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A2 adjective 11 min read

مَشْغُول

mashghul
Practice it Examples Notes & Tips مَشْغُول in 30 Seconds
Explanation مَشْغُول in your Level:
At the A1 level, you should learn 'mashghūl' as a simple adjective to describe yourself or others. It is one of the first adjectives you will use to explain why you cannot do something. You should focus on the two main forms: 'mashghūl' for men and 'mashghūlah' for women. At this stage, you don't need to worry about complex grammar. Just remember the basic sentence structure: 'Anā mashghūl' (I am busy) or 'Huwa mashghūl' (He is busy). You will mostly hear this in simple conversations about daily life, like when a friend asks if you want to go to a cafe and you need to say 'Sorry, I am busy'. It is a very helpful word for setting boundaries politely. You should also recognize it when you hear it on a phone call if the line is busy. Practice saying it with 'jiddan' (very) to express that you have a lot of work. This word helps you move beyond just saying 'yes' or 'no' to invitations. It gives a reason for your absence. Try to pair it with 'al-yawm' (today) or 'al-ān' (now). For example, 'Anā mashghūl al-yawm' is a perfect A1 sentence. You are communicating a state and a time. This is the foundation of building your descriptive vocabulary in Arabic.
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At the A2 level, you begin to expand how you use 'mashghūl' by adding reasons and using prepositions. The most important addition is the preposition 'bi-' (with). Now, instead of just saying 'I am busy', you can say 'I am busy with work' (Anā mashghūl bi-al-'amal) or 'I am busy with study' (Anā mashghūl bi-al-dirāsah). You should also learn the plural forms: 'mashghūlūn' for a group of people. This allows you to talk about your family or your colleagues. You will start to see 'mashghūl' in short texts, like emails or text messages. You should also be able to use it in the past tense with 'kuntu' (I was). For example, 'Kuntu mashghūlan ams' (I was busy yesterday). Note the change in the ending in the past tense—this is a key A2 grammar point. You will also encounter the word in public settings, like asking if a seat in a restaurant is 'mashghūl' (occupied). This level is about making your sentences more specific and using the word in a variety of common social situations. You are moving from simple labels to describing situations with more detail and context.
At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'mashghūl' in more complex sentence structures and understanding its idiomatic uses. One such use is 'mashghūl al-bāl' (preoccupied or worried). This moves the word from a physical state of having work to a mental state of having concerns. You should also be able to use 'mashghūl' in conditional sentences, such as 'If I weren't busy, I would come' (Law lam akun mashghūlan, la-ji'tu). You will start to encounter 'mashghūl' in news articles or more formal letters. You should also be aware of synonyms like 'munhamik' (engrossed) and know when to use 'mashghūl' versus 'muzdahim' (crowded). At B1, your vocabulary is becoming more nuanced. You can describe not just that you are busy, but the nature of your busyness. You might use it to describe a 'busy schedule' (jadwal mashghūl) or a 'busy period' (fatra mashghūla). You are also expected to handle the grammar of the word more accurately, including the correct case endings (marfū', manṣūb, majrūr) depending on its position in the sentence. Your ability to use the word in different registers—from casual slang to formal MSA—should also be developing.
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At the B2 level, you use 'mashghūl' with a high degree of precision and can understand its use in literature and professional discourse. You should be able to discuss the concept of 'busyness' in society, using the word to talk about social trends or workplace culture. You will recognize the word in more abstract contexts, such as 'a mind busy with thoughts' or 'a nation busy with reform'. You should also be familiar with the root 'sh-gh-l' and how it produces other words like 'ishtighāl' (occupation/concern) or 'mashghala' (something that keeps one busy). At this level, you can use 'mashghūl' in sophisticated rhetorical ways, perhaps in a speech or a formal essay. You understand the subtle difference between being 'mashghūl' (occupied) and 'multazim' (committed). You can also use and understand more complex idioms involving the word. Your pronunciation should be near-native, correctly articulating the 'ghayn' and the vowel lengths. You are no longer just using the word to give excuses; you are using it to analyze and describe the world around you. You can also identify when 'mashghūl' is used sarcastically or ironically in social commentary.
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At the C1 level, you have a deep appreciation for the linguistic roots and the stylistic variations of 'mashghūl'. You can identify its use in classical poetry or modern literature where it might carry layers of philosophical meaning. You understand how the passive participle form 'mashghūl' contrasts with the active form 'shāghil' to create specific emphasis in a sentence. You can use the word in high-level academic or professional environments, such as describing a 'busy market' in economic terms or an 'occupied territory' in a political context (though 'muhtall' is more common for territory, 'mashghūl' can appear in older or specific texts). You are sensitive to the cultural implications of being 'mashghūl' in different Arab societies and can navigate these nuances in conversation. You can also use the word to create complex metaphors. Your mastery of the grammar surrounding the word is complete, including its behavior in 'Idafa' constructions and its various declensions. You can engage in a debate about the 'busy-ness' of modern life using this word as a central theme, providing well-structured arguments and using a wide range of related vocabulary.
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At the C2 level, 'mashghūl' is a tool you use with the finesse of a native speaker. You understand its historical evolution from the root 'sh-gh-l' and how its usage has shifted over centuries. You can appreciate and use the word in its most subtle and poetic forms, such as in the works of great Arab thinkers or contemporary poets. You are fully aware of all dialectal variations and can switch between them seamlessly, knowing how 'mashghūl' is used in a Cairo alleyway versus a Riyadh boardroom. You can use the word to write professional reports, creative stories, or academic papers with perfect accuracy and stylistic flair. For you, 'mashghūl' is not just a word for 'busy'; it is a versatile building block that can convey a vast range of human experiences, from the mundane to the profound. You can explain the word's etymology and its relationship to other Semitic languages if necessary. Your command of the word is so complete that you can use it to create puns, wordplay, and sophisticated humor that relies on the listener's deep understanding of the language.
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Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

مَشْغُول in 30 Seconds

  • Mashghūl means 'busy' or 'occupied' and is used for people, phone lines, and seats.
  • It is an adjective that must agree in gender (mashghūl for men, mashghūlah for women).
  • The most common preposition used with it is 'bi-' (e.g., busy with work).
  • It comes from the root sh-gh-l, which relates to work and occupation.

The Arabic word مَشْغُول (mashghūl) is a fundamental adjective that every learner must master early in their journey. Derived from the triconsonantal root ش-غ-ل (sh-gh-l), which pertains to work, labor, or occupation, مَشْغُول is the passive participle form. In a literal sense, it describes someone who has been 'occupied' or 'engaged' by something. When you say you are مَشْغُول, you are effectively stating that your time and attention are currently held captive by tasks or responsibilities. This word is incredibly versatile and is used in almost every social context imaginable, from the professional boardroom to the casual family gathering.

Core Meaning
The primary translation is 'busy' or 'occupied'. It refers to a state of having many things to do or being currently involved in an activity that prevents one from taking on other tasks.

أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ جِدًّا هَذَا الأُسْبُوعِ بِسَبَبِ الاِمْتِحَانَاتِ.
I am very busy this week because of the exams.

Beyond just personal busyness, مَشْغُول is also the standard term used for a 'busy' telephone line. If you call someone and their line is engaged, you will often hear the automated message saying الخَطُّ مَشْغُول (al-khattu mashghūl). This demonstrates how the word applies not just to people, but to objects or systems that are currently in use. In cultural terms, being 'busy' in the Arab world is often seen as a sign of productivity and importance, though it is also frequently used as a polite 'social shield'—a way to decline an invitation without causing offense to the host.

هَلْ أَنْتِ مَشْغُولَةٌ الآنَ؟ أُرِيدُ التَّحَدُّثَ مَعَكِ.
Are you (feminine) busy now? I want to talk with you.

Emotional Nuance
Depending on the tone, it can convey stress, importance, or simply a matter-of-fact status update. In some contexts, it can imply being 'preoccupied' mentally, as in 'mashghūl al-bāl' (busy of mind/worried).

In the modern era, the word has taken on even more weight as digital connectivity increases. People often describe their digital lives as being مَشْغُول with notifications and emails. It is a word that bridges the gap between traditional manual labor and contemporary cognitive work. Whether a farmer is busy in the field or a software engineer is busy coding, both would use مَشْغُول to describe their state. It is one of the most high-frequency words in the Arabic language, essential for daily interactions and scheduling.

المُدِيرُ مَشْغُولٌ فِي اجْتِمَاعٍ مُغْلَقٍ.
The manager is busy in a closed meeting.

كُلُّ العُمَّالِ مَشْغُولُونَ بِتَرْمِيمِ البِنَاءِ.
All the workers are busy restoring the building.

Register Variation
In formal Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), it is used exactly as written. In dialects like Egyptian or Levantine, the pronunciation might shift slightly (e.g., 'mash-ghool'), but the core meaning remains identical.

لا تَكُنْ مَشْغُولاً لِدَرَجَةِ نِسْيَانِ عَائِلَتِكَ.
Do not be so busy that you forget your family.

Using مَشْغُول correctly requires an understanding of Arabic adjective agreement and prepositional use. Since it is an adjective, it must agree with the noun it describes in gender, number, and definiteness. For example, if you are a man, you say أَنَا مَشْغُول (anā mashghūl). If you are a woman, you must add the 'ta marbuta' at the end: أَنَا مَشْغُولَة (anā mashghūlah). If you are talking about a group, you use the sound masculine plural مَشْغُولُونَ (mashghūlūn) or the feminine plural مَشْغُولَات (mashghūlāt).

Prepositional Link
The most common preposition used with 'mashghūl' is 'bi-' (بِـ), which means 'with' or 'in'. You are 'busy WITH' something.

هُوَ مَشْغُولٌ بِـكِتَابَةِ التَّقْرِيرِ السَّنَوِيِّ.
He is busy writing (with the writing of) the annual report.

Another important aspect is the use of 'mashghūl' in the 'Idafa' construction (the possessive link). A very common expression is مَشْغُولُ البَال (mashghūl al-bāl), which literally means 'busy of mind'. This doesn't mean you have a lot of work to do, but rather that you are worried, preoccupied, or have something weighing heavily on your mind. This is a more poetic and emotional use of the word. You might say this to a friend who looks distracted or anxious.

لِمَاذَا أَنْتَ مَشْغُولُ البَالِ اليَوْمَ؟ هَلْ هُنَاكَ مُشْكِلَةٌ؟
Why are you preoccupied (busy of mind) today? Is there a problem?

Temporal Adverbs
'Mashghūl' is often paired with words like 'dā'iman' (always), 'ghāliban' (often), or 'al-ān' (now) to specify the duration or timing of the busyness.

When describing a place, مَشْغُول can sometimes refer to a seat or a room being 'occupied'. For example, if you are in a library and see a bag on a chair, you might ask هَلْ هَذَا المَقْعَدُ مَشْغُول؟ (Is this seat occupied?). This is a very practical application of the word in daily life. It shows that the word isn't just about human activity, but about the status of space and resources being utilized.

نَحْنُ مَشْغُولُونَ بِتَحْضِيرِ الحَفْلَةِ.
We are busy preparing the party.

سَأَتَّصِلُ بِكَ لَاحِقاً لِأَنَّنِي مَشْغُولٌ لِلْغَايَةِ.
I will call you later because I am extremely busy.

Sentence Structure
In a nominal sentence (Jumla Ismiyya), 'mashghūl' acts as the predicate (khabar). Subject + Mashghūl. Example: 'Al-walad mashghūl' (The boy is busy).

كُنْتُ مَشْغُولاً طَوَالَ النَّهَارِ.
I was busy all day long. (Note the accusative 'an' ending after 'kana').

You will encounter مَشْغُول everywhere in the Arabic-speaking world, from the bustling markets of Marrakesh to the high-tech offices of Dubai. It is a 'survival word' for any traveler or student. One of the most common places you'll hear it is on the telephone. In the Arab world, telephone etiquette is very important, and if someone cannot talk, they will almost always say أَنَا مَشْغُول، سَأُعَاوِدُ الاِتِّصَالَ (I'm busy, I'll call back). It's the standard, polite way to end a call that came at an inconvenient time.

The Office Environment
In professional settings, secretaries and assistants use it constantly to manage their bosses' schedules. 'Al-mudīr mashghūl' is perhaps the most common phrase heard in an Arab corporate lobby.

الخَطُّ مَشْغُولٌ حَالِيّاً، يَرْجَى الاِنْتِظَارُ.
The line is busy currently; please wait.

In social circles, مَشْغُول is the universal excuse. Arabic culture is highly social, with frequent visits and gatherings. However, as life becomes more modern and fast-paced, people use مَشْغُول to signal that they are part of the modern, working world. You will hear it in cafes when friends are discussing why they missed a soccer match or a wedding. It carries a certain social weight—being busy implies you have responsibilities, a job, or a family that depends on you.

آسِفٌ، أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ جِدّاً وَلَا أَسْتَطِيعُ الحُضُورَ.
Sorry, I am very busy and I cannot attend.

Media and Literature
In news broadcasts, you might hear about 'mashghūl' in the context of political leaders being 'busy with negotiations' or 'busy with the affairs of the state'.

You will also hear it in domestic settings. A mother might tell her children أَنَا مَشْغُولَة فِي المَطْبَخ (I am busy in the kitchen) to explain why she can't help with homework at that moment. It is a word that transcends class and profession. From the street vendor to the prime minister, مَشْغُول is the common denominator of active life. Even in religious contexts, one might be described as مَشْغُول بِذِكْرِ الله (busy with the remembrance of God), showing that the 'occupation' can be spiritual as well as physical.

هَلْ أَنْتَ مَشْغُولٌ بِشَيْءٍ مُهِمٍّ؟
Are you busy with something important?

أَصْبَحَ العَالَمُ مَشْغُولاً بِالتِّكْنُولُوجِيَا.
The world has become busy (preoccupied) with technology.

Public Spaces
In a restaurant, a waiter might say 'At-tāwila mashghūla' (The table is occupied/taken).

كُلُّ المَقَاعِدِ فِي الحَافِلَةِ مَشْغُولَةٌ.
All the seats on the bus are occupied.

One of the most frequent errors English speakers make when using مَشْغُول is forgetting to match the gender of the adjective to the subject. In English, 'busy' is gender-neutral, but in Arabic, it is not. A woman saying أَنَا مَشْغُول (anā mashghūl) sounds grammatically incorrect to a native speaker. It's like saying 'I am a busy man' when you are a woman. Always remember to add the ة (ta marbuta) for feminine subjects: مَشْغُولَة.

Preposition Confusion
Students often try to translate 'busy with' literally using 'ma'a' (مَعَ). While 'ma'a' means 'with', the correct preposition to use with 'mashghūl' is almost always 'bi-' (بِـ).

خطأ: أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ مَعَ العَمَلِ.
صواب: أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ بِـالعَمَلِ.
Correct: I am busy with work.

Another mistake involves the root itself. Students sometimes confuse the adjective مَشْغُول (mashghūl) with the noun شُغْل (shughl - work) or the verb يَشْتَغِل (yashtaghil - to work). While they are related, you cannot use them interchangeably. You cannot say 'I have busy' or 'I am work'. You must decide if you are describing your state (adjective) or your activity (verb/noun). Also, be careful with the pronunciation of the 'ghayn' (غ). It should be a gargling sound from the back of the throat, not a hard 'g' like in 'go'.

هَذَا الأَمْرُ شَاغِلٌ لِوَقْتِي، لِذَلِكَ أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ.
This matter is occupying (shāghil) my time, therefore I am busy (mashghūl).

Plural Patterns
Using the broken plural instead of the sound masculine plural. Adjectives for people following the 'maf'ūl' pattern usually take the 'ūn/īn' ending, not a broken plural.

In written Arabic, a common mistake is neglecting the 'tanween' (nunation) when the word is indefinite and in the accusative case, such as after كَانَ (kāna - to be). You should write كُنْتُ مَشْغُولاً (kuntu mashghūlan), with the extra 'alif' and double 'fatha'. Omitting the 'alif' in writing is a sign of weak grammar. Finally, avoid using مَشْغُول to mean 'industrious' or 'hard-working'. For that, use مُجْتَهِد (mujtahid). مَشْغُول only describes your current state of having things to do, not your general character trait of being a worker.

لَيْسَتْ مَشْغُولَةً الآنَ، يُمْكِنُكَ الدُّخُولُ.
She is not busy now; you can enter.

الشَّارِعُ مُزْدَحِمٌ (مُزْدَحِم ليس مَشْغُول).
The street is crowded (muzdahim, not mashghūl).

Case Endings
Mistaking the nominative 'u' for the genitive 'i' in complex sentences. 'Ana mashghūl-u' vs 'bi-rajulin mashghūl-in'.

تَحَدَّثْتُ مَعَ طَبِيبٍ مَشْغُولٍ.
I spoke with a busy doctor. (Note the genitive 'in' ending).

While مَشْغُول is the most common way to say 'busy', Arabic offers several synonyms and related terms that provide more nuance depending on the situation. If you want to emphasize that you are completely absorbed or engrossed in a task, you might use the word مُنْهَمِك (munhamik). This word implies a higher level of focus and intensity than just being 'busy'. It suggests that you are 'drowning' in your work or deeply involved in it.

Comparison: Mashghūl vs. Munhamik
'Mashghūl' is general busyness. 'Munhamik' is being deeply engrossed or overwhelmed by a specific task.

البَاحِثُ مُنْهَمِكٌ فِي دِرَاسَتِهِ.
The researcher is engrossed in his study.

Another alternative is مُتَفَرِّغ (mutafarrigh), which is actually the antonym but is often used in the negative to mean busy. لَسْتُ مُتَفَرِّغاً (lastu mutafarrighan) means 'I am not free' or 'I am not available'. This is sometimes a more formal or precise way to state that you have other commitments. If you are describing a place that is busy with people, like a street or a mall, use مُزْدَحِم (muzdahim), which means 'crowded'. Using مَشْغُول for a street would sound very strange to a native speaker.

السُّوقُ مُزْدَحِمٌ بِالزُّوَّارِ اليَوْمَ.
The market is crowded with visitors today.

Comparison: Mashghūl vs. Multazim
'Multazim' means 'committed'. You might be busy because you are 'multazim' to a project or a promise.

In professional contexts, you might hear مُرْتَبِط (murtabit), which means 'tied up' or 'connected to an appointment'. If a doctor is 'murtabit', it means they have back-to-back appointments and cannot see you. For a very formal way of saying someone is busy with important duties, you can use مُتَفَانٍ (mutafānin), which implies being devoted or dedicated to work. Understanding these shades of meaning will help you transition from basic communication to truly expressive and sophisticated Arabic.

أَنَا مُرْتَبِطٌ بِمَوْعِدٍ آخَرَ.
I am tied up with another appointment.

الرَّجُلُ غَارِقٌ فِي أَعْمَالِهِ.
The man is drowning (submerged) in his works.

Comparison: Mashghūl vs. Shāghil
While 'Mashghūl' is the person, 'Shāghil' is the thing that occupies. 'Hādhā mawḍū' shāghil' (This is an occupying/important topic).

لا تَجْعَلْ نَفْسَكَ مَشْغُولاً بِمَا لا يَعْنِيكَ.
Do not make yourself busy with what does not concern you.

How Formal Is It?

Formal

"يُؤْسِفُنِي أَنَّنِي مَشْغُولٌ بِارْتِبَاطَاتٍ مُسْبَقَةٍ."

Neutral

"أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ بِالعَمَلِ الآنَ."

Informal

"والله أَنَا مَشْغُول لِشُوشْتِي!"

Child friendly

"بَابَا مَشْغُولٌ قَلِيلاً، سَيَلْعَبُ مَعَكَ بَعْدَ قَلِيلٍ."

Slang

"خَلِيك مَشْغُول بِحَالِك."

Fun Fact

The root sh-gh-l also gives us the word 'mashghal' (workshop), showing the connection between being busy and the physical space of creation.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /mæʃˈɡuːl/
US /mæʃˈɡul/
Stress is on the second syllable: mash-GHŪL.
Rhymes With
Ma'qūl (reasonable) Manqūl (transferred) Maqbūl (accepted) Majhūl (unknown) Mas'ūl (responsible) Makhdhūl (disappointed) Maftūl (twisted) Mahmūl (carried)
Common Errors
  • Pronouncing 'gh' as a hard 'g' (like 'gold').
  • Making the 'u' sound too short.
  • Forgetting to pronounce the 'sh' clearly.
  • Stressing the first syllable instead of the second.
  • Replacing the 'gh' with a 'k' or 'kh' sound.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 2/5

Easy to recognize due to the common 'maf'ūl' pattern and frequent use.

Writing 3/5

Requires attention to gender agreement and the accusative 'alif' in 'mashghūlan'.

Speaking 3/5

The 'ghayn' sound can be tricky for beginners to master perfectly.

Listening 2/5

Very distinct sound; easy to pick out in fast speech.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

أَنَا (I) هُوَ (He) عَمَل (Work) فِي (In) مَعَ (With)

Learn Next

مُتَفَرِّغ (Free) مُزْدَحِم (Crowded) مَوْعِد (Appointment) اِجْتِمَاع (Meeting) مُهِمّ (Important)

Advanced

مُنْهَمِك (Engrossed) مُرْتَبِط (Tied up) اِشْتِبَاك (Engagement/Clash) تَشْغِيل (Operating)

Grammar to Know

Adjective Agreement

الرجل مشغول vs المرأة مشغولة

Passive Participle Pattern (Maf'ūl)

شغل -> مشغول

Preposition 'bi-' with Adjectives

مشغول بالدراسة

Accusative case after 'Kana'

كنت مشغولاً (Note the 'an')

Idafa with Adjectives

مشغول البال

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Examples by Level

1

أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ جِدّاً.

I am very busy.

Subject (Anā) + Predicate (mashghūl).

2

هَلْ أَنْتَ مَشْغُولٌ؟

Are you (masc.) busy?

Question particle (Hal) + Subject + Adjective.

3

هِيَ مَشْغُولَةٌ الآنَ.

She is busy now.

Feminine subject requires 'ta marbuta' on the adjective.

4

أَبِي مَشْغُولٌ فِي العَمَلِ.

My father is busy at work.

Preposition 'fī' (in) indicates location.

5

أَنَا لَسْتُ مَشْغُولاً.

I am not busy.

Negation 'lastu' makes the adjective accusative (mashghūlan).

6

أُمِّي مَشْغُولَةٌ فِي المَطْبَخِ.

My mother is busy in the kitchen.

Feminine agreement.

7

الخَطُّ مَشْغُولٌ.

The (phone) line is busy.

Definite noun + Adjective.

8

نَحْنُ مَشْغُولُونَ اليَوْمَ.

We are busy today.

Plural subject + Plural adjective (ūn).

1

أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ بِدِرَاسَتِي.

I am busy with my studies.

Use of preposition 'bi-' (with).

2

كُنْتُ مَشْغُولاً أَمْسِ.

I was busy yesterday.

Past tense 'kuntu' requires 'mashghūlan'.

3

هَلِ المَقْعَدُ مَشْغُولٌ؟

Is the seat occupied?

'Mashghūl' used for objects/places.

4

أَخِي مَشْغُولٌ بِتَصْلِيحِ السَّيَّارَةِ.

My brother is busy fixing the car.

Preposition 'bi-' + verbal noun (masdar).

5

لِمَاذَا أَنْتِ مَشْغُولَةٌ دَائِماً؟

Why are you (fem.) always busy?

Adverb 'dā'iman' (always).

6

المُدِيرُ مَشْغُولٌ فِي اجْتِمَاعٍ.

The manager is busy in a meeting.

Prepositional phrase 'fī ijtima''.

7

الأَوْلَادُ مَشْغُولُونَ بِاللَّعِبِ.

The boys are busy playing.

Plural agreement.

8

لَسْنَا مَشْغُولِينَ هَذَا المَسَاءَ.

We are not busy this evening.

Negative plural 'lasnā' + 'mashghūlīn'.

1

يَبْدُو أَنَّكَ مَشْغُولُ البَالِ.

It seems that you are preoccupied/worried.

Idafa construction: 'mashghūl al-bāl'.

2

رَغْمَ أَنَّنِي مَشْغُولٌ، سَأُسَاعِدُكَ.

Even though I am busy, I will help you.

Conjunction 'raghma anna' (even though).

3

كَانَ المَطْعَمُ مَشْغُولاً جِدّاً لَيْلَةَ السَّبْتِ.

The restaurant was very busy (crowded/full) Saturday night.

Using 'mashghūl' for a business being busy.

4

أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ بِتَحْضِيرِ نَفْسِي لِلسَّفَرِ.

I am busy preparing myself for travel.

Reflexive meaning with 'bi-tahdīr nafsī'.

5

هَلْ سَتَكُونُ مَشْغُولاً غَداً ظُهْراً؟

Will you be busy tomorrow at noon?

Future tense 'satakūnu'.

6

المُوَظَّفُونَ مَشْغُولُونَ بِتَحْدِيثِ البَيَانَاتِ.

The employees are busy updating the data.

Professional context.

7

لَا تُزْعِجْهُ، إِنَّهُ مَشْغُولٌ لِلْغَايَةِ.

Do not disturb him; he is extremely busy.

Imperative 'lā tuz'ij' (don't disturb).

8

أَصْبَحْتُ مَشْغُولاً بِأُمُورٍ كَثِيرَةٍ.

I became busy with many matters.

Verb 'asbahtu' (I became).

1

العَالَمُ مَشْغُولٌ بِأَزْمَةِ المُنَاخِ.

The world is preoccupied with the climate crisis.

Abstract subject.

2

لَا تَبْقَ مَشْغُولاً بِالمَاضِي.

Do not stay preoccupied with the past.

Metaphorical use.

3

كَانَ الفَنَّانُ مَشْغُولاً بِرَسْمِ لَوْحَتِهِ الجَدِيدَةِ.

The artist was busy painting his new painting.

Describing creative process.

4

إِنَّهُ مَشْغُولٌ لِشُوشَتِهِ فِي العَمَلِ.

He is busy up to his ears/forelock in work.

Idiomatic expression 'li-shūshatihi'.

5

تَبْدُو مَشْغُولاً عَنَّا هَذِهِ الأَيَّامَ.

You seem busy/distracted from us these days.

Preposition 'an' (from/away from).

6

المُجْتَمَعُ مَشْغُولٌ بِقَضَايَا العَدَالَةِ الاِجْتِمَاعِيَّةِ.

Society is preoccupied with issues of social justice.

Sociological context.

7

لَيْسَ مِنَ الجَيِّدِ أَنْ تَكُونَ مَشْغُولاً دَائِماً.

It is not good to be always busy.

Infinitive construction 'an takūna'.

8

أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ بِتَنْسِيقِ الجُهُودِ بَيْنَ الفَرِيقَيْنِ.

I am busy coordinating efforts between the two teams.

Complex professional task.

1

ظَلَّ ذِهْنِي مَشْغُولاً بِتِلْكَ الفِكْرَةِ الفَلْسَفِيَّةِ.

My mind remained preoccupied with that philosophical idea.

Subject 'dhihnī' (my mind).

2

الفِكْرُ العَرَبِيُّ مَشْغُولٌ بِسُؤَالِ النَّهْضَةِ.

Arab thought is preoccupied with the question of the Renaissance.

Intellectual history context.

3

لَا يَجِبُ أَنْ نَكُونَ مَشْغُولِينَ بِالقُشُورِ عَنِ الجَوْهَرِ.

We must not be busy with the superficialities instead of the essence.

Philosophical metaphor.

4

كَانَتِ الصَّحَافَةُ مَشْغُولَةً بِتَغْطِيَةِ الاِنْتِخَابَاتِ.

The press was busy covering the elections.

Institutional subject.

5

إِنَّهُ مَشْغُولٌ بِصِيَاغَةِ نَظَرِيَّةٍ جَدِيدَةٍ.

He is busy formulating a new theory.

Academic context.

6

لَقَدْ كَانَ المَلِكُ مَشْغُولاً بِتَدْبِيرِ شُؤُونِ الرَّعِيَّةِ.

The king was busy managing the affairs of the subjects.

Historical/Formal context.

7

العَقْلُ البَشَرِيُّ مَشْغُولٌ دَائِماً بِالبَحْثِ عَنِ المَعْنَى.

The human mind is always busy searching for meaning.

Existential context.

8

تَجِدُ النَّاسَ مَشْغُولِينَ بِتَوَافِهِ الأُمُورِ.

You find people busy with trivial matters.

Social critique.

1

تَبَدَّى لِي أَنَّ الوُجُودَ مَشْغُولٌ بِحَرَكَةٍ دَائِبَةٍ لَا تَهْدَأُ.

It appeared to me that existence is occupied with a constant movement that never subsides.

High literary style.

2

كَانَتِ الذَّاكِرَةُ مَشْغُولَةً بِاسْتِحْضَارِ أَطْيَافِ المَاضِي.

The memory was busy summoning the ghosts of the past.

Poetic/Metaphorical.

3

إِنَّ النَّصَّ مَشْغُولٌ بِتَنَاصٍّ عَمِيقٍ مَعَ التُّرَاثِ.

The text is preoccupied with a deep intertextuality with heritage.

Literary criticism term.

4

يَظَلُّ القَلْبُ مَشْغُولاً بِمَنْ يُحِبُّ مَهْمَا بَعُدَتِ المَسَافَاتُ.

The heart remains preoccupied with the one it loves, no matter how far the distances.

Emotional/Romantic depth.

5

المَشْهَدُ السِّيَاسِيُّ مَشْغُولٌ بِتَجَاذُبَاتٍ حِزْبِيَّةٍ حَادَّةٍ.

The political scene is occupied with sharp partisan tugs-of-war.

Political analysis.

6

لَا يَزَالُ البَاحِثُونَ مَشْغُولِينَ بِفَكِّ شِفْرَةِ الوِرَاثَةِ.

Researchers are still busy decoding the genetic code.

Scientific complexity.

7

تَغْدُو الرُّوحُ مَشْغُولَةً بِالاِنْعِتَاقِ مِنْ قُيُودِ المَادَّةِ.

The soul becomes occupied with liberating itself from the shackles of matter.

Mystical/Sufi context.

8

هَذِهِ القَصِيدَةُ مَشْغُولَةٌ بِحِرَفِيَّةٍ عَالِيَةٍ.

This poem is crafted (occupied/worked on) with high craftsmanship.

'Mashghūl' meaning 'crafted' or 'worked'.

Common Collocations

مَشْغُول جِدّاً
مَشْغُول بِالعَمَل
مَشْغُول بِالدِّرَاسَة
مَشْغُول البَال
الخَط مَشْغُول
مَشْغُول لِلْغَايَة
مَشْغُول طَوَال اليَوْم
مَشْغُول مَعَ العَائِلَة
مَشْغُول بِتَحْضِير...
غَيْر مَشْغُول

Common Phrases

أَنَا مَشْغُول

— I am busy. Used to decline requests or explain unavailability.

آسف، أنا مشغول.

هَلْ أَنْتَ مَشْغُول؟

— Are you busy? A polite way to start a conversation.

يا محمد، هل أنت مشغول؟

الخَط مَشْغُول

— The line is busy. Heard when a phone call doesn't go through.

حاولت الاتصال لكن الخط مشغول.

مَشْغُول البَال

— Preoccupied or worried. Describes someone with mental stress.

لا تكن مشغول البال.

مَشْغُول لِشُوشَتِهِ

— Extremely busy. An idiom meaning busy up to the forelock.

المدير مشغول لشوشته.

مَشْغُول بِلا شَيْء

— Busy with nothing. Used to criticize someone who wastes time.

أنت مشغول بلا شيء.

كُنْتُ مَشْغُولاً

— I was busy. Used to apologize for missing something in the past.

كنت مشغولاً بالأمس.

سَأَكُونُ مَشْغُولاً

— I will be busy. Used for future planning.

سأكون مشغولاً غداً.

مَشْغُولَة بِبَيْتِهَا

— Busy with her home. Often said of mothers or wives.

هي مشغولة ببيتها.

مَشْغُول بِتِجَارَتِهِ

— Busy with his trade/business.

التاجر مشغول بتجارته.

Often Confused With

مَشْغُول vs شُغْل

This is the noun 'work'. You can't say 'I am work'.

مَشْغُول vs مُزْدَحِم

This means 'crowded'. Use it for streets, not people.

مَشْغُول vs مُجْتَهَد

This means 'hard-working'. 'Mashghūl' just means you have tasks right now.

Idioms & Expressions

"مَشْغُول لِشُوشَتِهِ"

— Extremely busy, overwhelmed with tasks.

أنا مشغول لشوشتي في هذا المشروع.

Informal
"مَشْغُول البَال"

— Worried, anxious, or having something on one's mind.

الأم مشغولة البال على ابنها.

Literary
"يَشْغَلُ بَالِي"

— It occupies my mind (something is worrying me).

هذا الموضوع يشغل بالي كثيراً.

General
"مَشْغُول بِتَوَافِهِ الأُمُور"

— Wasting time on unimportant things.

لا تكن مشغولاً بتوافه الأمور.

Formal
"شَغَلَ نَفْسَهُ بِـ"

— To keep oneself busy with something.

شغل نفسه بالرياضة لينسى الحزن.

General
"مَشْغُول عَنِ العَالَم"

— Isolated or deeply engrossed in one's own world.

الفنان مشغول عن العالم بفنه.

Poetic
"مَشْغُول بِحَالِهِ"

— Mindings one's own business or focusing on oneself.

هو دائماً مشغول بحاله.

General
"شُغْلٌ شَاغِل"

— A primary concern or obsession.

النجاح هو شغله الشاغل.

Formal
"مَا شَغَلَكَ عَنَّا؟"

— What kept you away from us?

يا صديقي، ما شغلك عنا؟

Social
"مَشْغُول بِاليَدِ"

— Handmade (rare but used in some contexts for crafts).

هذا بساط مشغول باليد.

Technical

Easily Confused

مَشْغُول vs شَاغِل

Both come from the same root.

'Shāghil' is the thing that occupies (active), 'Mashghūl' is the person who is occupied (passive).

هذا موضوع شاغل للناس.

مَشْغُول vs مُشْتَغِل

Similar sound and root.

'Mushtaghil' often refers to something that is 'working' or 'functioning' (like a machine).

المحرك مشتغل.

مَشْغُول vs مُتَفَرِّغ

Often used in the same context of availability.

It is the direct opposite. It means 'free' or 'dedicated to'.

أنا متفرغ لك.

مَشْغُول vs مُرْتَبِط

Both mean you can't talk/meet.

'Murtabit' implies a specific appointment or being 'tied' to something.

أنا مرتبط بعقد.

مَشْغُول vs مُزْدَحِم

Both translate to 'busy' in some English contexts (e.g., a busy street).

Arabic uses 'muzdahim' for crowds and 'mashghūl' for tasks.

السوق مزدحم.

Sentence Patterns

A1

أنا مشغول

أنا مشغول.

A1

هو مشغول

هو مشغول.

A2

أنا مشغول بـ [اسم]

أنا مشغول بالعمل.

A2

كنت مشغولاً

كنت مشغولاً أمس.

B1

يبدو أنك مشغول

يبدو أنك مشغول.

B1

مشغول البال

هو مشغول البال.

B2

مشغول لدرجة أن...

أنا مشغول لدرجة أنني لم آكل.

C1

يظل مشغولاً بـ...

يظل العالم مشغولاً بالحروب.

Word Family

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Related

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How to Use It

frequency

Extremely frequent in daily speech and writing.

Common Mistakes
  • أنا مشغول مع العمل → أنا مشغول بالعمل

    English speakers often use 'ma'a' (with) because of direct translation. In Arabic, 'bi-' is the correct preposition.

  • هي مشغول → هي مشغولة

    Forgetting the feminine 'ta marbuta' ending for female subjects.

  • الشارع مشغول → الشارع مزدحم

    Using 'mashghūl' for a busy street instead of 'muzdahim' (crowded).

  • كنت مشغول → كنت مشغولاً

    Omitting the accusative tanween after the verb 'kāna'.

  • أنا شُغل → أنا مشغول

    Using the noun 'shughl' (work) instead of the adjective 'mashghūl' (busy).

Tips

Gender Agreement

Always match the gender. If you are a girl, say 'Anā mashghūlah'. If you are a boy, say 'Anā mashghūl'. This is a very common beginner mistake.

The 'Bi' Rule

Whenever you want to say WHAT you are busy with, use the tiny letter 'bi' attached to the next word. 'Mashghūl bi-al-kitābah' (Busy with writing).

Polite Declining

If someone asks for a favor you can't do, 'Anā mashghūl' is a perfectly acceptable and polite way to say no in the Arab world.

The Ghayn Sound

Don't say 'mash-gool' with a hard G. It should sound like you are gargling at the back of your throat. Practice the 'gh' sound separately.

Phone Etiquette

If you call someone and hear 'al-khattu mashghūl', it means they are on another call. Just hang up and try again later.

Accusative Case

After 'kuntu' (I was), the word becomes 'mashghūlan' with an extra alif at the end. This is important for formal writing.

Mind Busyness

Use 'mashghūl al-bāl' to describe someone who looks like they have a lot on their mind. It shows a deeper understanding of the language.

Mix it up

Once you are comfortable with 'mashghūl', try using 'munhamik' for when you are REALLY busy and focused.

Professionalism

In an office, 'Al-mudīr mashghūl' is a very standard way to say the boss is unavailable. It is professional and neutral.

The Root Link

Connect 'mashghūl' to 'shughl' (work). If you have 'shughl', you are 'mashghūl'. It's a simple logical link.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'Mash' (like mashed potatoes) and 'Ghoul'. You are so busy making 'Mashed' potatoes for a 'Ghoul' that you can't talk!

Visual Association

Imagine a person holding a phone in one hand, a pen in the other, and a baby on their lap. That person is 'mashghūl'.

Word Web

Work Phone Occupied Ghayn Maf'ūl Busy Mind Schedule

Challenge

Try to use the word 'mashghūl' in three different sentences today: once for yourself, once for a friend, and once for an object.

Word Origin

From the Arabic root ش-غ-ل (sh-gh-l), which is found in many Semitic languages referring to work or activity.

Original meaning: To be occupied, to be put to work, or to be engaged in a task.

Afroasiatic -> Semitic -> Central Semitic -> Arabic.

Cultural Context

Be careful not to sound dismissive. Adding 'ā sif' (sorry) before 'anā mashghūl' makes it much more polite.

English speakers might find the lack of a distinction between 'busy' and 'occupied' (for a seat) interesting, as Arabic uses the same word.

Used in countless Arabic songs about being 'preoccupied' with a lover. Common in news reports regarding the 'occupied' mind of the public. Featured in the title of many Arabic self-help books about time management.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

At the Office

  • المُدِير مَشْغُول
  • أَنَا مَشْغُول بِالتَّقْرِير
  • هَلْ أَنْتَ مَشْغُول؟
  • اجْتِمَاع مَشْغُول

On the Phone

  • الخَط مَشْغُول
  • كُنْتُ مَشْغُولاً لَمَّا اتَّصَلْت
  • سَأَتَّصِلُ لَاحِقاً، أَنَا مَشْغُول
  • لا تَكُنْ مَشْغُولاً

Social Gatherings

  • آسِف، أَنَا مَشْغُول
  • مَشْغُول مَعَ الضُّيُوف
  • لِمَاذَا أَنْتَ مَشْغُول؟
  • غَيْر مَشْغُول اليَوْم

At a Restaurant

  • الطَّاوِلَة مَشْغُولَة
  • المَقْعَد مَشْغُول
  • الحَمَّام مَشْغُول
  • الْمَطْعَم مَشْغُول

Internal State

  • مَشْغُول البَال
  • قَلْبِي مَشْغُول
  • فِكْرِي مَشْغُول
  • مَشْغُول بِهُمُومِي

Conversation Starters

"هَلْ أَنْتَ مَشْغُولٌ هَذَا المَسَاءَ؟ (Are you busy this evening?)"

"مَا الَّذِي يَجْعَلُكَ مَشْغُولاً جِدّاً؟ (What is making you so busy?)"

"كَيْفَ تُدِيرُ وَقْتَكَ عِنْدَمَا تَكُونُ مَشْغُولاً؟ (How do you manage your time when you are busy?)"

"هَلْ تُفَضِّلُ أَنْ تَكُونَ مَشْغُولاً أَمْ مُرْتَاحاً؟ (Do you prefer to be busy or relaxed?)"

"مَتَى تَكُونُ أَكْثَرَ مَشْغُولِيَّةً فِي السَّنَةِ؟ (When are you most busy in the year?)"

Journal Prompts

اُكْتُبْ عَنْ يَوْمٍ كُنْتَ فِيهِ مَشْغُولاً جِدّاً. (Write about a day when you were very busy.)

هَلْ تَعْتَقِدُ أَنَّ النَّاسَ اليَوْمَ مَشْغُولُونَ أَكْثَرَ مِنَ المَاضِي؟ (Do you think people today are busier than in the past?)

مَاذَا تَفْعَلُ عِنْدَمَا تَكُونُ مَشْغُولَ البَالِ؟ (What do you do when you are preoccupied/worried?)

صِفْ جَدْوَلَكَ المَشْغُولَ لِهَذَا الأُسْبُوعِ. (Describe your busy schedule for this week.)

هَلْ كَوْنُ المَرْءِ مَشْغُولاً يَعْنِي أَنَّهُ مُنْتِجٌ؟ (Does being busy mean being productive?)

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

No, for a busy or crowded street, you should use 'muzdahim'. 'Mashghūl' is for people, phone lines, or specific seats.

The feminine form is 'mashghūlah' (مَشْغُولَة). Always use this when the subject is female.

You say 'Anā mashghūl jiddan' (أَنَا مَشْغُولٌ جِدّاً).

The preposition 'bi-' (بِـ) is used, meaning 'with'. For example: 'mashghūl bi-al-shughl' (busy with work).

Yes, 'mashghūl' is used and understood in every Arabic dialect, though the pronunciation of the 'ghayn' might vary.

In the phrase 'mashghūl al-bāl', it means preoccupied or worried. On its own, it usually just means busy with tasks.

In formal Arabic, 'Lastu mashghūlan'. In dialects, 'Mish mashghūl' or 'Mu mashghūl'.

Yes, you can say 'al-mat'am mashghūl', meaning it is full or has a lot of customers.

The masculine plural is 'mashghūlūn' and the feminine plural is 'mashghūlāt'.

The verb 'shaghala' means 'to occupy'. To say 'I am busy', you typically use the adjective 'mashghūl'.

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writing

Write 'I am busy' (masculine).

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writing

Write 'She is busy'.

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writing

Write 'I am busy with work'.

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writing

Write 'Are you busy?' (to a man).

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writing

Write 'The line is busy'.

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writing

Write 'I was busy yesterday'.

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writing

Write 'We are busy today'.

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writing

Write 'I am busy with study'.

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writing

Write 'The manager is busy'.

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writing

Write 'Why are you busy?' (to a woman).

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writing

Write 'I am not busy'.

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writing

Write 'The seat is occupied'.

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writing

Write 'Busy with the kids'.

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writing

Write 'He is always busy'.

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writing

Write 'Are they busy?'.

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writing

Write 'My mind is busy'.

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writing

Write 'Busy with reading'.

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writing

Write 'Very busy'.

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writing

Write 'Busy with the party'.

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writing

Write 'A busy day'.

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speaking

Say 'I am busy' in Arabic.

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speaking

Say 'The line is busy'.

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speaking

Say 'Are you busy?' to a friend.

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speaking

Say 'I am busy with work'.

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speaking

Say 'She is busy in the kitchen'.

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speaking

Say 'I'm very busy today'.

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speaking

Say 'I was busy yesterday'.

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speaking

Say 'We are busy now'.

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speaking

Say 'Is the seat occupied?'.

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speaking

Say 'Sorry, I'm busy'.

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speaking

Say 'Don't be preoccupied'.

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speaking

Say 'The manager is busy'.

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speaking

Say 'I'm busy with the kids'.

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speaking

Say 'I am not busy'.

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speaking

Say 'Why are you busy?'.

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speaking

Say 'The world is busy'.

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speaking

Say 'Busy with reading'.

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speaking

Say 'Busy with travel'.

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speaking

Say 'Are the girls busy?'.

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speaking

Say 'Extremely busy'.

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listening

Listen and identify: أنا مشغول بالدراسة.

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listening

Listen and identify: الخط مشغول.

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listening

Listen and identify: هي مشغولة اليوم.

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listening

Listen and identify: نحن مشغولون جداً.

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listening

Listen and identify: هل أنت مشغول؟

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listening

Listen and identify: كنت مشغولاً أمس.

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listening

Listen and identify: المدير مشغول في اجتماع.

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listening

Listen and identify: المقعد مشغول.

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listening

Listen and identify: لست مشغولاً الآن.

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listening

Listen and identify: لماذا أنت مشغول البال؟

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listening

Listen and identify: البنات مشغولات.

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listening

Listen and identify: هو مشغول بعمله.

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listening

Listen and identify: الخط دائماً مشغول.

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listening

Listen and identify: هل كنت مشغولاً؟

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listening

Listen and identify: أنا مشغول لشوشتي.

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