B1 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read Hard

Direct vs. Indirect Speech

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Transform direct quotes into indirect statements by turning the main verb into a noun-like participle ending in '-dığını'.

  • Change 'Mən' to 'O' and use the suffix '-dığını' for statements: 'Gəlirəm' becomes 'Gəldiyini'.
  • For questions, use '-ıb-ıbmadiyini' or '-acağını' depending on the tense and question type.
  • Commands turn into infinitives with possessives: 'Get!' becomes 'Getməyimi istədi' (He wanted me to go).
Person A + [Verb + -DIĞI + Possessive + Case] + Söylədi/Dedi

Meanings

The mechanism used to report the content of someone else's speech without quoting them verbatim. In Azerbaijani, this involves transforming the original sentence into a subordinate clause using participles.

1

Reporting Statements

Conveying a fact or opinion shared by someone else using the '-dığı' (present/past) or '-acağı' (future) suffixes.

“Müəllim dərsin bitdiyini dedi.”

“O, məni sevdiyini bildirdi.”

2

Reporting Questions

Conveying a question asked by someone else, often using the '-ıb-ıbmadiyini' structure for yes/no questions.

“Anam harada olduğumu soruşdu.”

“O, gəlib-gəlməyəcəyimi xəbər aldı.”

3

Reporting Commands/Requests

Conveying an order or request by using the infinitive form '-maq/-mək' plus possessive and case suffixes.

“Həkim mənə siqaret çəkməməyi tapşırdı.”

“Atam evə tez gəlməyimi istədi.”

Reporting Suffixes by Tense

Original Tense Participle Suffix Example (Direct) Example (Indirect)
Present/Past -dığı + Possessive Gəlirəm / Gəldim Gəldiyini (dedi)
Future -acağı + Possessive Gələcəyəm Gələcəyini (dedi)
Negative Present -madığı + Possessive Gəlmirəm Gəlmədiyini (dedi)
Negative Future -mayacağı + Possessive Gəlməyəcəyəm Gəlməyəcəyini (dedi)
Command -mağı / -məyi + Possessive Get! Getməyimi (istədi)
Yes/No Question -ıb-ıbmadiyini Gəlirsən? Gəlib-gəlmədiyimi (soruşdu)

Common Reporting Verbs

Verb Meaning Usage Context
Demək To say General reporting
Söyləmək To tell/say Slightly more formal than 'demək'
Soruşmaq To ask Reporting questions
Bildirmək To inform/state Formal/Official
Tapşırmaq To instruct Reporting commands
Xəbər almaq To inquire Reporting questions (neutral)

Reference Table

Reference table for Direct vs. Indirect Speech
Form Structure Example
Affirmative (Present) Verb + -dığı + Poss. + -ı Oxuduğunu dedi (He said he reads)
Negative (Present) Verb + -madığı + Poss. + -ı Oxumadığını dedi (He said he doesn't read)
Affirmative (Future) Verb + -acağı + Poss. + -ı Oxuyacağını dedi (He said he will read)
Negative (Future) Verb + -mayacağı + Poss. + -ı Oxumayacağını dedi (He said he won't read)
Question (Wh-) Q-Word + Verb + -dığı + Poss. + -ı Nə etdiyini soruşdu (He asked what I was doing)
Question (Yes/No) Verb + -ıb-ıbmadiyini Gəlib-gəlmədiyini soruşdu (He asked if he is coming)
Command Verb + -mağı + Poss. + -ı Susmağımı istədi (He wanted me to be silent)
Necessity Verb + -malı olduğunu Getməli olduğunu dedi (He said he must go)

Formality Spectrum

Formal
O, yorğun olduğunu bəyan etdi.

O, yorğun olduğunu bəyan etdi. (Expressing physical state)

Neutral
O, yorğun olduğunu bildirdi.

O, yorğun olduğunu bildirdi. (Expressing physical state)

Informal
Dedi ki, yorğunam.

Dedi ki, yorğunam. (Expressing physical state)

Slang
Deyir yorulmuşam da.

Deyir yorulmuşam da. (Expressing physical state)

The Indirect Speech Bridge

Indirect Speech

Statements

  • -dığını that... (present/past)
  • -acağını that... (future)

Questions

  • soruşdu asked
  • -ıb-ıbmadiyini whether or not

Commands

  • -mağı to do something
  • istədi wanted/asked

Direct vs. Indirect

Direct (Vasitəsiz)
"Mən acam" I am hungry
Indirect (Vasitəli)
Ac olduğunu That he is hungry

Choosing the Right Suffix

1

Is it a command?

YES
Use -mağı/-məyi
NO
Go to next step
2

Is it a question?

YES
Use -ıb-ıbmadiyini or -dığını
NO
Use -dığını/-acağını

Reporting Verbs by Function

ℹ️

Information

  • dedi
  • söylədi
  • bildirdi

Inquiry

  • soruşdu
  • maraqlandı
  • xəbər aldı
📜

Order

  • tapşırdı
  • tələb etdi
  • əmr etdi

Examples by Level

1

O dedi ki, mən şadam.

He said that I (he) am happy.

2

Anam dedi ki, yemək hazırdır.

My mom said that the food is ready.

3

Dostum dedi ki, mən gəlmirəm.

My friend said that I (he) am not coming.

4

Müəllim dedi ki, kitab oxuyun.

The teacher said that read the book.

1

O mənə 'get' dedi.

He told me 'go'.

2

Həkim mənə dincəlməyi tapşırdı.

The doctor instructed me to rest.

3

Atam evə gəlməyimi istədi.

My father wanted me to come home.

4

O, mənə kömək etməyi söz verdi.

He promised to help me.

1

O, Bakıda yaşadığını söylədi.

He said that he lives in Baku.

2

Məndən harada olduğumu soruşdu.

He asked me where I was.

3

Onlar sabah gələcəklərini bildirdilər.

They informed that they will come tomorrow.

4

Sənin gəlib-gəlməyəcəyini bilmək istəyir.

He wants to know whether you will come or not.

1

O, bu işi tək başına etdiyini iddia edir.

He claims that he did this job by himself.

2

Müdir hesabatın vaxtında hazır olacağını vurğuladı.

The manager emphasized that the report will be ready on time.

3

Polis hadisənin necə baş verdiyini araşdırır.

The police are investigating how the incident happened.

4

Onun gəlməyəcəyini əvvəlcədən bilirdim.

I knew beforehand that he wouldn't come.

1

Natiq islahatların zəruri olduğunu qeyd etdi.

The speaker noted that reforms are necessary.

2

O, günahkar olmadığını qətiyyətlə bildirdi.

He firmly stated that he was not guilty.

3

Müəllif əsərin real hadisələrə əsaslandığını deyir.

The author says the work is based on real events.

4

Onun bizə yalan söyləmiş olduğunu anladıq.

We realized that he had lied to us.

1

Nazir iqtisadi artımın davamlı olacağını bəyan etdi.

The minister declared that economic growth will be sustainable.

2

Onun bu təklifi rədd edəcəyi ehtimal olunurdu.

It was probable that he would reject this offer.

3

Şahid hadisə yerində kimsənin olmadığını ifadə etdi.

The witness testified that no one was at the scene.

4

Bu qərarın xalqın xeyrinə olduğu vurğulanmalıdır.

It must be emphasized that this decision is for the benefit of the people.

Easily Confused

Direct vs. Indirect Speech vs Ki vs. -Dığı

Learners often use 'ki' because it mirrors English 'that', but it can sound informal or repetitive.

Direct vs. Indirect Speech vs Direct vs. Indirect Questions

Mixing up the word order or forgetting to remove the question mark.

Direct vs. Indirect Speech vs Command vs. Statement

Using '-dığını' for a command like 'Go!'.

Common Mistakes

O dedi mən gəlirəm.

O dedi ki, mən gəlirəm.

Missing the 'ki' conjunction in simple reporting.

O dedi ki, o gəlirəm.

O dedi ki, o gəlir.

Verb must agree with the subject inside the 'ki' clause.

Mən dedim o gəlir.

Mən dedim ki, o gəlir.

Missing 'ki'.

O soruşdu sən haradasan?

O soruşdu ki, sən haradasan?

Missing 'ki' in a question.

O mənə get dedi.

O mənə getməyi dedi.

Using a direct command instead of the infinitive object.

Həkim dedi dincəl.

Həkim dincəlməyi tapşırdı.

Commands should be reported as instructions.

O gəlmək söz verdi.

O gələcəyinə söz verdi.

Promises usually require the future participle or dative case.

O gəldiyini dedi.

O, gəldiyini dedi.

Confusing 'his coming' with 'my coming' by using the wrong possessive.

Mən onun gəldiyi bildim.

Mən onun gəldiyini bildim.

Forgetting the accusative case '-ni' at the end of the participle.

O harada olduğum soruşdu.

O harada olduğumu soruşdu.

Missing the possessive suffix '-mu' (my) in the reported question.

O gərək getdiyini dedi.

O getməli olduğunu dedi.

Using 'gərək' (must) incorrectly in an indirect structure.

Onun gəlmiş olduğunu dedi.

Onun gəldiyini dedi.

Overcomplicating the tense when a simple '-dığını' suffices.

Sentence Patterns

[Person] [Verb-stem]-dığını dedi.

[Person] [Verb-stem]-acağını bildirdi.

[Person] məndən [Question Word] [Verb-stem]-duğumu soruşdu.

[Person] [Verb-stem]-mağımı istədi.

Real World Usage

Texting a friend constant

Gələ bilməyəcəyimi yazmışdım.

Job Interview common

Əvvəlki müdirim məsuliyyətli olduğumu deyirdi.

News Broadcast very common

Nazir yeni layihənin başladığını elan etdi.

Ordering Food occasional

Kuryer qapıda olduğunu söylədi.

Doctor's Visit common

Həkim mənə çox su içməyi tapşırdı.

Social Media very common

O, bu xəbərin yalan olduğunu paylaşdı.

💡

The 'That' Rule

Whenever you want to say 'that' in English (e.g., 'I know that...'), think of the '-dığını' suffix first.
⚠️

Possessive Pitfall

Always double-check your possessive suffix. '-dığını' is for 'him/her', '-dığımı' is for 'me', and '-dığını' (with a different 'n') is for 'you'.
🎯

Reporting Questions

For yes/no questions, use the '-ıb-ıbmadiyini' pattern to sound like a native speaker instantly.
💬

Using 'Deyir'

In casual speech, you can start a sentence with 'Deyir...' to mean 'So he/she says...' or 'Apparently...'.

Smart Tips

Use the '-ıb-ıbmadiyini' pattern. It sounds much more natural than using 'ki'.

O soruşdu ki, sən gəlirsən? O, gəlib-gəlmədiyimi soruşdu.

Use 'tapşırdı' (instructed) instead of 'dedi' (said) to sound more professional.

Müdir işi bitir dedi. Müdir işi bitirməyi tapşırdı.

Default to '-dığını'. It covers both present and past in most reporting contexts.

O gəldi dedi. O gəldiyini dedi.

Don't forget to use the 1st person possessive '-m'.

Gəldiyini dedim. Gəldiyimi dedim.

Pronunciation

gəl-Dİ-yi-ni

Suffix Stress

The stress in '-dığını' usually falls on the syllable before the case marker.

da-u-nu (approx)

Soft G (ğ)

The 'ğ' in '-dığını' is silent or lengthens the preceding vowel.

Reporting Intonation

O gəldiyini ↑ DEDİ ↓

The pitch rises on the reported clause and falls on the reporting verb.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

D-I-G-I: Direct Is Gone, Indirect is here! (The '-dığı' suffix replaces the quote).

Visual Association

Imagine a person speaking into a 'Grammar Machine'. On one side, words come out in quotes. On the other side, they come out as a single long word with a '-dığını' tail.

Rhyme

Dedi, söylədi, bildirdi, -dığını gətirdi, sözü bitirdi.

Story

Aysel told me 'I am coming' (Gəlirəm). But when I told Ali, I had to pack her words into a suitcase. The suitcase is the suffix '-dığını'. So I told Ali: 'Aysel gəldiyini dedi'.

Word Web

dedisöylədisoruşdubildirdiiddia etdivurğuladıtapşırdı

Challenge

Try to report three things your family members said today using the '-dığını' suffix instead of 'ki'.

Cultural Notes

In daily conversation, people often use 'deyir' (he says) as a filler or a way to start a story, even if the speech wasn't literal.

Official news broadcasts almost exclusively use the '-dığını bildirdi' structure to maintain objectivity.

In some southern dialects, the 'ki' structure is much more prevalent due to Persian influence.

The '-dıq' participle is an ancient Turkic structure found in Old Turkic inscriptions (Orkhon runes).

Conversation Starters

Dostun sənə nə dedi?

Müəllim ev tapşırığı haqqında nə tapşırdı?

Xəbərlərdə hava haqqında nə deyirlər?

Anan sənə nəyi qadağan edib?

Journal Prompts

Write about a recent conversation you had with a friend. What did they tell you about their life?
Describe the instructions your boss or teacher gave you this week.
Summarize a news article you read recently.
Imagine you are a witness to a minor accident. Report what the people involved said to each other.

Test Yourself

Choose the correct indirect form: 'Mən gəlirəm,' dedi. Multiple Choice

O, ___ dedi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gəldiyini
The present tense 'gəlirəm' becomes the participle 'gəldiyini' in indirect speech.
Fill in the blank for a command: 'Get!' (Go!)

O mənə ___ tapşırdı.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: getməyi
Commands are reported using the infinitive + accusative case.
Correct the sentence: O harada yaşadığım soruşdu. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

O harada ___ soruşdu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: yaşadığımı
Since he asked *me*, the possessive must be 1st person singular '-m' + accusative '-ı'.
Turn this direct speech into indirect: 'Sabah gələcəyəm,' dedi. Sentence Transformation

O, sabah ___ bildirdi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gələcəyini
The future tense '-acaq' is preserved in the participle form '-acağını'.
Is this sentence correct? 'O dedi ki, mən yorğunam.' True False Rule

Is the 'ki' structure grammatically correct in Azerbaijani?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Yes
While the participle is preferred, the 'ki' structure is common and correct.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

Ali: 'Aysel gəlir?' Sən: 'Bəli, Aysel ___ dedi.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gəldiyini
Reporting Aysel's statement about herself.
Match the suffix to the function. Grammar Sorting

1. -dığını, 2. -mağı, 3. -ıb-ıbmadiyini

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Statement, 2-Command, 3-Question
These are the three primary reporting suffixes.
Match the direct speech to its indirect counterpart. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A-Ac olduğunu, B-Getməyi, C-Gəlib-gəlməyəcəyini
Correct mapping of sentence types to suffixes.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Choose the correct indirect form: 'Mən gəlirəm,' dedi. Multiple Choice

O, ___ dedi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gəldiyini
The present tense 'gəlirəm' becomes the participle 'gəldiyini' in indirect speech.
Fill in the blank for a command: 'Get!' (Go!)

O mənə ___ tapşırdı.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: getməyi
Commands are reported using the infinitive + accusative case.
Correct the sentence: O harada yaşadığım soruşdu. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

O harada ___ soruşdu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: yaşadığımı
Since he asked *me*, the possessive must be 1st person singular '-m' + accusative '-ı'.
Turn this direct speech into indirect: 'Sabah gələcəyəm,' dedi. Sentence Transformation

O, sabah ___ bildirdi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gələcəyini
The future tense '-acaq' is preserved in the participle form '-acağını'.
Is this sentence correct? 'O dedi ki, mən yorğunam.' True False Rule

Is the 'ki' structure grammatically correct in Azerbaijani?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Yes
While the participle is preferred, the 'ki' structure is common and correct.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

Ali: 'Aysel gəlir?' Sən: 'Bəli, Aysel ___ dedi.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gəldiyini
Reporting Aysel's statement about herself.
Match the suffix to the function. Grammar Sorting

1. -dığını, 2. -mağı, 3. -ıb-ıbmadiyini

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Statement, 2-Command, 3-Question
These are the three primary reporting suffixes.
Match the direct speech to its indirect counterpart. Match Pairs

A: 'Acam' | B: 'Get!' | C: 'Gələcəksən?'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A-Ac olduğunu, B-Getməyi, C-Gəlib-gəlməyəcəyini
Correct mapping of sentence types to suffixes.

Score: /8

FAQ (8)

Technically yes, but you will sound like a beginner or a non-native speaker. The suffixes are much more common in natural Azerbaijani.

The tense is usually preserved in the participle: `-dıq` for present/past and `-acaq` for future.

Keep the word 'kim' and use the participle: `Kim olduğumu soruşdu` (He asked who I am).

'Söylədi' is slightly more formal and often used for longer statements, while 'dedi' is the universal word for 'said'.

Yes, just like in English, 'this' often becomes 'that' if the context of the speaker has changed.

It is '-madığını'. For example: `Gəlmədiyini dedi` (He said he is not coming).

Yes! Use it with verbs like 'düşünmək' (to think) or 'bilmək' (to know). `Onun gələcəyini düşünürəm` (I think that he will come).

The 'n' is a buffer consonant used before the accusative case suffix when it follows a possessive suffix.

In Other Languages

Spanish low

que + indicative/subjunctive

Spanish uses a separate clause; Azerbaijani uses a single complex word.

French low

que + clause

French maintains verb conjugation; Azerbaijani nominalizes the verb.

German moderate

Konjunktiv I

German changes the verb mood; Azerbaijani changes the verb category (to noun).

Japanese moderate

~to itta

Japanese is more 'additive' (verb + particle); Azerbaijani is 'transformative' (verb + suffix).

Arabic low

anna + clause

Arabic uses a particle-based clause; Azerbaijani uses a suffix-based nominalization.

Chinese none

shuō (说)

Chinese has no morphological change; Azerbaijani is highly morphological.

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