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B2 adjective 8분 분량

خودمختار

khod-mokhtar
연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 خودمختار 30초 만에
설명 خودمختار in your Level:
In the beginning, you don't need this big word. Just think of it as 'Self + Choose.' Imagine a child who wants to pick their own clothes. They are being a little bit 'khod-mokhtar.' It is a very formal word, so at A1, you will mostly see the word 'khod' (self). For example, 'Khodam' means 'myself.' This word 'khod-mokhtar' is like saying someone is their own boss. You won't use it in daily life yet, but it's good to know that 'khod' means 'self.'
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At the A2 level, you might see this word in simple news headlines about 'autonomous regions.' You know the word 'khod' (self) and maybe you know 'mokhtar' means someone who has a choice. So, 'khod-mokhtar' is a place or person that makes its own choices. It's like 'independent,' but usually for a part of a country. For example, 'This city is khod-mokhtar.' It means the city makes its own rules. Don't worry about using it in speaking yet, but recognize it in reading.
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By B1, you should understand that 'khod-mokhtar' is a formal adjective. It is used for 'autonomous.' You might hear it in history class or on the news. It is different from 'azad' (free). A 'khod-mokhtar' region is still part of a country, but it has its own local leaders. You can also use it to describe a very independent person who doesn't like to be told what to do. Remember the Ezafe: 'manteqe-ye khod-mokhtar.' It’s an important word for understanding Persian political news.
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At B2, you are expected to use 'khod-mokhtar' correctly in essays and discussions. You should know the difference between 'autonomy' (khod-mokhtari) and 'independence' (esteghlal). You can use it to talk about technology, like 'autonomous robots,' or about psychology, like 'autonomous individuals.' You should be comfortable with the abstract noun form 'khod-mokhtari.' This word shows you have a high-level vocabulary and can discuss complex social and political structures accurately.
As a C1 learner, you should appreciate the philosophical and legal nuances of 'khod-mokhtar.' You can discuss the 'Autonomous Government of Azerbaijan' in a historical context or the 'Self-Determination Theory' in psychology. you should also recognize synonyms like 'khod-gardan' and know when to use one over the other (e.g., 'khod-gardan' for administrative units vs. 'khod-mokhtar' for political entities). You can use the word to describe complex systems in engineering or advanced ethical concepts in philosophy.
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At the C2 level, 'khod-mokhtar' is a tool for precise expression. You understand its etymological roots in Arabic and Persian. You can use it to debate the limits of regional autonomy versus national sovereignty. You might use it in literary analysis to describe a character's agency. You are also aware of its less common technical uses in cybernetics or advanced legal theory. Your usage is indistinguishable from a native speaker who has studied political science or law.
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연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

خودمختار 30초 만에

  • Means 'autonomous' or 'self-governing'.
  • Used for political regions, technology (AI), and psychology.
  • A formal compound of 'khod' (self) and 'mokhtar' (empowered).
  • Distinguishable from 'mostaghel' (completely independent).
The Persian word خودمختار (khod-mokhtar) is a sophisticated adjective primarily used to describe entities, regions, or individuals that possess the right and power to govern themselves independently. At its linguistic core, it is a compound of two distinct parts: خود (khod), meaning 'self,' and مختار (mokhtar), meaning 'empowered' or 'possessing the choice.' When combined, they create a concept of 'self-empowerment' or 'self-direction.' In political contexts, this word is the standard term for 'autonomous.' For instance, when discussing regions that have their own local government despite being part of a larger nation, خودمختار is the precise legal and journalistic term employed.
Political Sovereignty
It refers to a territory that manages its internal affairs without external interference.
Individual Agency
In psychology or philosophy, it describes a person who makes decisions based on their own internal values rather than external pressure.

این ایالت به عنوان یک منطقه خودمختار شناخته می‌شود.

Translation: This state is recognized as an autonomous region.
Beyond politics, the word has seen a surge in usage within modern technology. When engineers talk about 'autonomous vehicles' or 'self-driving cars,' they often use the term خودروهای خودمختار, although خودران is a more common modern synonym for vehicles. In a philosophical sense, a خودمختار individual is someone who has reached a level of maturity where they are no longer dependent on parental or societal permission for their moral choices.

انسان خودمختار مسئولیت کارهای خود را می‌پذیرد.

Translation: An autonomous person accepts responsibility for their actions.
Understanding this word requires recognizing the nuance between total independence (esteghlal) and autonomy (khod-mokhtari). While an independent country has no higher authority, an autonomous region might still be part of a larger country but manages its own education, police, or local laws. This distinction is vital for B2-level learners who are moving from basic communication to nuanced political and social discourse. Historically, the term was heavily used during the 20th century in Iran and neighboring countries to discuss minority rights and regional governance. Today, you will encounter it in news broadcasts regarding international relations, such as the status of Hong Kong, Catalonia, or various republics within Russia. It is a high-frequency word in academic texts, legal documents, and high-level journalism.
Synonym: Khod-gardan
Often used interchangeably in administrative contexts, meaning 'self-running.'
Using خودمختار correctly involves understanding its role as an adjective that follows the noun it modifies, usually connected by the Ezafe (-e/-ye). For example, to say 'autonomous region,' you say manteqe-ye khod-mokhtar. It functions seamlessly in both formal and semi-formal registers.
Attributive Usage
Placed after the noun: 'جمهوری خودمختار' (Autonomous Republic).
Predicative Usage
Used after the verb 'to be': 'این نهاد خودمختار است' (This institution is autonomous).

دانشگاه‌ها باید نهادهایی خودمختار باشند تا علم پیشرفت کند.

Translation: Universities must be autonomous institutions for science to progress.
When applied to people, it implies a character trait. If you describe a colleague as خودمختار, you are saying they don't wait for instructions and possess a high degree of initiative. However, be careful: in some contexts, if used negatively, it can imply that someone is 'acting on their own' without consulting the team, bordering on 'rogue.'

او به طور خودمختار عمل کرد و با کسی مشورت نکرد.

Translation: He acted autonomously and did not consult with anyone.
In this sentence, the word functions almost like an adverb (though technically an adjective used adverbially). For advanced learners, it is useful to pair this word with verbs like shodan (to become), budan (to be), and shemardan (to consider/count).

سیستم‌های خودمختار در صنعت آینده نقش مهمی دارند.

Translation: Autonomous systems have an important role in the future of industry.
Note that the word does not change for plural nouns in Persian (as adjectives are generally invariant), but the noun it modifies will take the plural suffix. For example: 'کشورهای خودمختار' (Autonomous countries). In formal writing, you might see the abstract noun form خودمختاری (autonomy), which is created by adding the 'i' suffix. This is used in phrases like 'درخواست خودمختاری' (requesting autonomy).
Grammar Tip
Always use the Ezafe when the word follows a noun: 'منطقهِ خودمختار'.
The most common venue for hearing خودمختار is the nightly news (Akhbar). Whether it is the BBC Persian, Iran International, or the national IRIB, any segment covering international conflicts or regional governance will inevitably use this word. It is frequently applied to the 'Kurdistan Regional Government' (Aqlim-e Kordestan) or the 'Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan.'
News Media
Used to describe political status of regions like Tibet or Xinjiang.
Legal Documents
Found in constitutions or treaties defining the powers of local authorities.

شورای امنیت درباره وضعیت مناطق خودمختار بحث کرد.

Translation: The Security Council discussed the status of autonomous regions.
In university settings, specifically in Political Science (Olum-e Siyasi) or Law (Hoquq) departments, professors use this word to explain the difference between federalism and unitary states. You will also hear it in high-level business meetings when discussing 'autonomous business units'—subsidiaries that have the freedom to operate without constant headquarters oversight.

بخش تحقیق و توسعه به صورت خودمختار اداره می‌شود.

Translation: The R&D department is managed autonomously.
Interestingly, you might also hear it in science fiction or tech podcasts. With the rise of AI, terms like 'autonomous weapons systems' (samane-haye taslihati-ye khod-mokhtar) are frequently debated in Persian-speaking intellectual circles.
History Books
Discussing the 'Autonomous Government of Azerbaijan' in 1945.

برخی از قبایل در گذشته کاملاً خودمختار بودند.

Translation: Some tribes were completely autonomous in the past.
Lastly, in psychological literature translated into Persian, خودمختار is used to describe the 'Self-Determination Theory' (Nazariye-ye Khod-mokhtari), which is a core concept in modern motivation studies. If you are reading a Persian translation of a self-help or psychology book, you will certainly encounter this term.
The most frequent error learners make with خودمختار is confusing it with خودخواه (khod-khah), which means 'selfish.' While both start with 'khod' (self), their meanings are worlds apart. Being 'khod-mokhtar' is generally a neutral or positive attribute of sovereignty, whereas 'khod-khah' is a negative personality trait.
Confusing with 'Mostaghel'
While 'mostaghel' means 'independent' (no ties), 'khod-mokhtar' means 'autonomous' (has ties but manages itself).
Misusing the Ezafe
Forgetting the '-e' link between the noun and 'khod-mokhtar'.

Incorrect: منطقه خودمختار (Missing Ezafe pronunciation). Correct: منطقهِ خودمختار.

Another common mistake is using خودمختار when you actually mean azad (free). 'Azad' is a broad term for liberty, whereas 'khod-mokhtar' is specific to governance and decision-making authority. You wouldn't say a 'free bird' is 'khod-mokhtar'; that would sound like the bird has its own government!

ماشین لباسشویی خودمختار نیست، بلکه خودکار است.

Translation: A washing machine isn't autonomous; rather, it is automatic.
Learners also sometimes struggle with the pluralization. Remember that in Persian, adjectives don't take plural endings like '-ha' or '-an'. So 'autonomous regions' is manteqe-ha-ye khod-mokhtar, NOT manteqe-ha-ye khod-mokhtar-ha. Finally, don't confuse it with خودسر (khod-sar). 'Khod-sar' means 'willful' or 'stubborn' in a negative sense, often implying someone who acts without permission in a way that causes trouble. While 'khod-mokhtar' is a formal right, 'khod-sar' is a behavioral flaw.
Context Check
Use 'khod-mokhtar' for legal/official autonomy; use 'mostaghel' for general independence.
To truly master خودمختار, you should be able to distinguish it from its close relatives in the Persian lexicon. The most common synonym is خودگردان (khod-gardan). While khod-mokhtar sounds more political and formal, khod-gardan is often used for organizations, schools, or local councils. It literally means 'self-turning' or 'self-managing.'
خودگردان (Khod-gardan)
Used for: Local councils, self-funded university branches, or management units.
مستقل (Mostaghel)
Used for: Independent nations, independent thinkers, or living alone.

او یک روزنامه‌نگار مستقل است.

Translation: He is an independent journalist.
Another alternative is آزاد (Azad), which simply means 'free.' However, 'Azad' is much broader and less technical. If a country is 'Azad,' it might mean it's not under a dictatorship, but if it's 'Khod-mokhtar,' it refers specifically to its administrative status. In more archaic or highly formal literary contexts, you might encounter قائم‌به‌ذات (Qa'em-be-zat), which is a philosophical term for something that exists by its own essence and doesn't depend on anything else—often used in theological discussions about the nature of God.

شورای شهر یک نهاد خودگردان است.

Translation: The city council is a self-governing body.
When comparing خودمختار with خودفرمان (khod-farman), the latter is quite rare and usually found in translations of technical or philosophical texts. Khod-mokhtar remains the dominant term for autonomy in almost all spheres of life.
Summary of Differences
'Mostaghel' = No boss. 'Khod-mokhtar' = My own rules within a system. 'Khod-gardan' = I pay my own bills and manage my staff.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The root 'kh-y-r' in Arabic also gives us 'khayr' (good). So, etymologically, being autonomous implies having the power to choose what is 'good' for oneself.

발음 가이드

UK /xoːd.mox.tɒːɾ/
US /xoʊd.mɑk.tɑr/
The stress is typically on the last syllable: 'mokhtAR'.
라임이 맞는 단어
هوشیار (hushyar) بیدار (bidar) رفتار (raftar) گفتار (goftar) پدیدار (padidar) ناچار (nachar) افشار (afshar) گلزار (golzar)
자주 하는 실수
  • Pronouncing 'kh' as a simple 'k'. It must be raspy.
  • Making the 'o' in 'khod' too long like 'food'. It is short.
  • Forgetting the 'kh' in 'mokhtar' and saying 'motar'.
  • Swapping the 'o' and 'u' sounds.
  • Misplacing the stress on the first syllable.

난이도

독해 4/5

Requires understanding of compound words and formal political terminology.

쓰기 4/5

Spelling is straightforward, but usage in the correct context is key.

말하기 3/5

Pronouncing the 'kh' twice can be tricky for English speakers.

듣기 4/5

Common in news; needs to be distinguished from 'khod-khah' or 'khod-sar'.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

خود (khod) اختیار (ikhtiyar) منطقه (manteqe) دولت (dowlat) مستقل (mostaghel)

다음에 배울 것

حاکمیت (hakemiyat) فدرالیسم (federalism) تمرکززدایی (tamarkoz-zodaee) صلاحیت (salahiyat) مشروعیت (mashru'iyat)

고급

حق تعیین سرنوشت (Right to self-determination) کنفدراسیون (Confederation) خودگردانی محلی (Local self-governance)

알아야 할 문법

Ezafe Construction

منطقهِ خودمختار (The autonomous region)

Compound Adjectives

خود + مختار = خودمختار

Adverbial use of Adjectives

او خودمختار عمل کرد (He acted autonomously)

Abstract Noun Formation with -i

خودمختار + ی = خودمختاری (Autonomy)

Adjectival Invariance

کشورهای خودمختار (Adjective doesn't change for plural)

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수준별 예문

1

من خودم کار می‌کنم.

I work myself (by myself).

Uses 'khod' which is the root of 'khod-mokhtar'.

2

او خودش تصمیم می‌گیرد.

He decides himself.

Simple use of 'khod' to show agency.

3

این یک منطقه خودمختار است.

This is an autonomous region.

Simple SVO structure with adjective.

4

من خودمختار هستم.

I am autonomous (independent).

Subject + Adjective + Verb.

5

کشورهای خودمختار زیاد نیستند.

Autonomous countries are not many.

Plural noun with adjective.

6

او بچه خودمختاری است.

He is an autonomous (independent-minded) child.

Adjective modifying a noun with Ezafe.

7

آیا شما خودمختار هستید؟

Are you autonomous?

Question form.

8

نام این استان خودمختار است.

The name of this province is autonomous.

Possessive structure.

1

او در تصمیماتش خودمختار است.

He is autonomous in his decisions.

Preposition 'dar' (in) used with the adjective.

2

مناطق خودمختار قوانین خاص خود را دارند.

Autonomous regions have their own special laws.

Plural subject with 'ra' object marker.

3

ما به یک نهاد خودمختار نیاز داریم.

We need an autonomous institution.

Verb 'niyaz dashtan' (to need).

4

این ربات کاملاً خودمختار عمل می‌کند.

This robot acts completely autonomously.

Adjective used as an adverb.

5

کردستان یک منطقه خودمختار در عراق است.

Kurdistan is an autonomous region in Iraq.

Proper noun with descriptive phrase.

6

دولت به آن‌ها اجازه داد خودمختار باشند.

The government allowed them to be autonomous.

Subjunctive mood 'bashand'.

7

چرا این ایالت خودمختار شد؟

Why did this state become autonomous?

Question with 'chera' (why).

8

آن‌ها برای خودمختاری مبارزه کردند.

They fought for autonomy.

Noun form 'khod-mokhtari'.

1

یک سیستم خودمختار می‌تواند بدون انسان کار کند.

An autonomous system can work without a human.

Modal verb 'tavanestan' (can).

2

او همیشه می‌خواست فردی خودمختار در جامعه باشد.

He always wanted to be an autonomous person in society.

Past continuous/habitual 'mikhast'.

3

این دانشگاه به عنوان یک واحد خودمختار اداره می‌شود.

This university is managed as an autonomous unit.

Passive-like structure with 'edare shodan'.

4

آیا خودروهای خودمختار واقعاً امن هستند؟

Are autonomous vehicles really safe?

Plural noun with interrogative 'aya'.

5

بسیاری از هنرمندان ترجیح می‌دهند خودمختار بمانند.

Many artists prefer to remain autonomous.

Verb 'tarjih dadan' (to prefer).

6

او به صورت خودمختار پروژه را تمام کرد.

He finished the project autonomously.

Compound adverbial phrase 'be surate...'.

7

در این بازی، شخصیت‌ها خودمختار هستند.

In this game, the characters are autonomous.

Simple plural subject-verb agreement.

8

خودمختاری محلی باعث بهبود خدمات می‌شود.

Local autonomy leads to improved services.

Abstract noun as subject.

1

تعریف دقیق یک منطقه خودمختار در حقوق بین‌الملل چیست؟

What is the precise definition of an autonomous region in international law?

Complex noun phrase with multiple modifiers.

2

او با روحیه‌ای خودمختار، تمام موانع را پشت سر گذاشت.

With an autonomous spirit, he overcame all obstacles.

Prepositional phrase describing manner.

3

هوش مصنوعی خودمختار چالش‌های اخلاقی زیادی ایجاد می‌کند.

Autonomous AI creates many ethical challenges.

Noun + Adjective + Noun phrase.

4

برخی کشورها به مناطق اقلیت خود وضعیت خودمختار می‌دهند.

Some countries give autonomous status to their minority regions.

Indirect object structure.

5

او ترجیح می‌دهد به جای کارمندی، یک فریلنسر خودمختار باشد.

He prefers being an autonomous freelancer instead of an employee.

Comparison using 'be jaye' (instead of).

6

جمهوری‌های خودمختار روسیه دارای پارلمان‌های محلی هستند.

The autonomous republics of Russia have local parliaments.

Possessive 'ezafe' with plural nouns.

7

این نرم‌افزار به صورت خودمختار ویروس‌ها را شناسایی می‌کند.

This software identifies viruses autonomously.

Adverbial usage in a technical context.

8

دستیابی به یک شخصیت خودمختار هدف بسیاری از روان‌درمانی‌هاست.

Achieving an autonomous personality is the goal of many psychotherapies.

Infinitive 'dastyabi' (achieving) as subject.

1

مفهوم سوژه خودمختار در فلسفه کانت جایگاه ویژه‌ای دارد.

The concept of the autonomous subject holds a special place in Kantian philosophy.

Highly formal academic terminology.

2

پویایی‌های قدرت در یک سازمان خودمختار بسیار پیچیده است.

Power dynamics in an autonomous organization are very complex.

Plural subject 'pouyaee-ha' with singular verb 'ast'.

3

این پهپادها قادر به انجام عملیات‌های خودمختار در عمق خاک دشمن هستند.

These drones are capable of performing autonomous operations deep in enemy territory.

Complex prepositional phrases.

4

گذار از یک نهاد وابسته به یک نهاد خودمختار زمان‌بر است.

The transition from a dependent institution to an autonomous one is time-consuming.

Use of 'gozar' (transition) and 'vabaste' (dependent).

5

او با رویکردی خودمختارانه به نقد نظریه‌های موجود پرداخت.

With an autonomous approach, he proceeded to critique existing theories.

Adverbial form 'khod-mokhtarane'.

6

ساختارهای خودمختار در جوامع مدرن به تمرکززدایی کمک می‌کنند.

Autonomous structures in modern societies help with decentralization.

Technical term 'tamarkoz-zodaee'.

7

آیا انسان واقعاً موجودی خودمختار است یا تحت تأثیر جبر محیط؟

Is man really an autonomous being or under the influence of environmental determinism?

Philosophical 'aya' question with binary choices.

8

حق تعیین سرنوشت اغلب با تشکیل مناطق خودمختار محقق می‌شود.

The right to self-determination is often realized through the formation of autonomous regions.

Passive verb 'mohaqqaq shodan'.

1

تنش میان حاکمیت ملی و مطالبات خودمختارانه همواره وجود داشته است.

The tension between national sovereignty and autonomous demands has always existed.

Abstract nouns like 'hakemiyat' and 'motalebat'.

2

تحقق یک اراده خودمختار مستلزم رهایی از قید و بندهای سنتی است.

The realization of an autonomous will requires liberation from traditional constraints.

Formal verb 'mostalzem budan' (to require).

3

در این رساله، نویسنده به تبیین جایگاه نهادهای خودمختار در نظام‌های فدرال می‌پردازد.

In this treatise, the author explains the position of autonomous institutions in federal systems.

Verb 'tabyin kardan' (to explain/elucidate).

4

خودمختاری مالی یکی از ارکان اصلی استقلال دانشگاهی به شمار می‌رود.

Financial autonomy is considered one of the main pillars of academic independence.

Passive structure 'be shomar raftan'.

5

پارادوکس خودمختاری در عصر الگوریتم‌ها به یک بحران فلسفی تبدیل شده است.

The paradox of autonomy in the age of algorithms has become a philosophical crisis.

Complex noun-preposition-noun structure.

6

او با اتکا به تفکر خودمختار خویش، از پذیرش عقاید تحمیلی سر باز زد.

Relying on his autonomous thinking, he refused to accept imposed beliefs.

Compound verb 'sar baz zadan' (to refuse).

7

منازعات اخیر نشان‌دهنده شکنندگی توافقات بر سر مناطق خودمختار است.

Recent conflicts demonstrate the fragility of agreements over autonomous regions.

Present participle 'neshan-dahande'.

8

عدم وجود یک چارچوب حقوقی شفاف، کارکرد نهادهای خودمختار را مختل می‌کند.

The absence of a clear legal framework disrupts the functioning of autonomous institutions.

Negative subject 'adam-e vojud'.

자주 쓰는 조합

منطقه خودمختار
جمهوری خودمختار
نهاد خودمختار
شخصیت خودمختار
سیستم خودمختار
واحد خودمختار
دولت خودمختار
اراده خودمختار
بخش خودمختار
وضعیت خودمختار

자주 쓰는 구문

اعلام خودمختاری

— To declare autonomy. Used when a region officially states it will govern itself.

آن‌ها قصد دارند خودمختاری خود را اعلام کنند.

درخواست خودمختاری

— To request autonomy. A formal demand for self-governance.

مردم منطقه درخواست خودمختاری کردند.

کسب خودمختاری

— To gain autonomy. Successfully achieving self-governing status.

پس از سال‌ها مبارزه، آن‌ها خودمختاری کسب کردند.

سرکوب خودمختاری

— To suppress autonomy. When a central government takes away local powers.

دولت مرکزی خودمختاری آن‌ها را سرکوب کرد.

احترام به خودمختاری

— To respect autonomy. Honoring the right of an entity to govern itself.

باید به خودمختاری دانشگاه‌ها احترام گذاشت.

خودمختار عمل کردن

— To act autonomously. Doing things without asking for permission.

او در این مورد کاملاً خودمختار عمل کرد.

حق خودمختاری

— The right to autonomy. A legal or moral claim to self-governance.

حق خودمختاری در منشور ملل متحد ذکر شده است.

جنبش خودمختاری‌خواه

— Autonomist movement. A political group seeking autonomy.

جنبش خودمختاری‌خواه در ایالت فعال است.

محدود کردن خودمختاری

— To limit autonomy. Reducing the powers of a self-governing body.

قانون جدید خودمختاری نهادها را محدود می‌کند.

حفظ خودمختاری

— To preserve autonomy. Keeping the right to self-govern.

ما باید برای حفظ خودمختاری خود تلاش کنیم.

자주 혼동되는 단어

خودمختار vs خودخواه (khod-khah)

Means 'selfish'. Don't confuse political independence with personality flaws.

خودمختار vs خودسر (khod-sar)

Means 'willful' or 'acting without permission' in a negative, rogue way.

خودمختار vs خودکار (khod-kar)

Means 'automatic' or 'pen'. Used for machines with fixed tasks, not decision-making.

관용어 및 표현

"خودمختار بودن در کاری"

— To have a free hand in something. To be the sole decision-maker.

او در مدیریت پروژه کاملاً خودمختار است.

Formal
"افسار گسیخته و خودمختار"

— Unbridled and autonomous. Often used negatively for someone acting without any control.

او به شکلی افسار گسیخته و خودمختار رفتار می‌کند.

Informal/Literary
"دولت در دولت (خودمختار)"

— A state within a state. Used when an organization becomes so autonomous it rivals the government.

این نهاد تبدیل به یک دولت خودمختار در دل دولت شده است.

Journalistic
"خودمختار مثل باد"

— As autonomous as the wind. (Poetic) Meaning completely free and unpredictable.

او روحیه‌ای خودمختار مثل باد دارد.

Poetic
"حرف خودش را به کرسی نشاندن"

— To get one's own way. (Related to the behavior of a khod-mokhtar person).

او همیشه خودمختار است و حرف خودش را به کرسی می‌نشاند.

Informal
"خودمختار و خودسر"

— Autonomous and willful. A pair of words used to describe someone who ignores all rules.

مدیر جدید بسیار خودمختار و خودسر است.

Colloquial
"جزیره خودمختار"

— An autonomous island. Used metaphorically for a department that doesn't communicate with others.

بخش آی‌تی مثل یک جزیره خودمختار در شرکت است.

Business
"آقای خودش بودن"

— To be one's own master. (The informal equivalent of being khod-mokhtar).

او دوست دارد خودمختار باشد و آقای خودش باشد.

Informal
"خودمختاری مطلق"

— Absolute autonomy. Total control without any oversight.

هیچ نهادی نباید خودمختاری مطلق داشته باشد.

Legal
"در سایه خودمختاری"

— Under the shadow of autonomy. Doing something using the excuse of being autonomous.

او در سایه خودمختاری، قوانین را زیر پا گذاشت.

Literary

혼동하기 쉬운

خودمختار vs مستقل (mostaghel)

Both imply independence.

'Mostaghel' means no ties at all. 'Khod-mokhtar' means you have your own rules but are still part of a larger system.

Iran is 'mostaghel' (independent country), but Catalonia is 'khod-mokhtar' (autonomous region within Spain).

خودمختار vs خودگردان (khod-gardan)

Both mean self-managing.

'Khod-mokhtar' is more for political entities. 'Khod-gardan' is for administrative or financial units like schools or councils.

The hospital is 'khod-gardan' (manages its own budget).

خودمختار vs آزاد (azad)

Both relate to liberty.

'Azad' is the general state of being free. 'Khod-mokhtar' is the specific right to govern oneself.

A prisoner becomes 'azad', but a colony becomes 'khod-mokhtar'.

خودمختار vs خودسرانه (khodsaran-e)

Both involve acting on one's own.

'Khodsaran-e' implies acting without authority or recklessly. 'Khod-mokhtar' implies acting with the right of self-governance.

He made a 'khodsaran-e' decision (he wasn't allowed to, but did it anyway).

خودمختار vs اختیاری (ikhtiyari)

Both come from the root 'ikhtiyar'.

'Ikhtiyari' means 'optional'. 'Khod-mokhtar' means 'autonomous'.

This homework is 'ikhtiyari' (optional).

문장 패턴

A2

[Noun] [Ezafe] خودمختار است.

این شهر خودمختار است.

B1

آن‌ها می‌خواهند [Noun] خودمختار داشته باشند.

آن‌ها می‌خواهند دولت خودمختار داشته باشند.

B1

او به صورت خودمختار [Verb].

او به صورت خودمختار کار می‌کند.

B2

به دلیل [Noun]، این منطقه خودمختار شد.

به دلیل تفاوت‌های فرهنگی، این منطقه خودمختار شد.

B2

حق [Noun] یکی از اصول خودمختاری است.

حق تصمیم‌گیری یکی از اصول خودمختاری است.

C1

گذار به [Noun] خودمختار مستلزم [Noun] است.

گذار به نهادهای خودمختار مستلزم تغییر قوانین است.

C1

در چارچوب یک نظام [Noun]، مناطق خودمختار [Verb].

در چارچوب یک نظام فدرال، مناطق خودمختار رشد می‌کنند.

C2

پارادوکس [Noun] در جوامع خودمختار [Verb].

پارادوکس آزادی در جوامع خودمختار همواره به چشم می‌خورد.

어휘 가족

명사

خودمختاری (khod-mokhtari) - Autonomy
اختیار (ikhtiyar) - Authority/Choice
مختار (mokhtar) - Authorized person

동사

اختیار داشتن (ikhtiyar dashtan) - To have authority
مختار کردن (mokhtar kardan) - To empower/give choice

형용사

مختار (mokhtar) - Free/Empowered
بااختیار (ba-ikhtiyar) - Having authority
بی‌اختیار (bi-ikhtiyar) - Involuntary/Without choice

관련

استقلال (esteghlal) - Independence
آزادی (azadi) - Freedom
حاکمیت (hakemiyat) - Sovereignty
خودگردانی (khod-gardani) - Self-management
اراده (erade) - Will
무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기

사용법

frequency

High in news and academic texts; moderate in general conversation.

자주 하는 실수
  • Saying 'khod-mokhtar' for 'selfish'. → khod-khah

    Khod-mokhtar is about authority; khod-khah is about ego.

  • Using it for 'automatic' machines. → khod-kar

    A pen or a washing machine is 'khod-kar'. A smart drone is 'khod-mokhtar'.

  • Pluralizing the adjective: 'manteqe-ha-ye khod-mokhtar-ha'. → manteqe-ha-ye khod-mokhtar

    Adjectives in Persian do not take plural suffixes when modifying a plural noun.

  • Confusing it with 'khod-sar'. → khod-mokhtar

    Khod-sar is acting rogue/stubborn. Khod-mokhtar is a formal right.

  • Omitting the Ezafe in 'manteqe khod-mokhtar'. → manteqe-ye khod-mokhtar

    The 'ye' is mandatory for linking the noun and adjective.

팁

Don't forget the Ezafe

When you say 'autonomous region', you must include the 'ye' sound: 'manteqe-ye khod-mokhtar'. Without it, the sentence sounds broken.

Learn the root

Knowing that 'mokhtar' comes from 'ikhtiyar' (authority) helps you remember that this word is about the power to choose.

Political Nuance

Use 'khod-mokhtar' when a region is still part of a country. Use 'mostaghel' when it has broken away completely.

The double 'Kh'

Practice the 'kh' sound at the start of 'khod' and in the middle of 'mokhtar'. It's a key feature of the word's sound.

The Noun Suffix

Add '-i' to the end to get 'khod-mokhtari' (autonomy). This is very useful for writing essay titles.

Technology

When talking about AI, 'khod-mokhtar' implies the system makes its own decisions, not just follows a script.

Sounding Educated

Using 'khod-mokhtar' instead of 'azad' in a political discussion makes you sound much more like a native academic.

The 'Self-Chooser' Link

Always translate it in your head as 'Self-Chooser'. It makes the Persian components (khod + mokhtar) stick.

Khod-mokhtar vs. Khod-gardan

Remember that 'khod-gardan' is usually about money and management, while 'khod-mokhtar' is about laws and power.

Not for everything

Don't use it for small things like 'I am autonomous in choosing my lunch'. That's too dramatic. Keep it for big life or political things.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Khod' (Code) and 'Mokhtar' (Motor). An autonomous robot has its own 'Code' to run its 'Motor' without your help.

시각적 연상

Imagine a map of a country where one province is glowing with its own light, separate from the central capital's light.

Word Web

Self Choice Power Region AI Psychology Government Freedom

챌린지

Try to use 'khod-mokhtar' in a sentence about your favorite hobby and how you manage it yourself without help.

어원

A compound word consisting of the Persian 'khod' (self) and the Arabic-derived 'mokhtar' (chosen/empowered). 'Mokhtar' is the passive participle of the VIII form of the Arabic root 'kh-y-r'.

원래 의미: One who is chosen by themselves or empowered by their own choice.

Indo-European (Persian) + Afro-Asiatic (Arabic root).

문화적 맥락

Be careful using this word in political discussions within Iran, as 'khod-mokhtari' can sometimes be viewed by nationalists as a step toward separatism (tajziye-talabi).

In English, 'autonomous' is often used for cars or robots. In Persian, 'khod-mokhtar' is heavily political first, and technical second.

The Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan (neighboring Iran). Kantian 'Autonomy of Will' (translated as Khod-mokhtari-ye Erade). The history of the Mahabad Republic.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

International Politics

  • منطقه خودمختار کردستان
  • وضعیت خودمختار کاتالونیا
  • درخواست خودمختاری
  • پارلمان خودمختار

Artificial Intelligence

  • سیستم‌های خودمختار
  • تصمیم‌گیری خودمختار
  • عامل‌های خودمختار
  • سلاح‌های خودمختار

Psychology

  • نظریه خودمختاری
  • شخصیت خودمختار
  • انگیزه خودمختار
  • رشد خودمختاری

Business Management

  • تیم‌های خودمختار
  • مدیریت خودمختار
  • واحدهای خودمختار تجاری
  • بودجه خودمختار

Higher Education

  • خودمختاری دانشگاهی
  • نهاد خودمختار علمی
  • اداره خودمختار دانشکده
  • آزادی و خودمختاری

대화 시작하기

"آیا فکر می‌کنید خودروهای خودمختار برای جاده‌ها امن هستند؟"

"به نظر شما کدام مناطق جهان باید خودمختار باشند؟"

"چگونه می‌توانیم در محیط کار خودمختارتر عمل کنیم؟"

"آیا خودمختاری دانشگاه‌ها در کشور شما رعایت می‌شود؟"

"تفاوت بین یک فرد مستقل و یک فرد خودمختار از نظر شما چیست؟"

일기 주제

درباره زمانی بنویسید که در یک تصمیم‌گیری کاملاً خودمختار عمل کردید و نتیجه آن چه بود.

آیا فکر می‌کنید هوش مصنوعی باید اجازه داشته باشد به صورت خودمختار تصمیم‌های اخلاقی بگیرد؟

مزایا و معایب داشتن مناطق خودمختار در یک کشور بزرگ چیست؟

چگونه والدین می‌توانند به فرزندانشان کمک کنند تا به افرادی خودمختار تبدیل شوند؟

اگر شما مدیر یک شرکت بودید، چقدر به کارمندانتان اجازه می‌دادید خودمختار باشند؟

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

No, that is 'khod-khah'. 'Khod-mokhtar' is a neutral or positive term for having the right to self-govern.

Yes, 'khodro-ye khod-mokhtar' is correct, but 'khodro-ye khod-ran' is more common in modern tech news.

Yes, it is more technical and specific to political or administrative autonomy.

The noun is 'khod-mokhtari', which means 'autonomy'.

Yes, in psychology, it describes someone who makes their own moral and personal choices independently.

Yes, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is the most common example cited in Persian media.

The opposite is 'vabaste' (dependent) or 'taht-ol-hemaye' (under protection/protectorate).

It can be used in philosophy to discuss 'free will', but 'mokhtar' (without 'khod') is more common for 'possessing free will'.

You say 'nime-khod-mokhtar'.

It is very common in news, law, and academic writing, but less so in casual street talk.

무료 가입하고 팁과 노트 보기

셀프 테스트 119 질문

writing

یک جمله درباره یک منطقه خودمختار بنویسید.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

تفاوت بین 'مستقل' و 'خودمختار' را در دو جمله توضیح دهید.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

چرا هوش مصنوعی خودمختار می‌تواند خطرناک باشد؟ (۳۰ کلمه)

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

یک پاراگراف درباره مزایای خودمختاری دانشگاه‌ها بنویسید.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

جمله‌ای بنویسید که در آن از کلمه 'خودمختاری' استفاده شده باشد.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

آیا شما خود را فردی خودمختار می‌دانید؟ چرا؟

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

نام سه منطقه خودمختار در جهان را بنویسید.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

یک سناریو بنویسید که در آن یک ربات خودمختار عمل می‌کند.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

نامه کوتاهی به مدیر خود بنویسید و درخواست کنید که در پروژه جدید خودمختار باشید.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

درباره اهمیت خودمختاری در محیط کار صحبت کنید. (۱ دقیقه)

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

آیا خودروهای خودمختار می‌توانند ترافیک را کاهش دهند؟ نظر خود را بگویید.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

تلفظ کلمه 'خودمختار' را تکرار کنید و آن را بخش‌بندی کنید.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

یک جمله با 'منطقه خودمختار' بگویید.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

اگر شما رئیس یک منطقه خودمختار بودید، اولین قانون شما چه بود؟

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

به فایل صوتی گوش دهید (فرضی) و بگویید گوینده درباره کدام منطقه صحبت می‌کند؟

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

در خبرها شنیده می‌شود: 'دولت با خودمختاری مالی دانشگاه‌ها موافقت کرد.' معنی این جمله چیست؟

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

کلمه 'خودمختار' در این جمله چه نقشی دارد؟ 'او انسانی خودمختار است.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

یک شعار برای یک جنبش خودمختاری‌خواه بنویسید.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:

/ 119 correct

Perfect score!

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