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B2 adjective 12분 분량

بنیانی

bonyani
예시 بنیانی 30초 만에
설명 بنیانی in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'بنیانی' (Bonyāni) might be a bit difficult because it is a formal word. However, you can think of it like the 'bottom' of something. Imagine a house. The part under the ground that holds the house up is the 'bonyān' (foundation). So, 'bonyāni' means something that is like that bottom part—very important and necessary for everything else. You won't use this word to talk about food or colors, but you might hear it when people talk about 'important' things in a very serious way. Think of it as a super-strong version of 'important.' If you are building with blocks, the first block on the floor is the 'bonyāni' block. Without it, the tower falls down. In simple Persian, we usually use 'mohem' for important, but 'bonyāni' is for things that are the 'boss' of all other parts. It's a big word for a big idea!
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At the A2 level, you are starting to learn more adjectives. 'بنیانی' is an adjective that describes something that is the 'base' or 'foundation.' It comes from the word 'bonyān,' which you might see in names of buildings or charities. You can use 'bonyāni' to describe a 'fundamental' difference between two things. For example, if you have two very different ideas, you can say they have 'tafāvot-haye bonyāni' (fundamental differences). It's a great word to use in your writing to show you know more than just simple words like 'khub' (good) or 'bad' (bad). When you see this word, think of the roots of a tree. The roots are 'bonyāni' because the tree cannot stand without them. It is a formal word, so you will see it in books or hear it on the news more than in a playground.
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At the B1 level, you should begin to distinguish between different types of 'importance.' 'بنیانی' (Bonyāni) specifically refers to things that are foundational. In intermediate Persian, you'll encounter this word in discussions about society, education, and science. For example, 'amuzesh-e bonyāni' refers to foundational education that every child needs. It's different from 'asāsi' (basic) because it implies a structural role. If you change a 'bonyāni' part of a plan, the whole plan changes. You can use this word to describe 'fundamental changes' (taqyirāt-e bonyāni) in your life or your studies. It's a high-frequency word in academic texts. Remember the 'Ezafe' construction: the noun comes first, then a small 'e' sound, then 'bonyāni.' Practice saying 'moshkel-e bonyāni' (a fundamental problem) to get used to the flow.
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At the B2 level, 'بنیانی' is an essential part of your vocabulary for discussing abstract concepts. You should use it to describe core principles, foundational laws, and systemic issues. It is a key term in political and social analysis. For instance, when discussing 'human rights' (huquq-e bashar), you would describe them as 'huquq-e bonyāni.' This emphasizes that they are not just 'granted' by a state but are the very foundation of legal existence. You will also see this in science, such as 'zarāt-e bonyāni' (fundamental particles). At this level, you should be able to contrast 'bonyāni' with 'sathi' (superficial) or 'far'i' (secondary). In your essays, using 'bonyāni' instead of 'mohem' will significantly elevate your formal register and show a deeper understanding of Persian semantics.
At the C1 level, you are expected to use 'بنیانی' with precision in complex arguments. It often appears in the superlative 'bonyāni-tarin' to identify the absolute core of a philosophical or scientific problem. You should understand its nuances compared to 'asāsi' and 'rishe-i.' While 'rishe-i' might be used for radical political change, 'bonyāni' is preferred for structural reforms within a system. In literary analysis, you might discuss the 'bonyāni' themes of a Persian poet like Rumi or Hafez—those overarching concepts that define their entire body of work. You should also be comfortable with the word in specialized fields like 'fundamental research' (pazhuhesh-haye bonyāni). Your ability to use this word to frame a 'structural' vs. 'symptomatic' argument is a hallmark of advanced proficiency.
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At the C2 level, 'بنیانی' becomes a tool for ontological and epistemological precision. You use it to discuss the very nature of being and the foundations of knowledge. In high-level academic writing or diplomatic discourse, 'bonyāni' is used to describe the irreducible elements of a system. You might explore the 'bonyāni' contradictions within a certain ideology or the 'bonyāni' shifts in global power structures. At this level, you also recognize the word's presence in classical-style modern prose, where it maintains its weight and gravitas. You can effortlessly use it in complex sentence structures, ensuring the correct 'Ezafe' and 'ye-ye' transitions. Your mastery of this word allows you to engage in the most demanding Persian intellectual environments, from theological debates to advanced theoretical physics discussions.
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예시

بنیانی 30초 만에

  • Bonyāni is a formal Persian adjective meaning 'fundamental' or 'foundational,' used to describe core principles or structural bases.
  • It is derived from the noun 'bonyān' (foundation) and is typically used in academic, political, or scientific contexts.
  • Unlike 'mohem' (important), 'bonyāni' implies that the element is essential for the entire structure's survival or existence.
  • Common collocations include 'taqyirāt-e bonyāni' (fundamental changes) and 'huquq-e bonyāni' (fundamental rights).

The Persian word بنیانی (Bonyāni) is a sophisticated adjective that translates most accurately to 'fundamental,' 'foundational,' or 'core.' Derived from the root noun بنیان (bonyān), which means foundation or structure, the addition of the suffix '-i' transforms it into a descriptor for things that constitute the very base of a system, idea, or physical object. In Persian discourse, this word carries a weight of importance; it suggests that if you remove this particular element, the entire structure above it would collapse. It is not merely 'important' (mohem), but rather 'essential' in a structural sense. This word is frequently encountered in academic, political, and scientific contexts where one is discussing the root causes or the basic principles of a subject.

Structural Usage
In architecture and engineering, while 'paye-i' is more common for physical bases, 'bonyāni' is used to describe the underlying structural integrity or the foundational blueprint that dictates the form. For example, a 'bonyāni' flaw in a building's design refers to a mistake made at the very inception of the project.

تغییرات بنیانی در ساختار اقتصادی کشور ضروری است.

Translation: Fundamental changes in the country's economic structure are necessary.

When discussing human rights or legal frameworks, بنیانی describes those rights that are inalienable and serve as the bedrock of a just society. In the realm of physics or mathematics, it refers to the basic laws (like gravity or the laws of thermodynamics) that govern all other observed phenomena. It is a word that demands attention because it signals that the speaker is looking past surface-level symptoms and addressing the core reality of a situation. If a doctor speaks of a 'bonyāni' health issue, they are not talking about a cough; they are talking about a systemic condition like a genetic disorder or a chronic failure of an organ system.

Philosophical Context
In philosophy, 'bonyāni' relates to ontology—the study of being. It describes the primary qualities of an object or concept. For instance, 'andishe-haye bonyāni' (foundational thoughts) refers to the core beliefs that shape a person's entire worldview, often formed in early childhood or through intense transformative experiences.

ما باید به تفاوت‌های بنیانی میان این دو نظریه توجه کنیم.

Translation: We must pay attention to the fundamental differences between these two theories.

In modern Persian media, you will often hear this word during political debates. A politician might claim that the 'bonyāni' problems of the city are not being addressed by temporary fixes like painting park benches. Here, the word serves as a rhetorical tool to emphasize the gravity and depth of the issues at hand. It creates a contrast between the 'superficial' (sathi) and the 'foundational' (bonyāni). Understanding this word allows a learner to navigate high-level discussions about reform, revolution, and scientific discovery.

Scientific Application
In biology, 'cells' are described as the 'vahed-haye bonyāni-ye hayāt' (the fundamental units of life). This usage highlights that life as we know it cannot exist without this base component. Similarly, in chemistry, atoms are the 'bonyāni' building blocks of matter.

آموزش و پرورش نقش بنیانی در پیشرفت جوامع ایفا می‌کند.

Translation: Education plays a foundational role in the progress of societies.

Using بنیانی correctly requires understanding its role as an adjective that almost always follows the noun it modifies, connected by the Persian 'Ezafe' (the short 'e' sound). For example, in the phrase 'tasmim-e bonyāni' (a fundamental decision), the '-e' at the end of 'tasmim' links it to 'bonyāni.' Because this word is high-register, it is most frequently used with abstract nouns like 'tashavosh' (anxiety), 'tahlil' (analysis), 'tahavvol' (transformation), and 'tafāvot' (difference).

Modifying Abstract Nouns
When you want to describe a change that isn't just a minor adjustment but a complete overhaul, 'bonyāni' is your go-to word. 'Taqyirāt-e bonyāni' (Fundamental changes) is a very common collocation in news reports about government reforms or corporate restructuring.

این کتاب به بررسی پرسش‌های بنیانی درباره هستی می‌پردازد.

Translation: This book deals with investigating foundational questions about existence.

In a sentence, بنیانی can also act as a predicate adjective following the verb 'to be' (budan). For example: 'In moshkel bonyāni ast' (This problem is fundamental). This structure is used to emphasize the severity of the issue. When using it this way, you are asserting that the problem is not a side effect but the cause itself. In debates, this is a powerful way to frame an argument, as it forces the opponent to address the 'root' rather than the 'branches.'

Comparing Systems
When comparing two things that are drastically different, use 'tafāvot-haye bonyāni.' This implies that their differences are not just in appearance but in their very nature or logic. For instance, comparing a democracy to a monarchy involves 'tafāvot-haye bonyāni.'

حقوق بشر یکی از اصول بنیانی این سازمان است.

Translation: Human rights is one of the foundational principles of this organization.

Furthermore, بنیانی can be used in the plural 'bonyāni-tar' (more fundamental) and 'bonyāni-tarin' (most fundamental). For example, 'Bonyāni-tarin niyāz-e bashar' (The most fundamental need of humanity). This superlative form is often used in philosophical or psychological texts, such as when discussing Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It identifies the very bottom of the pyramid—the things without which nothing else can be built.

Scientific Research
In research papers, you will see 'pazhuhesh-haye bonyāni' (basic/fundamental research). This refers to research aimed at improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena, as opposed to 'applied research' (pazhuhesh-haye kārbordi).

دانشمندان به دنبال یافتن ذرات بنیانی ماده هستند.

Translation: Scientists are seeking to find the fundamental particles of matter.

While بنیانی is not a word you would typically use to describe your breakfast or a casual movie, it is omnipresent in intellectual and institutional life in Iran and other Persian-speaking regions. If you turn on the evening news on IRIB or listen to a BBC Persian broadcast, you will almost certainly hear it within the first ten minutes. It is the language of policy, critique, and analysis. News anchors use it to describe 'tahavvolāt-e bonyāni' (fundamental transformations) in regional geopolitics or 'bohrān-haye bonyāni' (fundamental crises) in the environment.

Academic Lectures
In a university setting, whether it's a lecture on sociology, physics, or law, 'bonyāni' is a keyword. Professors use it to distinguish between 'secondary effects' and 'primary causes.' For example, a sociology professor might discuss 'sakhtār-haye bonyāni-ye jame'e' (the foundational structures of society), referring to family, religion, and the economy.

امروز قصد داریم درباره مفاهیم بنیانی فیزیک کوانتوم صحبت کنیم.

Translation: Today we intend to talk about the fundamental concepts of quantum physics.

You will also encounter this word in the names of important institutions. For example, the 'Bonyād-e Melli-ye Nokhbegān' (National Elites Foundation) uses the root word to imply a foundational support for the country's brightest minds. In business meetings, a consultant might argue that a company's failure is due to a 'za'f-e bonyāni' (fundamental weakness) in its business model, rather than just bad luck or market fluctuations. This usage signals a deep, structural diagnosis.

Legal and Human Rights Discourse
Lawyers and activists frequently use 'huquq-e bonyāni' to refer to fundamental rights like freedom of speech or the right to a fair trial. In this context, the word carries a moral and legal imperative, suggesting these rights are the foundation upon which all other laws must be built.

عدالت یکی از ارزش‌های بنیانی هر جامعه‌ای است.

Translation: Justice is one of the foundational values of any society.

In literary criticism and art history, 'bonyāni' is used to describe the core themes of a work or a movement. A critic might say that 'tanha'i' (loneliness) is the 'theme-e bonyāni' of Sadegh Hedayat's stories. This means that loneliness is not just a recurring topic, but the very essence that gives his work its shape and meaning. In all these cases, 'bonyāni' points toward the 'why' and the 'how' at the deepest possible level.

Religious and Philosophical Texts
In religious discussions, 'osul-e bonyāni-ye din' (the fundamental principles of religion) refers to the core tenets that define a faith. For Islam, this would include Tawhid (monotheism). Using 'bonyāni' here distinguishes these core beliefs from 'furu' (branches) or secondary practices.

اعتقاد به معاد، یک اصل بنیانی در این مذهب است.

Translation: Belief in the afterlife is a foundational principle in this religion.

One of the most common mistakes learners make with بنیانی is confusing it with its root noun, بنیان (foundation). While they are related, 'bonyān' is the thing itself, and 'bonyāni' is the description of something else acting as a foundation. For example, you cannot say 'In khane bonyāni nadārad' to mean the house has no foundation; you must say 'In khane bonyān nadārad.' However, you could say 'In khane moshkel-e bonyāni dārad' (This house has a foundational problem).

Bonyāni vs. Asāsi
Learners often use 'asāsi' (basic/essential) and 'bonyāni' interchangeably. While they are often synonyms, 'asāsi' is broader. You can have an 'asāsi' need for water, but 'bonyāni' is better suited for structural or theoretical foundations. Using 'bonyāni' for simple biological needs can sound slightly mismatched.

اشتباه: این یک نیاز بنیانی برای زنده ماندن است. (بهتر است از 'اساسی' استفاده شود)

Correction: While not grammatically 'wrong,' 'asāsi' is more natural for basic survival needs.

Another mistake involves the 'Ezafe' construction. Since 'bonyāni' ends in a long 'i' sound, if you follow it with another adjective, you must add a 'ye' sound (the 'ye' of Ezafe). For example: 'taqyir-e bonyāni-ye bozorg' (a big fundamental change). Forgetting this 'ye' is a common error in intermediate speech. Also, ensure you don't confuse it with 'bonyād-garā' (fundamentalist), which has a very specific political/religious connotation and is a noun/adjective for people, not abstract concepts.

Misusing in Informal Speech
Using 'bonyāni' in a casual text message to a friend about a small problem (like a broken phone charger) can come across as overly dramatic or 'ketābi' (bookish). In those cases, use 'asli' (main) or 'mohem' (important).

درست: ما باید ریشه‌های بنیانی فقر را شناسایی کنیم.

Translation: We must identify the fundamental roots of poverty. (Correct formal usage)

Lastly, be careful with the word 'paye-i' (basic/elementary). 'Paye-i' is often used for introductory levels of learning (e.g., 'Persian level 1'). If you call a PhD-level theoretical physics concept 'paye-i,' it sounds like you're saying it's easy. If you call it 'bonyāni,' you're saying it's the core foundation of the universe. The difference is one of 'difficulty level' vs. 'structural importance.'

Confusion with 'Bonyād-i'
Some learners might say 'bonyād-i' instead of 'bonyāni.' While 'bonyād' also means foundation, 'bonyāni' is the standard adjective for 'fundamental.' 'Bonyād-i' is much less common and often refers specifically to things related to a 'foundation' (the institution).

اشتباه: این یک بحث بنیادی است. (اگرچه در فارسی مدرن 'بنیادی' هم به کار می‌رود، 'بنیانی' دقیق‌تر است)

Note: 'Bonyādi' is actually used quite often as a synonym, but 'bonyāni' is considered more 'pure' or formal in certain academic circles.

Persian is rich with synonyms for 'fundamental,' and choosing the right one depends on the nuance you wish to convey. While بنیانی emphasizes the structural base, other words might emphasize importance, origin, or simplicity. Understanding these differences will help you move from B2 to C1 proficiency.

Bonyāni vs. Asāsi (اساسی)
'Asāsi' is the most common synonym. It comes from 'asās' (base/foundation). While 'bonyāni' feels more like 'foundational' (structural), 'asāsi' often feels like 'essential' or 'basic.' You have 'asāsi' rights, but a theory has 'bonyāni' principles.
Bonyāni vs. Rishe-i (ریشه‌ای)
'Rishe-i' literally means 'root-like.' It is used for 'radical' changes or 'deep-rooted' problems. If a problem is 'rishe-i,' it means it goes deep into the soil. 'Bonyāni' is more about the structure built upon it.
Bonyāni vs. Paye-i (پایه‌ای)
'Paye-i' is often used for 'elementary' or 'basic' levels. 'Amuzesh-e paye-i' is primary education. Using 'bonyāni' instead would imply a much deeper, more philosophical level of education.

تفاوت میان بنیانی و سطحی مانند تفاوت میان ریشه و برگ است.

Translation: The difference between fundamental and superficial is like the difference between a root and a leaf.

Another alternative is ziri-n (underlying), which is often used in technical or academic contexts to describe the layer beneath the surface. However, 'ziri-n' is more descriptive of position, whereas 'bonyāni' is descriptive of importance and function. There is also joz'-e lā-yanfak (inseparable part), which is used in legal contexts to describe something so fundamental it cannot be removed.

Bonyāni vs. Kelidi (کلیدی)
'Kelidi' means 'key.' A 'nokat-e kelidi' (key points) are the most important points. 'Bonyāni' is even deeper—while a key opens a door, the foundation holds up the whole house. 'Bonyāni' suggests a more permanent and structural necessity.

این کشف، درک ما را از قوانین بنیانی طبیعت تغییر داد.

Translation: This discovery changed our understanding of the fundamental laws of nature.

In summary, while you have many choices, بنیانی remains the gold standard for describing things that are foundational in an intellectual, structural, or systemic sense. It is the word of the architect, the philosopher, and the scientist. By mastering its use, you demonstrate a command of the higher registers of the Persian language.

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수준별 예문

1

این یک سوال بنیانی است.

This is a fundamental question.

Simple adjective use after 'ast' (is).

2

خانه نیاز به یک پایه بنیانی دارد.

The house needs a foundational base.

Adjective modifying 'pāye' (base).

3

ما به تغییرات بنیانی نیاز داریم.

We need fundamental changes.

Plural noun 'taqyirāt' with adjective.

4

آب یک نیاز بنیانی است.

Water is a fundamental need.

Subject + Noun + Adjective + Verb.

5

این کتاب درباره اصول بنیانی است.

This book is about foundational principles.

Use of 'darbare-ye' (about).

6

او یک مشکل بنیانی دارد.

He has a fundamental problem.

Object 'moshkel' modified by adjective.

7

قوانین بنیانی بازی را یاد بگیر.

Learn the fundamental rules of the game.

Imperative 'yād begir'.

8

این یک فکر بنیانی است.

This is a foundational thought.

Simple demonstrative sentence.

1

تفاوت‌های بنیانی بین این دو شهر وجود دارد.

There are fundamental differences between these two cities.

Plural agreement is not needed for the adjective.

2

آموزش بنیانی برای کودکان مهم است.

Foundational education is important for children.

Adjective modifying the concept of 'amuzesh'.

3

این شرکت به یک ساختار بنیانی جدید نیاز دارد.

This company needs a new foundational structure.

Multiple adjectives modifying 'sakhtār'.

4

ما باید به ریشه‌های بنیانی فقر توجه کنیم.

We must pay attention to the foundational roots of poverty.

Compound noun phrase.

5

آیا این یک تغییر بنیانی در زندگی شماست؟

Is this a fundamental change in your life?

Question form with 'āyā'.

6

او به ارزش‌های بنیانی خود پایبند است.

He is committed to his foundational values.

Use of 'pāyband' (committed).

7

این نظریه بر اساس حقایق بنیانی است.

This theory is based on foundational facts.

Prepositional phrase 'bar asās-e'.

8

نقش بنیانی خانواده در جامعه غیرقابل انکار است.

The foundational role of family in society is undeniable.

Complex subject phrase.

1

تحولات بنیانی در تکنولوژی، جهان را تغییر داده است.

Fundamental transformations in technology have changed the world.

Present perfect 'taqyir dāde ast'.

2

ما باید یک تحلیل بنیانی از وضعیت موجود ارائه دهیم.

We must provide a fundamental analysis of the current situation.

Use of 'erā'e dādan' (to provide/present).

3

این کتاب به بررسی مسائل بنیانی فلسفه می‌پردازد.

This book deals with investigating foundational issues of philosophy.

Verb 'pardaxtan' with preposition 'be'.

4

آزادی بیان یکی از حقوق بنیانی هر انسان است.

Freedom of speech is one of the fundamental rights of every human.

Superlative construction 'yaki az...'

5

ضعف بنیانی در سیستم آموزشی باعث افت تحصیلی شده است.

A fundamental weakness in the educational system has caused academic decline.

Subject-verb agreement.

6

او به دنبال یافتن پاسخ‌های بنیانی برای سوالاتش بود.

He was seeking to find fundamental answers to his questions.

Past continuous 'bud' with 'be donbal-e'.

7

این پروژه بر پایه یک ایده بنیانی شکل گرفته است.

This project has been formed based on a foundational idea.

Passive-like construction 'shekl gerefte ast'.

8

عدالت اجتماعی یک ارزش بنیانی در دموکراسی است.

Social justice is a foundational value in democracy.

Abstract noun as subject.

1

تغییرات بنیانی در سیاست‌های ارزی کشور در حال اجراست.

Fundamental changes in the country's currency policies are being implemented.

Progressive passive 'dar hāl-e ejrāst'.

2

پژوهش‌های بنیانی زیربنای پیشرفت‌های علمی هستند.

Fundamental researches are the foundation of scientific progress.

Plural subject and plural verb 'hastand'.

3

باید میان نیازهای بنیانی و خواسته‌های کاذب تفاوت قائل شد.

One must distinguish between fundamental needs and false desires.

Passive construction with 'shodan'.

4

این بحران نشان‌دهنده یک تضاد بنیانی در جامعه است.

This crisis indicates a fundamental contradiction in society.

Present participle 'neshān-dahande'.

5

حقوق مالکیت از اصول بنیانی اقتصاد آزاد به شمار می‌رود.

Property rights are considered one of the foundational principles of a free economy.

Verb 'be shomār raftan' (to be considered).

6

نویسنده در این رمان به مضامین بنیانی مرگ و زندگی می‌پردازد.

The author deals with the fundamental themes of life and death in this novel.

Compound object of the preposition.

7

عدم توجه به زیرساخت‌های بنیانی، توسعه را با مشکل مواجه کرده است.

Lack of attention to foundational infrastructures has faced development with problems.

Complex causative structure.

8

او معتقد است که اخلاق، رکن بنیانی تمدن بشری است.

He believes that ethics is the foundational pillar of human civilization.

Subordinate clause with 'ke'.

1

بررسی‌های اپیستمولوژیک به سوالات بنیانی درباره ماهیت شناخت پاسخ می‌دهند.

Epistemological investigations answer fundamental questions about the nature of knowledge.

High-level academic vocabulary.

2

تغییر پارادایم در فیزیک مدرن، مفاهیم بنیانی زمان و مکان را دگرگون کرد.

The paradigm shift in modern physics transformed the fundamental concepts of time and space.

Use of 'degargun kardan' (to transform).

3

این نظریه، پیوند بنیانی میان زبان و اندیشه را تبیین می‌کند.

This theory explains the fundamental link between language and thought.

Academic verb 'tabyin kardan' (to explain/elucidate).

4

اصلاحات بنیانی در نظام قضایی، ضامن برقراری عدالت در درازمدت است.

Fundamental reforms in the judicial system are the guarantor of establishing justice in the long term.

Noun phrase 'zāmen-e barqarāri' (guarantor of establishing).

5

چالش‌های بنیانی محیط‌زیست، بقای نسل‌های آینده را تهدید می‌کند.

The fundamental environmental challenges threaten the survival of future generations.

Complex subject with 'baqā' (survival).

6

او در سخنرانی خود به تبیین ضرورت بازنگری بنیانی در قانون اساسی پرداخت.

In his speech, he dealt with elucidating the necessity of a fundamental revision of the constitution.

Nested noun phrases with Ezafe.

7

تفاوت‌های بنیانی در جهان‌بینی، گفتگو میان این دو فرهنگ را دشوار ساخته است.

Fundamental differences in worldview have made dialogue between these two cultures difficult.

Compound verb 'doshvār sākhtan'.

8

بنیانی‌ترین لایه‌های هویت فردی در دوران کودکی شکل می‌گیرند.

The most fundamental layers of individual identity are formed during childhood.

Superlative form 'bonyāni-tarin'.

1

واکاوی بنیانی ساختارهای قدرت در جوامع مدرن، نیازمند رویکردی انتقادی است.

A fundamental analysis of power structures in modern societies requires a critical approach.

Gerund-like noun 'vākāvi' (probing/analysis).

2

این فیلسوف، مفهوم 'بودن' را به عنوان بنیانی‌ترین پرسش متافیزیک مطرح می‌کند.

This philosopher raises the concept of 'being' as the most fundamental question of metaphysics.

Superlative 'bonyāni-tarin' in a philosophical context.

3

گسست‌های بنیانی در تاریخ‌نگاری معاصر، روایت‌های سنتی را به چالش کشیده است.

Fundamental ruptures in contemporary historiography have challenged traditional narratives.

Abstract plural 'gosast-hā' (ruptures/breaks).

4

تبدیل انرژی، یکی از فرآیندهای بنیانی در ترمودینامیک محسوب می‌شود.

Energy transformation is considered one of the fundamental processes in thermodynamics.

Passive verb 'mahsub shodan'.

5

پیوستگی بنیانی میان ماده و انرژی، اساس نظریه نسبیت انیشتین است.

The fundamental continuity between matter and energy is the basis of Einstein's theory of relativity.

Noun 'peyvastegi' (continuity/link).

6

نقد بنیانی عقل محض، یکی از مهم‌ترین آثار کانت در تاریخ فلسفه است.

The Critique of Pure Reason is one of Kant's most important works in the history of philosophy.

Proper title translation using 'naqd-e bonyāni'.

7

تعارضات بنیانی در منافع ملی، مانع از دستیابی به یک توافق پایدار شده است.

Fundamental conflicts in national interests have prevented the achievement of a lasting agreement.

Abstract noun 'ta'ārozāt' (conflicts).

8

شناخت ذرات بنیانی، دریچه‌ای نو به سوی درک منشأ کیهان گشوده است.

The recognition of fundamental particles has opened a new window towards understanding the origin of the cosmos.

Metaphorical usage of 'dariche' (window/gate).

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