.g., mouse, keyboard) are connected.
Do you have any dairy-free options, such as almond milk?
I love autumn colors, like the deep reds and oranges of the leaves.
ترفند تنوع
for example استفاده کردی، جمله بعدی for instance بگو. اینجوری حرفات قشنگتر میشه و نشون میده چقدر کلمه بلدی! I like many sports. For example, I play tennis. For instance, I also swim.
تله ویرگول
like یا such as ویرگول نذار (مثلا like, apples اشتباهه). ویرگول یا قبلش میاد یا اصلا نمیاد. I like fruits, such as apples.
'Like' پرکننده
like رو به معنی «اِم» یا «خب» استفاده میکنن. تو فعلا سعی کن از این مدل like استفاده نکنی تا وقتی خیلی حرفهای شدی، وگرنه ممکنه مثل یه نوجوون گیج به نظر بیای! Like, what are we doing?
Smart Tips
Try replacing every second 'like' with 'such as' or 'for instance' to instantly sound more professional.
Use 'e.g.' followed by a comma. It looks cleaner and more technical.
Use 'For instance' at the start of the sentence to give the reader a clear signal.
Use 'particularly' or 'specifically' instead of 'such as'.
تلفظ
Parenthetical Intonation
When 'for example' is in the middle of a sentence, your pitch should drop slightly and you should pause briefly before and after.
The 'Such as' Glide
In 'such as', the 'ch' and 'a' often link together in fast speech.
Rising-Falling for Examples
I like fruit, ↗ such as ↘ apples.
The rising tone on 'such as' prepares the listener for the list.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Remember 'F.L.S.' - Formal (For instance), Loose (Like), Standard (Such as).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a magnifying glass hovering over a large group of items, highlighting just one or two specific ones. The magnifying glass is the connector.
Rhyme
When writing for a boss, 'such as' is the gloss; when talking to a mate, 'like' is really great.
Story
A professor (Formal) uses 'Such as' to explain physics. A student (Informal) uses 'Like' to explain his weekend. They both use 'For example' to meet in the middle.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write three sentences about your favorite city using 'for instance', 'such as', and 'like' correctly in each.
نکات فرهنگی
In US academic circles, 'e.g.' and 'i.e.' are strictly differentiated. Using them interchangeably is seen as a sign of poor editing.
British English is often more relaxed about the comma after 'e.g.' compared to American English.
Using 'for instance' instead of 'for example' can make you sound more sophisticated and persuasive in a boardroom setting.
'Such as' comes from Middle English 'swich as'. 'For example' is a direct translation of the Latin 'exempli gratia'.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What are some hobbies you'd like to try, such as skydiving or painting?
Can you name some global issues, for instance, climate change, that worry you?
In your professional opinion, what are the traits of a good leader, such as empathy or decisiveness?
Discuss the impact of disruptive technologies, for example, AI, on the modern workforce.
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
I love fast food, ___ burgers and fries.
like رایجترین و طبیعیترین انتخابه.Choose the correctly punctuated sentence:
For example شروع میکنی، به حرف F بزرگ و یه ویرگول بعد از عبارت نیاز داری.Find and fix the mistake:
I enjoy many sports such as, tennis and golf.
such as ویرگول بذاری. ویرگول معمولاً قبلش میاد، یا اصلاً نمیاد (توی لیستهای ساده).Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe government has implemented several new taxes, ___ the carbon tax.
Find and fix the mistake:
I love winter sports, for example, skiing is my favorite.
Please bring your ID (___, a passport).
I like fruits like apples.
You should use 'etc.' at the end of a list that starts with 'such as'.
Select the sentence-starting connectors.
A: Why do you like this city? B: Well, it has great culture. ___, there are many museums.
Connect the pairs.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesI play many instruments. ___ , I play the piano.
I like vegetables for example carrots.
music / like / I / jazz / pop / and
Ich mag Getränke wie Kaffee und Tee.
Choose the most formal way to introduce examples in an email:
Match the following:
Try to eat green vegetables ___ spinach or broccoli.
I love apps. for example, I use WhatsApp.
Which word fits best in a TikTok comment?
For / I / exercise / example / run
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
It is generally discouraged. Use `such as` or `for instance` instead to maintain a formal tone.
`e.g.` stands for 'exempli gratia' (for example), while `i.e.` stands for 'id est' (that is). Use `e.g.` for a list of examples and `i.e.` for a definition or clarification.
Yes, when it starts a sentence or follows a semicolon, a comma is required to set it off from the rest of the sentence.
They are very similar, but `for instance` is often perceived as slightly more formal or sophisticated in professional writing.
Generally, no. `Such as` is a prepositional phrase that should follow the noun it is illustrating. Use `For example` to start a sentence.
Because `such as` already indicates that you are providing a partial list. Adding `etc.` is repetitive and considered poor style.
The correct phrase is `such as`. `Such like` is non-standard and should be avoided.
The comma goes *before* `such as`, never after it. For example: 'I like fruit, such as apples.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
por ejemplo / como
English distinguishes between 'like' (preposition) and 'as' (conjunction).
par exemple / comme
French 'comme' is used more broadly than English 'like'.
zum Beispiel / wie
German 'wie' can also mean 'how', leading to different sentence structures.
tatoeba / nado
Japanese uses particles and end-of-sentence markers for examples.
mathalan / mithla
Arabic exemplifiers can change form based on the case of the noun.
liru / xiang
Chinese does not use commas as strictly as English for these connectors.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
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