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پاک کردن

A1 verb #2,000 가장 일반적인 9분 분량

پاک کردن

pak kardan 상위 2,000

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 پاک کردن 30초 만에

설명 پاک کردن in your Level:

At the A1 level, 'پاک کردن' (pāk kardan) is introduced as a basic action verb for daily life. Students learn it in the context of household chores and classroom activities. The focus is on the present tense ('pāk mikonam') and simple past ('pāk kardam'). Learners should be able to use it to describe cleaning a table, erasing a whiteboard, or wiping a surface. The grammatical emphasis is on the compound nature of the verb—recognizing that 'pāk' stays the same while 'kardan' changes. Examples at this level are concrete and usually involve tangible objects like 'miz' (table), 'takhte' (board), or 'shisheh' (glass). Understanding the 'rā' marker is also a key goal here.

At A2, the usage expands to include more varied household tasks and basic technology. Learners start using 'pāk kardan' for cleaning vegetables ('sabzi pāk kardan') or rice, which are culturally significant activities. They also begin to use it for digital actions, such as deleting a photo ('aks') or a message ('payām') on a phone. The introduction of the imperative mood ('pāk kon!') and the future tense ('pāk khāham kard') allows for more complex interactions. Learners also begin to understand the difference between 'pāk kardan' (to clean/erase) and 'shostan' (to wash), learning when water is involved and when it isn't.

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By B1, learners use 'pāk kardan' in more abstract and social contexts. They can describe the process of 'Khaneh-tekani' (spring cleaning) in detail. The verb is used with a wider range of prepositions, such as 'az ruye' (from on top of) or 'bā' (with). B1 students should be comfortable using the subjunctive mood ('mi-khāham pāk konam') to express intentions. They also start to encounter the verb in more idiomatic or fixed expressions, like 'pāk kardan-e soorat mas'aleh' (erasing the face of the problem, i.e., avoiding the real issue). The focus shifts from just 'what' is being cleaned to 'how' and 'why' it is being cleaned.

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At the B2 level, 'pāk kardan' is used with nuance and precision. Learners can distinguish between 'pāk kardan' and more formal synonyms like 'hazf kardan' (to delete/remove) or 'raf' kardan' (to eliminate/resolve). They use the verb in professional contexts, such as 'pāk kardan-e dāde-hā' (cleaning data) or 'pāk kardan-e radd-e pā' (covering one's tracks/erasing footprints). Passive constructions ('pāk shodan') become more frequent in their speech and writing. They also begin to appreciate the metaphorical use of the verb in literature and media, such as 'pāk kardan-e gozashteh' (erasing the past).

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C1 learners explore the sophisticated and poetic dimensions of 'pāk kardan'. They encounter it in classical and modern Persian poetry where it signifies spiritual purification or the removal of existential 'dust'. In academic or political discourse, it might be used in the context of 'pāk-sāzi' (purging or cleaning up an organization). The learner can discuss the philosophical implications of 'erasure' and 'memory'. They are expected to use the verb with perfect native-like collocations and understand the subtle shifts in meaning when the verb is used in different registers, from slang to high-formal prose.

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At the C2 level, mastery is absolute. The learner understands the etymological roots of 'pāk' and its connection to Middle Persian 'pāk'. They can use 'pāk kardan' in complex legal, technical, or philosophical arguments. They are aware of rare and archaic forms of the verb and can use it to create wordplay or double entendres in creative writing. Whether discussing the 'erasure of identity' in a sociological context or the 'purification of metals' in a technical one, the C2 learner uses 'pāk kardan' as a precise instrument. They also understand its role in regional dialects and how its usage might vary across the Persian-speaking world (Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan).

무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

پاک کردن 30초 만에

Core meaning: To clean, wipe, erase, or delete.
Grammar: Compound verb using 'pāk' + 'kardan'.
Usage: Physical cleaning, classroom erasing, and digital deleting.
Context: Essential for daily life, technology, and cooking.

The Persian verb پاک کردن (pāk kardan) is a foundational compound verb that every learner must master early in their journey. At its core, it combines the adjective pāk (clean, pure, or clear) with the light verb kardan (to do/make). This linguistic synergy creates a versatile tool for describing the act of removing unwanted elements, whether they are physical dirt, digital data, or pencil marks on a page. In the physical realm, it translates to 'to clean' or 'to wipe,' while in more abstract or technical contexts, it shifts to 'to erase' or 'to delete.'

Physical Cleaning: Removing dust from a table or mud from shoes. It implies a surface-level restoration of cleanliness.
Erasure: Removing writing from a whiteboard or mistakes from a notebook using an eraser (pāk-kon).
Digital Deletion: In the modern era, this verb is the standard term for deleting files, emails, or messages on a computer or smartphone.

لطفاً تخته را پاک کن تا درس جدید را شروع کنیم. (Please erase the board so we can start the new lesson.)

Understanding the nuances of 'pāk kardan' requires recognizing its relationship with other cleaning verbs. While shostan (to wash) specifically involves water and soap, and tamiz kardan (to clean) is a general term for tidying up, pāk kardan focuses on the specific action of removal. If you spill tea, you 'pāk' the spill with a napkin. If you write a wrong word, you 'pāk' it with an eraser. This specificity makes it indispensable for daily communication.

او اشک‌هایش را پاک کرد و لبخند زد. (She wiped her tears and smiled.)

In a spiritual or poetic sense, 'pāk kardan' can also mean to purify the heart or soul from sins or sorrows. This elevated usage is common in classical Persian literature and Sufi poetry, where the 'cleaning' of the inner self is a central theme. Thus, the verb spans from the most mundane household chores to the highest levels of mystical philosophy.

Culinary Context: Cleaning vegetables (sabzi pāk kardan) involves removing yellow leaves and stems, a common social activity in Iranian households.

مادرم در حال پاک کردن سبزی برای قورمه‌سبزی است. (My mother is cleaning herbs for Ghormeh Sabzi.)

من تمام عکس‌های قدیمی را از گوشی‌ام پاک کردم. (I deleted all the old photos from my phone.)

Using پاک کردن correctly requires an understanding of compound verb conjugation in Persian. Since 'pāk' is an adjective and 'kardan' is the auxiliary verb, only 'kardan' changes its form to reflect tense, person, and number. The word 'pāk' remains static. This makes it relatively straightforward once you know the conjugation of 'kardan' (present stem: kon, past stem: kard).

Present Continuous: Dāram pāk mikonam (I am cleaning/erasing). This uses the 'dāštan' auxiliary plus the present tense of 'pāk kardan'.
Simple Past: Pāk kardam (I cleaned/erased). Simple and direct for completed actions.
Imperative: Pāk kon! (Clean it! / Erase it!). Used for commands or requests.

داری چیکار می‌کنی؟ دارم شیشه را پاک می‌کنم. (What are you doing? I am cleaning the window.)

One of the most important grammatical markers to pair with 'pāk kardan' is the object marker rā (را). Because cleaning or erasing usually involves a specific object (the table, the file, the mistake), the object is often definite. For example, 'miz rā pāk kon' (clean the table) vs. 'miz pāk kon' (which sounds incomplete or like a general occupation). In spoken Persian, rā often becomes a suffix '-o' or '-ro' attached to the noun.

باید این لکه را از روی فرش پاک کنیم. (We must clean this stain off the carpet.)

The verb also interacts with prepositions like az (from) and bā (with). You clean something *from* a surface (az ruye...) or erase something *with* an eraser (bā pāk-kon). Understanding these collocations helps you build natural-sounding sentences. For instance, 'az list pāk kardan' means to remove from a list.

Subjunctive Mood: می‌خواهم این فایل را پاک کنم (I want to delete this file). Note the 'be-' prefix is often dropped in compound verbs like this: 'pāk bekonam' is possible but 'pāk konam' is more common.

قبل از رفتن، کفش‌هایت را پاک کن. (Before going, clean your shoes.)

The context in which you encounter پاک کردن varies wildly from domestic life to high-tech environments. In an Iranian home, you will hear it most frequently in the kitchen or during 'Khaneh-tekani' (the traditional spring cleaning before Nowruz). It is the verb of choice for preparing food and maintaining the household's shine.

In the Kitchen: You will hear 'berenj pāk kardan' (cleaning rice to remove small stones) or 'sabzi pāk kardan' (sorting herbs). These are communal tasks often accompanied by conversation.
In the Classroom: Teachers frequently say 'takhte rā pāk kon' (erase the board). Students might ask 'mitavānam in eshtebāh rā pāk konam?' (Can I erase this mistake?).

بیا کمک کن این سبزی‌ها را پاک کنیم. (Come help, let's clean these herbs.)

In the digital world, 'pāk kardan' has become the colloquial standard for 'delete.' While formal software might use 'hazf' (حذف), an Iranian friend will tell you: 'un aks-o pāk kon' (delete 그 photo). It's used for messages on Telegram or WhatsApp, files on a laptop, or even entire accounts on social media.

شماره‌اش را از گوشی‌ام پاک کردم. (I deleted his/her number from my phone.)

You will also hear it in emotional contexts. In movies or TV dramas, a character might say 'khāterāt-ash rā pāk kardam' (I erased his/her memories/the memories of them), indicating a desire to move on from a past relationship. This metaphorical use is very common in Persian songwriting and poetry.

At the Car Wash: 'Shisheh-hā rā pāk kon' (Wipe the windows). Workers will use this verb for the final wiping and polishing stage.

لطفاً این لکه را از روی لباسم پاک کنید. (Please clean this stain off my clothes.)

Even though پاک کردن is an A1-level verb, its versatility leads to common pitfalls for learners. The most frequent error is confusing it with other 'cleaning' verbs like tamiz kardan or shostan. While they overlap, they are not always interchangeable.

Confusing with 'Shostan': 'Shostan' (to wash) requires water. You 'shostan' your hands or the dishes. You 'pāk kardan' the table with a cloth. Using 'pāk kardan' for washing dishes sounds odd.
Confusing with 'Tamiz Kardan': 'Tamiz kardan' is general tidying. You 'tamiz' a whole room (organizing, dusting, vacuuming). You 'pāk' a specific spot or a specific object like a mirror.
Incorrect Prepositions: Learners often forget 'az' (from) when saying 'erase from'. It should be 'az ruye takhte pāk kon' (erase from the board), not just 'takhte pāk kon' if you mean a specific part.

Incorrect: من ظرف‌ها را پاک کردم. (I erased the dishes.)
Correct: من ظرف‌ها را شستم. (I washed the dishes.)

Another mistake involves the digital context. While 'pāk kardan' is used for deleting files, it is rarely used for 'uninstalling' software. For uninstalling, Iranians use 'hazf kardan' or the English loanword 'uninstall kardan'. If you say you 'pāk' an app, people will understand, but it might imply you just deleted the shortcut or the data, not the program itself.

اشتباه: من خانه را پاک کردم. (I erased the house - sounds like you demolished it or deleted it from a map!)
درست: من خانه را تمیز کردم. (I cleaned the house.)

Finally, be careful with the word 'pāk'. While it means 'clean,' in some religious contexts, it means 'tāher' (ritually pure). 'Pāk kardan' in a religious sense refers to the process of making something ritually acceptable after it has been 'najes' (impure). Using it casually in a mosque might carry more weight than using it in a kitchen.

The 'Rā' Omission: Forgetting the 'rā' after a specific object like 'fayl' (file) or 'aks' (photo) is a very common beginner mistake. Always check if the object is specific!

To truly master پاک کردن, you must see how it sits within a family of related verbs. Persian has a rich vocabulary for cleanliness and removal, and choosing the right one adds precision to your speech.

تمیز کردن (Tamiz Kardan): General cleaning. Use this for rooms, cars, or cities. It implies making something tidy and free of dirt.
شستن (Shostan): To wash. Specifically involves water and usually soap. You 'shostan' clothes, dishes, and hands.
حذف کردن (Hazf Kardan): To delete or eliminate. More formal than 'pāk kardan' in digital contexts and used for removing people from lists or eliminating options.

او لکه را پاک کرد (He wiped the stain) vs. او لباس را شست (He washed the dress).

For more advanced learners, verbs like زدودن (zodoodan) and محو کردن (mahv kardan) offer poetic alternatives. Zodoodan is often used for 'wiping away' abstract things like 'ghobār-e gham' (the dust of sorrow). Mahv kardan means to vanish or obliterate something completely, often used in photography or when something disappears from sight.

باید غبار را از روی آینه پاک کنیم. (We must wipe the dust off the mirror.)

تراشیدن (Tarāshidan): To scrape or shave. Sometimes used when you 'scrape off' a mistake on paper, though 'pāk kardan' is more common for erasers.

اسم مرا از آن لیست پاک کن. (Remove/Erase my name from that list.)

How Formal Is It?

난이도

알아야 할 문법

Compound verb conjugation

Direct object marker 'rā'

Subjunctive mood with compound verbs

Passive voice with 'shodan'

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수준별 예문

من میز را پاک می‌کنم.

I am cleaning the table.

Present continuous usage.

لطفاً تخته را پاک کن.

Please erase the board.

Imperative mood.

او شیشه را پاک کرد.

He/She cleaned the glass.

Simple past tense.

کفش‌هایت را پاک کن.

Clean your shoes.

Object marker 'rā' used.

مادرم سبزی پاک می‌کند.

My mother is cleaning herbs.

Cultural context: preparing food.

این لکه را پاک کن.

Clean this stain.

Demonstrative 'in' (this).

مداد را پاک کردم.

I erased the pencil (marks).

Simple past.

آیا می‌توانی این را پاک کنی؟

Can you erase/clean this?

Question with 'tavānestan'.

من عکس‌های قدیمی را پاک کردم.

I deleted the old photos.

Digital context.

داری پیام‌ها را پاک می‌کنی؟

Are you deleting the messages?

Present continuous question.

باید این فایل را پاک کنیم.

We must delete this file.

Modal verb 'bāyad'.

او اشک‌هایش را پاک کرد.

She wiped her tears.

Emotional context.

بیا برنج را پاک کنیم.

Let's clean the rice.

Hortative 'biyā' (come/let's).

اسمم را از لیست پاک کن.

Erase my name from the list.

Preposition 'az' (from).

او آینه را با دستمال پاک کرد.

He wiped the mirror with a cloth.

Instrumental 'bā' (with).

نباید این نوشته را پاک کنی.

You shouldn't erase this writing.

Negative modal 'nabāyad'.

او سعی کرد خاطرات بد را پاک کند.

He tried to erase bad memories.

Abstract usage.

قبل از عید، همه خانه را پاک می‌کنند.

Before Nowruz, everyone cleans the house.

Cultural context: Khaneh-tekani.

او لکه روغن را از روی فرش پاک کرد.

She cleaned the oil stain off the carpet.

Complex object phrase.

می‌خواهم تمام ایمیل‌های تبلیغاتی را پاک کنم.

I want to delete all promotional emails.

Subjunctive 'pāk konam'.

او با یک حرکت، تمام نوشته‌های روی تخته را پاک کرد.

With one move, he erased all the writing on the board.

Adverbial phrase 'bā yek harekāt'.

پاک کردن این لکه خیلی سخت است.

Cleaning this stain is very hard.

Gerund usage (infinitive as subject).

او رد پای خود را در برف پاک کرد.

He erased his footprints in the snow.

Metaphorical/Narrative usage.

لطفاً قبل از تحویل، اشتباهات را پاک کنید.

Please erase the mistakes before handing it in.

Formal request.

دولت سعی در پاک کردن آثار فقر دارد.

The government is trying to erase the signs of poverty.

Political/Formal context.

او می‌خواست گذشته‌اش را کاملاً پاک کند.

He wanted to completely erase his past.

Psychological usage.

این نرم‌افزار فایل‌های اضافی را خودکار پاک می‌کند.

This software automatically deletes extra files.

Technical/Adverbial usage.

آن‌ها با پاک کردن صورت مسئله، مشکل را حل نکردند.

By avoiding the real issue, they didn't solve the problem.

Idiomatic expression.

او با دقت تمام شواهد را از صحنه پاک کرد.

He carefully erased all evidence from the scene.

Narrative/Formal.

پاک کردن ذهن از افکار منفی زمان می‌برد.

Clearing the mind of negative thoughts takes time.

Philosophical usage.

او نام رقیبش را از تاریخ پاک کرد.

He erased his rival's name from history.

Historical/Metaphorical.

باید حافظه موقت سیستم را پاک کنید.

You must clear the system's temporary memory (cache).

Technical terminology.

نویسنده با ظرافت، مرز بین واقعیت و خیال را پاک کرد.

The author delicately erased the boundary between reality and fantasy.

Literary analysis.

او در صدد پاک کردن لکه‌های ننگ از پیشینه خانوادگی‌اش بود.

He was intent on wiping the stains of disgrace from his family background.

High formal/Metaphorical.

پاک کردن غبار فراموشی از چهره تاریخ وظیفه ماست.

It is our duty to wipe the dust of oblivion from the face of history.

Poetic/Rhetorical.

او با یک سخنرانی، تمام تردیدها را از ذهن مردم پاک کرد.

With one speech, he erased all doubts from the people's minds.

Persuasive context.

فرآیند پاک‌سازی سازمان از عناصر فاسد آغاز شده است.

The process of purging the organization of corrupt elements has begun.

Noun form 'pāk-sāzi'.

عشق می‌تواند تمام کینه‌ها را از قلب پاک کند.

Love can erase all grudges from the heart.

Mystical/Poetic.

او سعی داشت ردی از خود در فضای مجازی باقی نگذارد و همه چیز را پاک کند.

He tried to leave no trace of himself in cyberspace and delete everything.

Modern/Technical.

پاک کردن گناهان در ادیان مختلف تعابیر متفاوتی دارد.

The cleansing of sins has different interpretations in various religions.

Theological context.

او به دنبال پاک کردن هرگونه شائبه در مورد صداقت خود بود.

He sought to erase any suspicion regarding his honesty.

Highly formal/Legalistic.

دیالکتیک هگلی در پی پاک کردن تضادهای درونی است.

Hegelian dialectic seeks to resolve/erase internal contradictions.

Philosophical/Academic.

او با استادی، رد قلم‌های قبلی را از روی بوم پاک کرد.

He masterfully erased the previous brushstrokes from the canvas.

Artistic/Technical.

پاک کردن مرزهای جغرافیایی در عصر جهانی‌شدن یک آرمان است.

Erasing geographical borders in the age of globalization is an ideal.

Sociopolitical discourse.

او در پی پاک کردن خاطره جمعی یک ملت از آن واقعه تلخ بود.

He sought to erase a nation's collective memory of that bitter event.

Sociological/Historical.

اشک، غبار غم را از دیده می‌پاکد.

Tears wipe the dust of sorrow from the eyes.

Archaic/Poetic verb form 'pākidan'.

پاک کردن ذهن از پیش‌فرض‌ها، گام نخست در پدیدارشناسی است.

Clearing the mind of presuppositions is the first step in phenomenology.

Academic/Phenomenological.

او با یک حرکت انقلابی، ساختارهای کهن را پاک کرد و نظامی نو بنا نهاد.

With a revolutionary move, he erased the old structures and established a new system.

Political/Historical.

자주 쓰는 조합

تخته را پاک کردن (erase the board)

شیشه را پاک کردن (clean the glass)

سبزی را پاک کردن (clean herbs)

فایل را پاک کردن (delete a file)

اشک را پاک کردن (wipe tears)

لکه را پاک کردن (clean a stain)

خاطرات را پاک کردن (erase memories)

برنج را پاک کردن (clean rice)

رد پا را پاک کردن (erase footprints)

صورت مسئله را پاک کردن (avoid the issue)

자주 쓰는 구문

پاک کن! (Erase it!)

داری چیکار می‌کنی؟ دارم پاک می‌کنم. (What are you doing? I'm cleaning.)

اشتباهت را پاک کن. (Erase your mistake.)

همه چیز را پاک کردم. (I deleted everything.)

باید اینجا را پاک کنیم. (We must clean here.)

لطفاً این را پاک کنید. (Please clean/erase this.)

از لیست پاک شد. (It was removed from the list.)

گوشی‌ام را پاک کردم. (I wiped/reset my phone.)

پاک کردن لکه سخت است. (Cleaning the stain is hard.)

سبزی پاک کردن طول می‌کشد. (Cleaning herbs takes time.)

자주 혼동되는 단어

پاک کردن vs تمیز کردن

پاک کردن vs شستن

پاک کردن vs حذف کردن

관용어 및 표현

"صورت مسئله را پاک کردن"

— To ignore a problem instead of solving it.

"پاک و منزه"

— Completely pure and clean (often religious).

"حساب پاک است"

— Having nothing to hide; being honest.

"پاک باختن"

— To lose everything (usually in gambling or love).

"آسمان جل و پاک"

— Being very poor but honest.

"پاک از گناه"

— Free from sin.

"رد پا پاک کردن"

— To cover one's tracks.

"نام کسی را پاک کردن"

— To ruin someone's reputation or forget them.

"پاک کردن ذهن"

— To clear one's mind.

"پاک کردن خاطرات"

— To forget the past.

혼동하기 쉬운

پاک کردن vs

문장 패턴

무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기

사용법

Ritual

Can imply making something 'tāher' (pure) in religious settings.

Vegetables

Specific term for preparing leafy greens.

Physical vs Digital

Equally common in both contexts.

자주 하는 실수

Using 'pāk kardan' instead of 'shostan' for dishes.
Using 'pāk kardan' instead of 'tamiz kardan' for a whole house.
Forgetting the 'rā' marker for specific objects.
Misspelling 'pāk' with a different 'k' sound.
Confusing 'pāk kardan' (active) with 'pāk shodan' (passive).

팁

Light Verb Rule

Remember that only 'kardan' changes. 'Pāk' stays exactly as it is in every tense.

Eraser Noun

The noun 'pāk-kon' is derived directly from this verb. It's one of the first school words you'll learn.

Spring Cleaning

During 'Khaneh-tekani', 'pāk kardan' is the most used verb in the Iranian household.

Deleting Photos

If you want a friend to delete a photo of you, say: 'In akso pāk kon!'

Rice Prep

Before cooking rice, Iranians 'pāk' it to ensure no tiny stones are left in the grains.

Spelling

Make sure to use the letter 'kāf' (ک) at the end of 'pāk', not 'ghāf'.

Long A

Ensure the 'ā' in 'pāk' is long and deep, not short like 'pack' in English.

Helping Out

Offering to help 'pāk' the herbs is a great way to show politeness in an Iranian home.

Stain Removal

For stains, 'pāk kardan' is the standard term. You 'pāk' the 'lakeh' (stain).

Moving On

Use 'pāk kardan' when talking about forgetting the past or clearing your mind.

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기억법

Think of a 'Pack' of tissues you use to 'Pāk' (clean) a spill.

어원

From Old Persian 'puvaka-', meaning pure or clean.

문화적 맥락

Cleaning herbs is a communal bonding time in many Iranian families.

The 'shaking of the house' before Nowruz involves intense 'pāk kardan' of carpets, windows, and curtains.

'Pāk' is the opposite of 'Najes' (ritually impure) in Islamic jurisprudence.

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실제 사용 상황

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"می‌توانی در پاک کردن سبزی به من کمک کنی؟ (Can you help me clean the herbs?)"

"چطور این لکه را پاک کنم؟ (How do I clean this stain?)"

"آیا این فایل را پاک کردی؟ (Did you delete this file?)"

"چرا تمام پیام‌هایت را پاک کردی؟ (Why did you delete all your messages?)"

"کی می‌خواهی اتاقت را پاک کنی؟ (When are you going to clean [wipe down] your room?)"

일기 주제

امروز چه چیزهایی را از زندگی‌ات پاک کردی؟ (What things did you erase from your life today?)

درباره یک خاطره که دوست داری پاک کنی بنویس. (Write about a memory you'd like to erase.)

چرا پاک کردن خانه قبل از عید مهم است؟ (Why is cleaning the house before Nowruz important?)

تفاوت پاک کردن و شستن چیست؟ (What is the difference between cleaning/wiping and washing?)

اگر می‌توانستی یک اتفاق را از تاریخ پاک کنی، آن چه بود؟ (If you could erase one event from history, what would it be?)

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

No, for dishes you should use 'shostan' (to wash). 'Pāk kardan' would imply just wiping them with a cloth without water.

It can be used colloquially, but 'hazf kardan' or 'uninstall kardan' is more precise for removing software.

An eraser is called 'pāk-kon', which literally means 'clean-maker' or 'eraser'.

If the object is definite (like 'the table' or 'this file'), yes. If you are talking about cleaning in general, no.

Usually, 'tamiz kardan' is better for a whole room. Use 'pāk kardan' for a specific part of the room, like the window or a spill.

It means sorting through fresh herbs to remove the stems and yellow leaves before washing and eating them.

It is neutral and used in both formal and informal contexts, though some synonyms are more formal.

You say 'Dāram pāk mikonam'.

Yes, in spiritual or poetic contexts, it means to purify the heart or soul.

The opposite is 'kasif kardan' (to make dirty) or 'āludeh kardan' (to contaminate).

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