A1 Basic Verbs 10 min read Easy

Arabic Past Tense Suffixes (-tu, -ta, -na)

In Arabic Past Tense, the action is over, and the suffix at the end tells you exactly who did it.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

In Arabic, you show who did an action in the past by adding a specific suffix to the end of the verb.

  • Add -tu to the verb root to say 'I did' (e.g., katabtu - I wrote).
  • Add -ta to the verb root to say 'You (masculine) did' (e.g., katabta - You wrote).
  • Add -na to the verb root to say 'We did' (e.g., katabna - We wrote).
Verb Root + Suffix = Past Action (e.g., كتب + ت = كتبت)

Overview

In Arabic, conveying actions that have been completed, whether recently or in the distant past, is achieved through the Perfect Tense (الماضي - Al-Māḍī). Unlike some European languages that use auxiliary verbs and past participles, Arabic employs a concise and highly regular system of suffixes attached directly to the verb stem. The fundamental principle of the Arabic Perfect Tense is completion: if an action has concluded, regardless of when, it falls under this grammatical category.

This contrasts with English, which often differentiates between actions completed at a specific past time (simple past) and actions completed with relevance to the present (present perfect). For an Arabic speaker, the primary focus is on the action's finished state. This article will guide you through the core suffixes that enable you to express who performed a completed action, focusing on the fundamental forms for “I,” “we,” and “you.”

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of Arabic verb conjugation lies the triconsonantal root system. Most Arabic verbs are derived from a three-letter root that carries a core semantic meaning. For instance, the root ك-ت-ب (k-t-b) inherently signifies the concept of “writing.” From this root, various verb forms, nouns, and adjectives are generated.
The most basic form of the Perfect Tense verb, typically referring to “he did” or “he wrote,” serves as the base from which all other past tense conjugations are derived. This base form, often فَعَلَ - faʿala (he did) or كَتَبَ - kataba (he wrote), maintains the three root letters and specific vowels.
To indicate who performed the action, Arabic does not rely on separate pronouns preceding the verb in the same way English does. Instead, it directly attaches a suffix to the end of the verb stem. This suffix precisely encodes the person (first, second, or third), number (singular, dual, or plural), and gender (masculine or feminine) of the doer.
This highly inflected nature means that the verb itself carries a wealth of information, making explicit subject pronouns optional unless emphasis is required. For example, كَتَبْتُ - katabtu (I wrote) inherently includes “I” within its suffix -تُ - tu, making أنا كَتَبْتُ - anā katabtu a more emphatic statement of “I wrote.” This elegant system provides remarkable consistency across the vast majority of Arabic verbs, streamlining the learning process once the core patterns are understood.
Critically, when these personal suffixes are added, a phonetic adjustment occurs: the last consonant of the original three-letter root in the base form (كَتَبَ - kataba) typically loses its short vowel and acquires a سكون - sukūn (vowel-less state). For example, in كَتَبَ - kataba (he wrote), the ب - bāʾ has a فتحة - fatḥah. But when we add a suffix like -تُ - tu, it becomes كَتَبْتُ - katabtu, where the ب - bāʾ now carries a سكون - sukūn.
This shift is a key indicator that a suffix denoting the subject is being attached.

Formation Pattern

1
The formation of the Arabic Perfect Tense is highly systematic. You begin with the base form of the verb, which is the “he” (masculine singular, third person) form. For a verb like كَتَبَ - kataba (to write), this is كَتَبَ - kataba. For شَرِبَ - shariba (to drink), it is شَرِبَ - shariba. Notice that the middle vowel can vary (e.g., ـَـ - a in كَتَبَ - kataba, ـِـ - i in شَرِبَ - shariba). This middle vowel (عَيْن الفعل - ʿayn al-fiʿl) is intrinsic to the verb's form and remains consistent throughout the past tense conjugation. The suffixes then attach to this modified verb stem.
2
Let's break down the conjugation process, using كَتَبَ - kataba (to write) and شَرِبَ - shariba (to drink) as primary examples. Pay close attention to the bolded suffixes, as these are the markers for person, number, and gender.
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1. First Person (The Speaker)
4
I (أنا - anā): For “I,” you add the suffix -تُ - tu (تُ with a ضمة - ḍammah). The final radical (last root letter) of the verb stem will have a سكون - sukūn before this suffix.
5
كَتَبَ - kataba (he wrote) → كَتَبْ + تُ = كَتَبْتُ - katabtu (I wrote)
6
شَرِبَ - shariba (he drank) → شَرِبْ + تُ = شَرِبْتُ - sharibtu (I drank)
7
We (نحن - naḥnu): For “we,” the suffix is -نَا - nā (نا with an ألف - alif). Again, the final radical of the stem takes a سكون - sukūn.
8
كَتَبَ - kataba (he wrote) → كَتَبْ + نَا = كَتَبْنَا - katabnā (We wrote)
9
شَرِبَ - shariba (he drank) → شَرِبْ + نَا = شَرِبْنَا - sharibnā (We drank)
10
2. Second Person (The Addressee)
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You (masculine singular - أنتَ - anta): The suffix for “you” (male) is -تَ - ta (تَ with a فتحة - fatḥah). The stem's final radical takes a سكون - sukūn.
12
كَتَبَ - kataba (he wrote) → كَتَبْ + تَ = كَتَبْتَ - katabta (You wrote)
13
شَرِبَ - shariba (he drank) → شَرِبْ + تَ = شَرِبْتَ - sharibta (You drank)
14
You (feminine singular - أنتِ - anti): For “you” (female), the suffix is -تِ - ti (تِ with a كسرة - kasrah). The stem's final radical takes a سكون - sukūn.
15
كَتَبَ - kataba (he wrote) → كَتَبْ + تِ = كَتَبْتِ - katabti (You wrote)
16
شَرِبَ - shariba (he drank) → شَرِبْ + تِ = شَرِبْتِ - sharibti (You drank)
17
You (dual - أنتما - antumā): When addressing two people, the suffix is -تُمَا - tumā (تما with an ألف - alif). The stem's final radical takes a سكون - sukūn.
18
كَتَبَ - katabaكَتَبْ + تُمَا = كَتَبْتُمَا - katabtumā (You two wrote)
19
You (masculine plural - أنتم - antum): For “you all” (males), the suffix is -تُمْ - tum (تُمْ with a ضمة - ḍammah and سكون - sukūn). The stem's final radical takes a سكون - sukūn.
20
كَتَبَ - katabaكَتَبْ + تُمْ = كَتَبْتُمْ - katabtum (You all wrote)
21
You (feminine plural - أنتن - antunna): For “you all” (females), the suffix is -تُنَّ - tunna (تُنَّ with a شدة - shaddah and فتحة - fatḥah). The stem's final radical takes a سكون - sukūn.
22
كَتَبَ - katabaكَتَبْ + تُنَّ = كَتَبْتُنَّ - katabtunna (You all wrote)
23
3. Third Person (The Absentee)
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He (هو - huwa): This is the base form of the verb, with no explicit suffix attached. The three root letters are present with their inherent vowels.
25
كَتَبَ - kataba (He wrote)
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شَرِبَ - shariba (He drank)
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She (هي - hiya): For “she,” the suffix is -تْ - at (تْ with a سكون - sukūn). This suffix attaches directly to the fully voweled base form.
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كَتَبَ - kataba + تْ = كَتَبَتْ - katabat (She wrote)
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شَرِبَ - shariba + تْ = شَرِبَتْ - sharibat (She drank)
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They (dual - هما - humā): When referring to two absent people (masculine or feminine), the suffix is -ا - ā (ألف - alif).
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كَتَبَ - kataba + ا = كَتَبَا - katabā (They two wrote)
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كَتَبَتْ - katabat + ا = كَتَبَتَا - katabatā (They two [fem.] wrote)
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They (masculine plural - هم - hum): For “they all” (males), the suffix is -وا - ū (واو - wāw with an ألف - alif called ألف الفارقة - alif al-fāriqah).
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كَتَبَ - kataba + وا = كَتَبُوا - katabū (They all wrote)
35
They (feminine plural - هن - hunna): For “they all” (females), the suffix is -نَ - na (نون - nūn with a فتحة - fatḥah). The final radical of the stem takes a سكون - sukūn.
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كَتَبَ - katabaكَتَبْ + نَ = كَتَبْنَ - katabna (They all wrote [fem.])
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Here is a comprehensive table summarizing the Perfect Tense conjugations for a regular verb like كَتَبَ - kataba (to write):
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| Pronoun | Arabic Pronoun | Suffix | Conjugated Verb (كَتَبَ) | Translation | Key Rule | Emphasis |
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| :------ | :------------- | :----- | :---------------------- | :---------- | :------- | :--------- |
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| I | أنا - anā | -تُ - tu | كَتَبْتُ - katabtu | I wrote | Stem ends in سكون - sukūn | Focus of this article |
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| We | نحن - naḥnu | -نَا - nā | كَتَبْنَا - katabnā | We wrote | Stem ends in سكون - sukūn | Focus of this article |
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| You (m. sg.) | أنتَ - anta | -تَ - ta | كَتَبْتَ - katabta | You wrote | Stem ends in سكون - sukūn | Focus of this article |
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| You (f. sg.) | أنتِ - anti | -تِ - ti | كَتَبْتِ - katabti | You wrote | Stem ends in سكون - sukūn | |
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| You (dual) | أنتما - antumā | -تُمَا - tumā | كَتَبْتُمَا - katabtumā | You two wrote | Stem ends in سكون - sukūn | |
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| You (m. pl.) | أنتم - antum | -تُمْ - tum | كَتَبْتُمْ - katabtum | You all wrote | Stem ends in سكون - sukūn | |
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| You (f. pl.) | أنتن - antunna | -تُنَّ - tunna | كَتَبْتُنَّ - katabtunna | You all wrote | Stem ends in سكون - sukūn | |
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| He | هو - huwa | (none) | كَتَبَ - kataba | He wrote | Base form, no suffix | |
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| She | هي - hiya | -تْ - at | كَتَبَتْ - katabat | She wrote | Verb retains vowels, تْ added | |
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| They (dual) | هما - humā | -ا - ā | كَتَبَا - katabā | They two wrote | Base form + ا | |
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| They (m. pl.) | هم - hum | -وا - ū | كَتَبُوا - katabū | They all wrote | Base form + وا | |
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| They (f. pl.) | هن - hunna | -نَ - na | كَتَبْنَ - katabna | They all wrote | Stem ends in سكون - sukūn | |

When To Use It

The Arabic Perfect Tense (الماضي - Al-Māḍī) is used for any action that has been completed. The precise timing of the completion (whether five minutes ago or five centuries ago) is secondary to the fact that the action is unequivocally finished. This makes the الماضي - Al-Māḍī a remarkably versatile tense for recounting events, describing past states, and expressing facts about the past.
Here are the primary contexts for using the Perfect Tense:
  • Completed Actions in the Past: This is the most straightforward use. Any action that began and ended before the moment of speaking falls into this category. The emphasis is on the result or the accomplished nature of the action.
  • أَكَلْتُ الطَّعامَ - akaltu aṭ-ṭaʿām (I ate the food.) – The act of eating is finished.
  • زَارَتْ صَدِيقَتِي مِصْرَ - zārat ṣadīqatī Miṣra (My friend visited Egypt.) – The visit concluded.
  • شَاهَدْنَا فِيلْمًا جَمِيلًا - shāhadnā fīlman jamīlan (We watched a beautiful movie.) – The viewing is over.
  • Past States of Being: The Perfect Tense can also describe states or conditions that existed in the past. This often involves verbs like كَانَ - kāna (to be).
  • كُنْتُ سَعِيدًا بِالنَّتِيجَةِ - kuntu saʿīdan bin-natījah (I was happy with the result.) – Happiness was a past state.
  • كَانَ الجَوُّ بَارِدًا أَمْسِ - kāna al-jawwu bāridan amsi (The weather was cold yesterday.) – The coldness was a past condition.
  • Sequences of Past Events: When narrating a series of actions that occurred one after another in the past, each individual action is typically expressed using the Perfect Tense.
  • دَخَلْتُ البَيْتَ، وَجَلَسْتُ، وَشَرِبْتُ الشَّايَ - dakhaltu al-bayta, wa jalastu, wa sharibtu ash-shāya (I entered the house, sat down, and drank tea.) – A chronological sequence of completed actions.
  • Hypothetical or Conditional Clauses (with إذا - idhā or لو - law): In specific conditional constructions, Arabic frequently uses the Perfect Tense even when referring to actions that might not have happened or are hypothetical. While an advanced topic, it illustrates the broad conceptual reach of the Perfect Tense in Arabic grammar.
  • لَوْ دَرَسْتَ بِجِدٍّ، لَنَجَحْتَ - law darasta bi-jiddin, la-najaḥta (If you had studied hard, you would have succeeded.) – Here, دَرَسْتَ - darasta and نَجَحْتَ - najaḥta are past tense forms in a hypothetical context.
It is important to internalize that the Arabic Perfect Tense primarily conveys the finished aspect of an action, making it a foundational element for any narrative or discussion involving past events. Focus on whether the action is truly complete, and the Perfect Tense will be your correct choice.

Common Mistakes

Beginners often encounter specific pitfalls when conjugating and using the Arabic Perfect Tense. Recognizing these common errors and understanding their underlying reasons can significantly accelerate your mastery of the rule.
  • Confusing Second Person Masculine (-تَ - ta) and Feminine (-تِ - ti): This is perhaps the most frequent error for new learners, particularly those whose native languages do not distinguish gender for

Past Tense Conjugation (Root: K-T-B)

Pronoun Suffix Verb Form Meaning
Ana (I)
-tu
katabtu
I wrote
Anta (You m.)
-ta
katabta
You wrote
Anti (You f.)
-ti
katabti
You wrote
Huwa (He)
none
kataba
He wrote
Hiya (She)
-at
katabat
She wrote
Nahnu (We)
-na
katabna
We wrote

Meanings

The past tense suffix system is used to indicate completed actions in the past. It attaches directly to the stem of the verb to identify the subject.

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Completed Action

Indicates an action that finished in the past.

“شربتُ القهوة (I drank the coffee)”

“كتبتَ الرسالة (You wrote the letter)”

Reference Table

Reference table for Arabic Past Tense Suffixes (-tu, -ta, -na)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Root + Suffix
katabtu
Negative
ma + Root + Suffix
ma katabtu
Question
hal + Root + Suffix
hal katabta?
Short Answer (Yes)
na'am, + Verb
na'am, katabtu
Short Answer (No)
la, + ma + Verb
la, ma katabtu

Formality Spectrum

Formal
katabtu al-taqrir.

katabtu al-taqrir. (Work)

Neutral
katabtu al-taqrir.

katabtu al-taqrir. (Work)

Informal
katabtu al-taqrir.

katabtu al-taqrir. (Work)

Slang
katabtu al-taqrir.

katabtu al-taqrir. (Work)

The Past Tense Suffix Map

Verb Root

I

  • katabtu I wrote

You

  • katabta You wrote

We

  • katabna We wrote

Examples by Level

1

أكلتُ التفاحة

I ate the apple

2

كتبتَ الدرس

You wrote the lesson

3

شربنا الماء

We drank the water

4

فهمتُ السؤال

I understood the question

1

سافرتُ إلى مصر

I traveled to Egypt

2

درستَ اللغة العربية

You studied the Arabic language

3

لعبنا كرة القدم

We played football

4

سمعتُ الخبر

I heard the news

1

قابلتُ المدير أمس

I met the manager yesterday

2

أنهيتَ العمل مبكراً

You finished the work early

3

قررنا السفر غداً

We decided to travel tomorrow

4

طلبتُ الطعام من التطبيق

I ordered food from the app

1

شاركتُ في المؤتمر الدولي

I participated in the international conference

2

أثبتَّ كفاءتك في المشروع

You proved your competence in the project

3

ناقشنا الحلول الممكنة

We discussed the possible solutions

4

أدركتُ خطورة الموقف

I realized the gravity of the situation

1

استنتجتُ من كلامك أنك موافق

I deduced from your words that you agree

2

أنجزتَ المهمة بدقة متناهية

You accomplished the task with extreme precision

3

تجاوزنا العقبات بفضل التعاون

We overcame the obstacles thanks to cooperation

4

استوعبتُ الفكرة تماماً

I grasped the idea completely

1

تأملتُ في فلسفة الحياة

I contemplated the philosophy of life

2

أبرمتَ الاتفاقية بنجاح

You concluded the agreement successfully

3

استحضرنا ذكريات الطفولة

We recalled childhood memories

4

استخلصتُ العبرة من التجربة

I extracted the lesson from the experience

Easily Confused

Arabic Past Tense Suffixes (-tu, -ta, -na) vs Present vs Past

Learners mix up prefixes and suffixes.

Arabic Past Tense Suffixes (-tu, -ta, -na) vs Masculine vs Feminine You

Both end in -t.

Arabic Past Tense Suffixes (-tu, -ta, -na) vs He vs She

They look similar.

Common Mistakes

ana katabtu

katabtu

The pronoun is redundant.

katab-tu

katabtu

Don't hyphenate.

katabtu-ana

katabtu

Suffixes go at the end.

katabta (for female)

katabti

Gender mismatch.

ma katab

ma katabtu

Missing suffix.

hal katab

hal katabta

Missing suffix.

katabtu-na

katabna

Double suffix error.

katabtu-tu

katabtu

Redundant suffix.

katab-na (for he)

kataba

Wrong conjugation.

katab-ti (for he)

kataba

Wrong gender.

Sentence Patterns

___ (I) ___ (verb) ___ (object).

___ (You) ___ (verb) ___ (object)?

___ (We) ___ (verb) ___ (place).

ma ___ (I) ___ (verb).

Real World Usage

Texting constant

akaltu al-ghada

Job Interview very common

anhaytu al-mashru'

Travel common

dhahabtu ila al-matar

Social Media common

katabtu post jadid

Food Delivery common

talabtu al-wujba

Classroom very common

fahamtu al-dars

💡

Drop the Pronoun

You don't need to say 'ana' (I) because the -tu suffix already says it for you.
⚠️

Gender Matters

Always check if you are talking to a man or a woman.
🎯

Listen for the Vowel

The vowel at the end of the suffix is the key to the person.
💬

Dialect Variations

In casual speech, people might drop the final vowel, so listen carefully.

Smart Tips

Attach -tu to the root.

ana katab katabtu

Add 'hal' at the start.

katabta? hal katabta?

Add 'ma' before the verb.

katabtu ma katabtu

Use -na.

nahnu kataba katabna

Pronunciation

ka-tab-tu

Vowel length

The 'u' in -tu is short.

Question

hal katabta? ↑

Rising pitch at the end.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'TU' as 'To You' (I did it), 'TA' as 'That's you' (You did it), and 'NA' as 'Now we' (We did it).

Visual Association

Imagine a sticker with 'TU' on your own chest, a sticker with 'TA' on your friend's chest, and a group of people wearing a banner that says 'NA'.

Rhyme

For I add TU, for You add TA, for We add NA, the past is done today!

Story

I (katabtu) wrote a letter. You (katabta) read it. We (katabna) laughed together.

Word Web

katabtudarastushiribtuakaltudhahabtusamitu

Challenge

Write 3 sentences about your morning using the -tu suffix.

Cultural Notes

In spoken dialects, the final vowels are often dropped.

The pronunciation of 'q' changes to a glottal stop.

The 'g' sound is often used for the letter qaf.

The Arabic past tense suffixes are derived from ancient Semitic pronominal forms.

Conversation Starters

hal akalta?

hal darasta?

hal dhahabta?

hal katabta?

Journal Prompts

Write about what you ate today.
Write about where you went yesterday.
Write about a book you read.
Write about a project you finished.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank for 'I wrote'.

___ (katab)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: katabtu
-tu is for I.
Which is 'We studied'? Multiple Choice

Choose the correct form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: darasna
-na is for We.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

ana katabtu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: katabtu
Remove redundant pronoun.
Change to negative. Sentence Transformation

katabtu -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ma katabtu
Use ma for past negative.
Complete the response. Dialogue Completion

Q: hal akalta? A: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: na'am, akaltu
Match the subject.
Order the words. Sentence Building

al-dars / fahamtu

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: fahamtu al-dars
Verb first.
Sort by person. Grammar Sorting

Sort: katabtu, katabta, katabna

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I, You, We
Correct order.
Match the suffix to the meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I, You, We
Correct mapping.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the blank for 'I wrote'.

___ (katab)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: katabtu
-tu is for I.
Which is 'We studied'? Multiple Choice

Choose the correct form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: darasna
-na is for We.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

ana katabtu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: katabtu
Remove redundant pronoun.
Change to negative. Sentence Transformation

katabtu -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ma katabtu
Use ma for past negative.
Complete the response. Dialogue Completion

Q: hal akalta? A: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: na'am, akaltu
Match the subject.
Order the words. Sentence Building

al-dars / fahamtu

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: fahamtu al-dars
Verb first.
Sort by person. Grammar Sorting

Sort: katabtu, katabta, katabna

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I, You, We
Correct order.
Match the suffix to the meaning. Match Pairs

Match: -tu, -ta, -na

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I, You, We
Correct mapping.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the blank for 'We went' Fill in the Blank

Nahnu zahab___ ila al-sinema.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: na
Fill in the blank for 'They played' Fill in the Blank

Hum la'ib___ kura.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: u
Which verb matches 'Anta' (You male)? Multiple Choice

Anta ___ al-khabar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sami'ta
Identify the 'I' form Multiple Choice

Which word means 'I sat'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jalastu
Correct the verb for 'She' Error Correction

Hiya kataba al-wajib.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Hiya katabat al-wajib.
Fix the plural suffix Error Correction

Antum (plural) zahabta.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Antum zahabtum.
Arrange the sentence: 'I drank tea' Sentence Reorder

al-shay / sharibtu / Ana

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ana sharibtu al-shay
Translate 'You (female) studied' Translation

Translate to Arabic: You (f) studied

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Darasti
Translate 'We arrived' Translation

Translate to Arabic: We arrived

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Wasalna
Match the pronoun to the verb suffix Match Pairs

Match correctly:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Ana - tu","Anta - ta","Nahnu - na","Hiya - at"]

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

It marks the first person singular (I).

Yes, it is usually dropped to sound natural.

Use 'ma' before the verb.

The suffixes remain the same, but the root might change.

Yes, it is the standard form.

-ta is masculine, -ti is feminine.

Yes, the core system is universal.

Use 'hal' at the start.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Preterite endings

Spanish suffixes are for person/number; Arabic includes gender.

French low

Passé composé

Arabic is synthetic; French is analytic.

German moderate

Präteritum

German still requires the subject pronoun.

Japanese moderate

Ta-form

Japanese does not conjugate for person.

Arabic high

Past Tense

None.

Chinese low

Le particle

Chinese verbs do not change form.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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