A0 Expressions & Patterns 1 min read 쉬움

Saying 'Yes' and 'No' (ဟုတ်ကဲ့ / မဟုတ်ဘူး)

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'ဟုတ်ကဲ့' (hote-ke) for 'Yes' and 'မဟုတ်ဘူး' (ma-hote-bu) for 'No' to answer questions politely.

  • Use 'ဟုတ်ကဲ့' to agree or confirm: 'Are you ready?' -> 'ဟုတ်ကဲ့' (Yes).
  • Use 'မဟုတ်ဘူး' to deny or negate: 'Is this yours?' -> 'မဟုတ်ဘူး' (No).
  • Add 'ခင်ဗျာ' (male) or 'ရှင်' (female) after 'ဟုတ်ကဲ့' for extra politeness.
Yes: ဟုတ်ကဲ့ (Hote-ke) | No: မဟုတ်ဘူး (Ma-hote-bu)

Response Particle Formation

Type Burmese Politeness Level Gender
Affirmative
ဟုတ်ကဲ့
High
Neutral
Affirmative
ဟုတ်ကဲ့ခင်ဗျာ
Very High
Male
Affirmative
ဟုတ်ကဲ့ရှင်
Very High
Female
Negative
မဟုတ်ဘူး
Low
Neutral
Negative
မဟုတ်ပါဘူး
Medium
Neutral
Negative
မဟုတ်ပါဘူးခင်ဗျာ
High
Male

Common Shortened Forms

Full Form Short Form Context
ဟုတ်ကဲ့
ဟုတ်
Texting/Casual
မဟုတ်ပါဘူး
မဟုတ်
Casual

Meanings

These are the standard particles used to affirm or negate a statement or question in Burmese.

1

Affirmation

Used to confirm information or agree with a statement.

“ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ရပါတယ်။”

“ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ သိပါတယ်။”

2

Negation

Used to deny information or disagree with a statement.

“မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ ကျွန်တော်မဟုတ်ဘူး။”

“မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ အဲဒါမမှန်ဘူး။”

Reference Table

Reference table for Saying 'Yes' and 'No' (ဟုတ်ကဲ့ / မဟုတ်ဘူး)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
ဟုတ်ကဲ့
ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ရပါတယ်။
Negative
မဟုတ်ဘူး
မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ မဟုတ်ပါဘူး။
Polite Affirmative
ဟုတ်ကဲ့ + [Gender Particle]
ဟုတ်ကဲ့ရှင်။
Polite Negative
မဟုတ်ပါဘူး + [Gender Particle]
မဟုတ်ပါဘူးခင်ဗျာ။
Factual Yes
ဟုတ်တယ်
အဲဒါ ဟုတ်တယ်။
Factual No
မဟုတ်ဘူး
အဲဒါ မဟုတ်ဘူး။

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ကျွန်တော်လုပ်ပေးပါ့မယ်။

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ကျွန်တော်လုပ်ပေးပါ့မယ်။ (Helping someone)

중립
ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ လုပ်ပေးပါ့မယ်။

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ လုပ်ပေးပါ့မယ်။ (Helping someone)

비격식체
ဟုတ်၊ လုပ်ပေးမယ်။

ဟုတ်၊ လုပ်ပေးမယ်။ (Helping someone)

속어
အေး၊ လုပ်ပေးမယ်။

အေး၊ လုပ်ပေးမယ်။ (Helping someone)

Yes/No Decision Tree

Response

Affirmative

  • ဟုတ်ကဲ့ Yes

Negative

  • မဟုတ်ဘူး No

Politeness Levels

Casual
ဟုတ် Yes
Formal
ဟုတ်ကဲ့ Yes

Choosing the Right Response

1

Is it true?

YES
ဟုတ်ကဲ့
NO
မဟုတ်ပါဘူး

Gender Particles

👨

Male

  • ခင်ဗျာ
👩

Female

  • ရှင်

수준별 예문

1

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ကျွန်တော်သွားမယ်။

Yes, I will go.

2

မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ အဲဒါမမှန်ဘူး။

No, that is not true.

3

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ကျေးဇူးတင်ပါတယ်။

Yes, thank you.

4

မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ ကျွန်တော်မသိဘူး။

No, I don't know.

1

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ရှင်၊ ကျွန်မလုပ်ပေးပါ့မယ်။

Yes (female), I will do it for you.

2

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး၊ အဲဒီလိုမဟုတ်ပါဘူး။

No, it is not like that.

3

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ခင်ဗျာ၊ ကျွန်တော်လာခဲ့ပါမယ်။

Yes (male), I will come.

4

မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ အဲဒါကျွန်တော့်အိတ်မဟုတ်ဘူး။

No, that is not my bag.

1

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ အဲဒါကို ကျွန်တော်နားလည်ပါတယ်။

Yes, I understand that.

2

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး၊ အဲဒီအချက်က မှားနေပါတယ်။

No, that point is incorrect.

3

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ကျွန်တော်တို့စတင်နိုင်ပါတယ်။

Yes, we can start.

4

မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ အဲဒီအချိန်မှာ ကျွန်တော်မရှိခဲ့ပါဘူး။

No, I was not there at that time.

1

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ သဘောတူပါတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့...

Yes, I agree. However...

2

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး၊ အဲဒါက အခြေအနေကို ပိုဆိုးသွားစေနိုင်ပါတယ်။

No, that could make the situation worse.

3

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ အဲဒီအချက်ကို ကျွန်တော်တို့ ထည့်သွင်းစဉ်းစားပါ့မယ်။

Yes, we will take that into consideration.

4

မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ အဲဒါက ကျွန်တော်တို့ရဲ့ မူဝါဒနဲ့ မကိုက်ညီပါဘူး။

No, that does not align with our policy.

1

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ အဲဒီရှုထောင့်ကနေ ကြည့်ရင်တော့ မှန်ပါတယ်။

Yes, from that perspective, it is correct.

2

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး၊ အဲဒီအယူအဆက ခေတ်နောက်ကျနေပါပြီ။

No, that concept is outdated.

3

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ကျွန်တော်တို့ရဲ့ သဘောတူညီချက်အရ အဲဒီလိုလုပ်ရမှာပါ။

Yes, according to our agreement, we must do that.

4

မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ အဲဒီကိစ္စနဲ့ပတ်သက်ပြီး ကျွန်တော်တို့မှာ အခြားရွေးချယ်စရာရှိပါသေးတယ်။

No, regarding that matter, we still have other options.

1

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ အဲဒါကတော့ ငြင်းလို့မရတဲ့ အချက်ပါပဲ။

Yes, that is an undeniable fact.

2

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး၊ အဲဒီအချက်ကို အလွယ်တကူ လက်ခံလို့မရပါဘူး။

No, that point cannot be easily accepted.

3

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ အဲဒီအကြောင်းကို ကျွန်တော်တို့ နောက်မှ ဆက်ဆွေးနွေးကြတာပေါ့။

Yes, let's discuss that later.

4

မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ အဲဒီအခြေအနေမျိုးမှာ ဘယ်သူမှ အဲဒီလိုလုပ်မှာမဟုတ်ပါဘူး။

No, in that situation, no one would do that.

혼동하기 쉬운

Saying 'Yes' and 'No' (ဟုတ်ကဲ့ / မဟုတ်ဘူး) ဟုတ်ကဲ့ vs ဟုတ်တယ်

Learners use them interchangeably, but one is for interaction and one is for facts.

Saying 'Yes' and 'No' (ဟုတ်ကဲ့ / မဟုတ်ဘူး) မဟုတ်ဘူး vs မဟုတ်ပါဘူး

Learners use 'ma-hote-bu' for everything, sounding rude.

Saying 'Yes' and 'No' (ဟုတ်ကဲ့ / မဟုတ်ဘူး) Gender particles

Learners use the wrong gender particle for their own gender.

자주 하는 실수

မဟုတ်ဘူး (to a boss)

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး (to a boss)

Too direct.

ဟုတ် (in formal meeting)

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ (in formal meeting)

Too casual.

ဟုတ်တယ် (as response to person)

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ (as response to person)

Factual vs interactional.

မဟုတ် (to a stranger)

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး (to a stranger)

Too blunt.

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ရှင် (by a man)

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ခင်ဗျာ (by a man)

Wrong gender particle.

မဟုတ်ဘူးပါဘူး

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး

Redundant particle.

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ဘူး

ဟုတ်ကဲ့

Mixing yes and no.

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ (to disagree)

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး (to disagree)

Misuse of agreement.

မဟုတ်ဘူး (in a formal email)

မဟုတ်ပါဘူး (in a formal email)

Register error.

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ (as a full sentence)

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ [sentence]

Needs context.

Using 'hote-ke' for everything

Varying response markers

Lack of register variety.

Ignoring intonation

Using intonation for nuance

Burmese is tonal/intonational.

Misusing 'hote-tel' in formal speech

Using 'hote-ke' or 'hote-pa-tel'

Register mismatch.

문장 패턴

___, ကျွန်တော်/ကျွန်မ [verb].

အဲဒါ ___ လား။

___, အဲဒီလိုမဟုတ်ပါဘူး။

___, ကျွန်တော်နားလည်ပါတယ်။

Real World Usage

Texting constant

ဟုတ်ကဲ့

Job Interview very common

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ခင်ဗျာ

Ordering Food common

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ရေတစ်ခွက်ပေးပါ။

Travel common

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ ဒီဘတ်စ်ကားက မှန်ပါတယ်။

Social Media occasional

ဟုတ်

Meeting Elders very common

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ရှင်/ခင်ဗျာ

💡

Use the full form

Always use the full 'hote-ke' when you are unsure about the formality level. It is safer to be too polite than too casual.
⚠️

Avoid bluntness

Never use 'ma-hote-bu' alone with someone you don't know well. It can sound like you are being aggressive.
🎯

Watch the gender

Remember to use 'khin-bya' if you are a man and 'shin' if you are a woman. It makes a huge difference in how you are perceived.
💬

Nodding

Burmese people often nod while saying 'hote-ke'. It shows you are listening and agreeing.

Smart Tips

Always add 'khin-bya' or 'shin' to your 'hote-ke'.

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ ဟုတ်ကဲ့ခင်ဗျာ

Use 'ma-hote-pa-bu' instead of 'ma-hote-bu'.

မဟုတ်ဘူး မဟုတ်ပါဘူး

Use the full 'hote-ke' rather than the short 'hote'.

ဟုတ် ဟုတ်ကဲ့

Use 'hote-tel' instead of 'hote-ke'.

ဟုတ်ကဲ့၊ အဲဒါမှန်တယ်။ ဟုတ်တယ်၊ အဲဒါမှန်တယ်။

발음

hote-ke

Hote-ke

The 'h' is aspirated, 'o' is like 'go', 't' is a stop, 'k' is a stop, 'e' is like 'bet'.

ma-hote-bu

Ma-hote-bu

The 'ma' is short, 'hote' is the same as above, 'bu' is like 'book' but shorter.

Polite

↗ ဟုတ်ကဲ့

Rising intonation shows friendliness.

Firm

↘ မဟုတ်ဘူး

Falling intonation shows certainty.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Hote-ke' as 'Hot cake'—everyone says yes to a hot cake!

시각적 연상

Imagine a person nodding their head while holding a hot cake (Hote-ke) and shaking their head at a broken (Ma-hote-bu) toy.

Rhyme

Hote-ke is yes, it's easy to say, Ma-hote-bu is no, use it today.

Story

A traveler arrives in Yangon. He asks, 'Is this the bus to the pagoda?' The driver nods and says 'Hote-ke'. The traveler smiles. Later, he asks, 'Is this my seat?' The driver shakes his head and says 'Ma-hote-bu'. The traveler understands immediately.

Word Web

ဟုတ်ကဲ့မဟုတ်ဘူးဟုတ်တယ်မဟုတ်ပါဘူးခင်ဗျာရှင်

챌린지

Practice saying 'Hote-ke' and 'Ma-hote-bu' in front of a mirror 10 times each with a polite nod.

문화 노트

Politeness is highly valued. Using gender particles is essential for a good impression.

People often use shortened forms in daily life.

More formal and respectful language is expected.

These particles evolved from ancient Burmese verb structures.

대화 시작하기

Are you a student?

Is this your book?

Do you like Burmese food?

Can you speak Burmese?

일기 주제

Write about a time you had to say no to someone.
Describe your day using yes/no answers to your own questions.
Explain why politeness is important in your culture.
Discuss the difference between 'hote-ke' and 'hote-tel'.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct affirmative.

Are you ready? ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Hote-ke is the polite affirmative.
Choose the most polite negative. 객관식

How to say no politely?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Adding 'pa' makes it polite.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Wrong: ဟုတ်ကဲ့ရှင် (by a man).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Men use khin-bya.
Make this sentence formal. Sentence Transformation

မဟုတ်ဘူး -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Adding 'pa' is the standard way to formalize.
Is this true? True False Rule

Hote-ke is only for yes.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
It's also for understanding.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Are you coming? B: ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Hote-ke is the best response.
Order the words. Sentence Building

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ / ကျွန်တော် / သွားမယ်

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct word order.
Match the word to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Basic meanings.

Score: /8

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct affirmative.

Are you ready? ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Hote-ke is the polite affirmative.
Choose the most polite negative. 객관식

How to say no politely?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Adding 'pa' makes it polite.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Wrong: ဟုတ်ကဲ့ရှင် (by a man).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Men use khin-bya.
Make this sentence formal. Sentence Transformation

မဟုတ်ဘူး -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Adding 'pa' is the standard way to formalize.
Is this true? True False Rule

Hote-ke is only for yes.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
It's also for understanding.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Are you coming? B: ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Hote-ke is the best response.
Order the words. Sentence Building

ဟုတ်ကဲ့ / ကျွန်တော် / သွားမယ်

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct word order.
Match the word to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match: ဟုတ်ကဲ့, မဟုတ်ဘူး

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Basic meanings.

Score: /8

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

It is very versatile, but use 'hote-tel' for facts and 'ma-hote-pa-bu' for polite negation.

They show respect and identify your gender in a polite way.

Mostly, but it also functions as 'I understand' or 'I am listening'.

It sounds strange to native speakers, but they will understand you.

Use 'မဟုတ်ပါဘူး' and add a polite particle.

Yes, it is the root of 'hote-ke' and means 'true'.

Yes, they are used in emails, texts, and formal documents.

It is very direct. Adding 'pa' softens it significantly.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Japanese high

Hai/Iie

Japanese has more complex honorific systems.

Chinese moderate

Shi/Bu shi

Chinese negation is more verb-focused.

German low

Ja/Nein

Burmese requires gender particles for politeness.

French low

Oui/Non

French uses tone and vocabulary for politeness.

Spanish low

Sí/No

Spanish uses verb conjugation for politeness.

Arabic moderate

Na'am/La

Arabic uses different words for different registers.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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