A1 Script & Writing 13 min read Easy

The Persian Alphabet (Consonants & Vowels)

Persian letters change shape depending on where they sit in a word, and short vowels are usually invisible.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Persian is written from right to left using an abjad system where most vowels are omitted in writing.

  • Write from right to left: Start at the right margin of the page.
  • Letters change shape based on position: Initial, medial, final, or isolated.
  • Vowels are optional: Short vowels are usually omitted; long vowels are written as letters.
Right ⬅️ Left + Connecting Letters 🔗 + Optional Vowels 🔡

Overview

Persian, or Farsi, utilizes an alphabet derived from Arabic, comprising 32 letters. This writing system is fundamentally cursive, meaning letters within a word connect to one another, forming a continuous flow. Unlike many Latin-based scripts where individual letters are typically printed separately, every word in Persian is rendered as a single, connected unit.

The script is also read and written from right to left (RTL), a directional shift that requires careful adjustment for learners accustomed to left-to-right languages.

This cursive and RTL nature is not merely a stylistic choice; it is integral to the legibility and structure of Persian words. The visual continuity of connected letters aids in word recognition, while the RTL direction aligns with historical and linguistic roots. While the script shares a common origin with Arabic, Persian has adapted it by adding four distinct letters to represent sounds not present in Arabic, such as پ (p), چ (ch), ژ (zh), and گ (g).

Understanding these foundational principles is the first step toward decoding the elegance of the Persian script.

How This Grammar Works

Each letter in the Persian alphabet possesses unique forms determined by its position within a word: isolated, initial, medial, and final. This positional variation is a direct consequence of the cursive nature of the script. A letter's 'shape' transforms to facilitate connection with preceding or succeeding letters.
For example, ب (b) looks different at the beginning of a word (بـ), in the middle (ـبـ), or at the end (ـب) compared to when it stands alone (ب). These shape changes are predictable and systematic, governed by a set of connection rules.
Crucially, a letter's identity is often reinforced, or sometimes solely determined, by dots (نقطه, noqte) and diacritics. Many letters share an identical base shape but are differentiated only by the number and placement of dots above or below them. Consider ب (b), پ (p), ت (t), ث (s), ن (n), and ی (y): they all share a similar 'boat' shape, with their distinct sounds arising entirely from their dots.
Mastering these subtle yet critical markers is paramount, as a misplaced or omitted dot can entirely alter a word's meaning.
Moreover, the Persian script distinguishes between long vowels, which are explicitly written as full letters, and short vowels, which are typically omitted in standard written text. This omission means that you, as a learner, must eventually infer the correct short vowel sounds based on context and your growing vocabulary. This system, while initially challenging, allows for a more compact written form and is second nature to native speakers.
This approach mirrors the way native English speakers implicitly understand abbreviations like 'btw' as 'by the way' without full vowel transcription.

Formation Pattern

1
The 32 letters of the Persian alphabet are categorized based on their ability to connect with adjacent letters. Most letters are connecting, meaning they can link to both the letter before and the letter after them. However, a specific set of seven letters are non-connecting, capable of joining with a preceding letter but never with a succeeding one. This distinction creates essential breaks in the cursive flow and necessitates lifting the pen, influencing both handwriting and digital text rendering.
2
Consonants and Connecting Forms
3
The majority of Persian letters exhibit four distinct forms: isolated, initial, medial, and final. These forms ensure seamless cursive integration. When a letter appears at the initial position, it connects only to the letter that follows it. In the medial position, it connects on both sides. At the final position, it connects to the preceding letter and concludes the word. The isolated form is used when a letter stands alone or when it follows a non-connecting letter.
4
Here’s a general pattern for many common letters, illustrating their adaptability:
5
| Isolated Form | Initial Form | Medial Form | Final Form | Letter Name & Sound |
6
| :------------ | :----------- | :---------- | :--------- | :------------------ |
7
| ب | بـ | ـبـ | ـب | بِ (be) - b |
8
| پ | پـ | ـپـ | ـپ | پِ (pe) - p |
9
| ت | تـ | ـتـ | ـت | تِ (te) - t |
10
| ف | فـ | ـفـ | ـف | فِ (fe) - f |
11
| ک | کـ | ـکـ | ـک | کاف (kâf) - k |
12
For example, the word بابا (bâbâ, father) demonstrates initial بـ and final ـب. In کتاب (ketâb, book), you see an initial کـ, medial ـتـ, and final ـب. The letters ج (jim), چ (che), ح (he), and خ (khe) also follow this four-form pattern, differing primarily by their internal dots.
13
Non-Connecting Letters
14
Seven letters in Persian are non-connecting (حروف غیر متصل, horuf-e ghayr-e motasel). These letters, often referred to as 'stubborn' letters, are ا (alef), د (dâl), ذ (zâl), ر (re), ز (ze), ژ (zhe), and و (vâv). When one of these letters appears in a word, it will connect to any preceding letter (if it's a connecting one) but never connect to the letter immediately following it. This creates an automatic visual gap, and the subsequent letter must begin in its initial or isolated form.
15
Consider the word مادر (mâdar, mother): the م (mim) connects to ا (alef), but since ا is non-connecting, there's a break, and د (dâl) starts as isolated. Then, د (dâl) itself is non-connecting, causing another break before ر (re) begins. This rule is absolute and governs the visual rhythm of Persian writing.
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| Letter | Sound | Connection Rule |
17
| :----- | :---- | :------------------------------------------------- |
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| ا | a, â | Connects left, breaks right |
19
| د | d | Connects left, breaks right |
20
| ذ | z | Connects left, breaks right |
21
| ر | r | Connects left, breaks right |
22
| ز | z | Connects left, breaks right |
23
| ژ | zh | Connects left, breaks right |
24
| و | v, u, o | Connects left, breaks right (also a long vowel) |
25
An example with د (dâl): in دوست (dust, friend), د (dâl) is at the initial position and, being non-connecting, does not link to و (vâv). Similarly, و is also non-connecting, so it breaks before س (sin).
26
Vowels: Long and Short
27
Persian distinguishes between explicit long vowels (مصوت‌های بلند, masvat-hâ-ye boland) and implicit short vowels (مصوت‌های کوتاه, masvat-hâ-ye kutâh).
28
Long Vowels: These are always written as full letters and are pronounced with a sustained sound. They are:
29
ا (alef): Represents the long 'â' sound, similar to 'a' in 'father'. Example: آب (âb, water).
30
و (vâv): Represents the long 'u' sound, like 'oo' in 'moon'. Example: دور (dur, far).
31
ی (yâ): Represents the long 'i' sound, like 'ee' in 'see'. Example: شیر (shir, lion/milk).
32
Short Vowels: These are diacritical marks placed above or below consonants. In standard written Persian, they are almost always omitted. You infer them from context. They are only explicitly written in specific situations, such as dictionaries, religious texts, children's books, and sometimes in poetry or to resolve ambiguity.
33
َ (zabar/fatḥe): Sounds like a short 'a' (as in 'cat'). Placed above a consonant. Example (with diacritic): کَبَاب (kabâb). Standard text: کباب.
34
ِ (zir/kasre): Sounds like a short 'e' (as in 'bed'). Placed below a consonant. Example (with diacritic): دِل (del, heart). Standard text: دل.
35
ُ (pish/żamme): Sounds like a short 'o' (as in 'pot'). Placed above a consonant. Example (with diacritic): تُخم (tokhm, egg). Standard text: تخم.
36
Mastering the context-driven inference of short vowels is a significant milestone in learning to read Persian fluently. It is a process of exposure and pattern recognition, much like a native English speaker recognizes bld as 'build' in informal writing.

When To Use It

Learning the Persian alphabet is not an optional accessory; it is the fundamental gateway to engaging with the Persian language in any meaningful written form. You will employ this script every single time you read, write, or type in Persian, regardless of the context or formality. From deciphering street signs in Tehran to exchanging emails, composing social media posts, or reading classic poetry, the alphabet and its rules are consistently applied.
For instance, if you are ordering چلو کباب (chelo kabâb, rice and kebab) from a menu, understanding the connected forms and the implied short vowels is essential. When you receive a text message from a friend, خوبی؟ (khubi?, Are you good?), you'll see the cursive script and infer the o and u sounds. Even in digital communication, where 'Fingilish' (Persian written with Latin characters) is sometimes used for convenience, true literacy and deeper understanding of the language—including its cultural nuances—are unattainable without script proficiency.
The script isn't just about reading; it profoundly shapes the phonology and structure of the language, making its study indispensable for comprehensive comprehension.

Common Mistakes

Beginners often encounter specific pitfalls when learning the Persian alphabet. Recognizing these common error patterns can accelerate your learning and reduce frustration.
  • The Dot Dilemma: Many letters derive their unique identity solely from their dots. Confusing ب (b, one dot below) with پ (p, three dots below), ت (t, two dots above), ث (s, three dots above), or ن (n, one dot above) is extremely common. These letters share an identical baseline 'boat' shape. Mistaking سین (sin, the letter 's') for شین (shin, the letter 'sh') by misplacing or omitting the three dots above ش is another frequent error. The consequence of such mistakes is often an entirely different word or an unintelligible one. Practice distinguishing these visually similar letters meticulously.
  • Ignoring Non-Connectors: A pervasive error is forcing a connection after a non-connecting letter. For example, writing مادر (mâdar) as مادَر where the د (dâl) connects to ر (re) is incorrect. This not only makes the word look visually awkward but can also lead to misidentification, as forcing a connection might transform the non-connecting letter into a different character altogether. Always respect the gap created by ا, د, ذ, ر, ز, ژ, and و.
  • Short Vowel Panic: The omission of short vowels in standard text can be intimidating. Learners often feel they cannot pronounce words correctly without them. However, relying solely on explicit short vowels is impractical for fluent reading. Instead, train your ear and eye to recognize common word patterns and infer the vowels. For example, دل could theoretically be pronounced dal, dol, or del. Through exposure, you quickly learn it is almost always del (heart). This inference is a core skill for reading fluency.
  • Directional Confusion (RTL): Initially, writing from right to left can feel unnatural. Many beginners accidentally reverse the order of letters within a word or write sentences from left to right. Consciously practice tracing words and sentences from right to left until the muscle memory develops. This will prevent characters from being formed in reverse or words appearing jumbled.
  • Confusing Similar-Sounding Letters: Persian inherited multiple letters from Arabic that produce identical sounds in modern Persian, such as ز (ze), ذ (zâl), ض (żâd), and ظ (zâ), all pronounced as 'z'. Similarly, س (sin) and ث (se) are both 's', and ت (te) and ط (tâ) are both 't'. There's no phonetic rule to distinguish these in speech; you must memorize the spelling of each word. This is a common source of spelling errors, even for native speakers, often leading to what could be considered 'Persian spelling bees' where the choice of z or s or t is critical.

Real Conversations

In contemporary Persian communication, the script's rules are consistently applied across various modalities, from informal messaging to formal documentation. While the fundamental principles of connectivity and RTL direction remain constant, subtle differences in style and context impact how you encounter the alphabet.

In text messages and social media posts, you will frequently encounter Persian text with short vowels entirely omitted, as native speakers infer these naturally. For instance, سلام خوبی؟ (salâm khubi?, Hello, how are you?) requires you to recognize خوبی as khubi and not, for example, khebi. Speed and familiarity often lead to slightly less formal letter connections in handwriting or typing, but the core rules are never violated. Sometimes, to convey a strong emotion or emphasize a specific pronunciation, a native speaker might selectively add a short vowel diacritic, much like bolding a word in English for emphasis.

Formal written Persian, such as in newspapers, academic articles, or official correspondence, adheres strictly to the standard script. Here, clarity and precision are paramount, and while short vowels are still generally omitted, the letter forms are meticulously maintained. You'll observe consistent adherence to connection rules and dot placement. It’s also common to see proper capitalization (a concept non-existent in Persian) being mimicked by placing the first letter of a sentence in bold if the text is Latin-script aware.

Conversational Persian, while spoken, is fundamentally rooted in the sounds derived from this script. When you learn vocabulary, you are implicitly learning the visual patterns of these words. For example, understanding how سلام (salâm) is written helps reinforce its pronunciation. Cultural expressions, such as writing بله (bale, yes) or نه (na, no), are always rendered with the correct letter forms, reinforcing the script's pervasive presence in daily life. This consistent application ensures that the written language serves as a reliable guide for spoken communication, provided you've mastered the script's nuances.

Quick FAQ

Q

Do I really need to learn the Persian script, or can I just use 'Fingilish' (Persian written with Latin letters)?

Learning the Persian script is absolutely essential for genuine literacy and engagement with the language. While 'Fingilish' might suffice for very informal, quick messages among close friends, it is not a substitute for the native script. All books, newspapers, official documents, signs, and formal digital communication are in Persian script. Relying solely on 'Fingilish' will severely limit your ability to read, write, and truly understand Persian culture.

Q

Is it difficult for left-handed people to write Persian given it's right-to-left?

While some left-handed individuals initially find writing RTL challenging due to the risk of smudging ink, it is certainly not impossible. Millions of left-handed native speakers write Persian proficiently. Using quick-drying pens and adjusting your hand position slightly can mitigate this issue. With practice, the directional flow becomes natural regardless of handedness.

Q

Why are there so many letters that sound the same, like multiple 'z', 's', and 't' sounds?

This phenomenon is a legacy of the Arabic language, from which the Persian script and a significant portion of its vocabulary are derived. Arabic has distinct phonetic values for letters like ذ (zâl), ض (żâd), and ظ (zâ), but in modern Persian, these have merged into a single 'z' sound. The same applies to س (sin) and ث (se) which both became 's', and ت (te) and ط (tâ) which became 't'. When Persian adopted the Arabic script, it retained the original spellings for loanwords, even if the pronunciations diverged. This means for these homophones, you must memorize which specific letter is used for each word's spelling, as there's no phonetic clue in spoken Persian. For example, عظیم (azīm, great) uses ظ, while زمان (zamân, time) uses ز.

Q

How quickly can I expect to become proficient in reading and writing the script?

Most dedicated learners can recognize all the letters and their basic forms within a few days to a week of focused study. However, developing fluency—the ability to read at a natural pace and write legibly without constantly thinking about connections and dots—takes consistent practice over several months. Initially, focus on mastering the letter forms and connection rules, then gradually build your vocabulary to infer short vowels and recognize common word patterns. Like any skill, regular exposure and practice are key to achieving proficiency.

Positional Letter Forms (Example: ب)

Isolated Initial Medial Final
ب
بـ
ـبـ
ـب

Meanings

The Persian alphabet is a modified version of the Arabic script, consisting of 32 letters used to represent the sounds of the Persian language.

1

Consonants

The core building blocks of words, most of which change shape depending on their position in a word.

“ب (b)”

“ت (t)”

2

Long Vowels

Vowels that are written as full letters (Alif, Waw, Ye).

“آ (ā)”

“او (ū)”

3

Short Vowels

Sounds represented by diacritics (marks) above or below letters, rarely written in everyday text.

“َ (a)”

“ِ (e)”

Reference Table

Reference table for The Persian Alphabet (Consonants & Vowels)
Form Structure Example
Isolated
Standalone
ب
Initial
Start of word
بـار
Medial
Middle of word
آبـی
Final
End of word
آب
Non-connector
Does not link left
د
Long Vowel
Written as letter
آ

Formality Spectrum

Formal
درود

درود (Greeting)

Neutral
سلام

سلام (Greeting)

Informal
سلام

سلام (Greeting)

Slang
چطوری

چطوری (Greeting)

The Persian Alphabet Structure

Persian Script

Consonants

  • ب b
  • ت t

Long Vowels

  • آ ā
  • او ū
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Examples by Level

1

سلام

Hello

2

من

I

3

تو

You

4

کتاب

Book

1

اسم من علی است

My name is Ali

2

این یک سیب است

This is an apple

3

او خوب است

He/She is good

4

خانه بزرگ است

The house is big

1

من به تهران می‌روم

I am going to Tehran

2

هوا امروز عالی است

The weather is great today

3

دوست من ایرانی است

My friend is Iranian

4

لطفاً قهوه بیاورید

Please bring coffee

1

مطالعه زبان فارسی لذت‌بخش است

Studying Persian is enjoyable

2

او در دانشگاه کار می‌کند

He works at the university

3

آیا شما این فیلم را دیده‌اید؟

Have you seen this movie?

4

تغییرات آب و هوا جدی است

Climate change is serious

1

شعر حافظ بسیار عمیق است

Hafez's poetry is very deep

2

فرهنگ ایران بسیار غنی است

Iranian culture is very rich

3

او با مهارت سخنرانی کرد

He spoke with skill

4

تحلیل سیاسی پیچیده است

Political analysis is complex

1

متون کهن فارسی نیاز به تفسیر دارند

Ancient Persian texts require interpretation

2

او به زبان ادبی تسلط دارد

He has mastery of the literary language

3

خط نستعلیق بسیار زیبا است

Nasta'liq script is very beautiful

4

تنوع گویش‌ها در ایران مشهود است

The diversity of dialects in Iran is evident

Easily Confused

The Persian Alphabet (Consonants & Vowels) vs ب vs پ

Both look similar.

The Persian Alphabet (Consonants & Vowels) vs س vs ش

Both have three teeth.

The Persian Alphabet (Consonants & Vowels) vs د vs ر

Both are non-connectors.

Common Mistakes

✗

Left to right

✓

Right to left

Persian is an RTL language.
✗

Connecting non-connectors

✓

Keep them separate

Letters like 'د' don't link left.
✗

Ignoring letter shapes

✓

Use correct positional form

Letters change shape.
✗

Writing short vowels

✓

Omit them

Short vowels are diacritics.
✗

Confusing 'ب' and 'ت'

✓

Check the dots

Dots change the sound.
✗

Incorrect 'Ye' shape

✓

Use 'ی' at end

Final 'Ye' is distinct.
✗

Misplacing dots

✓

Dots are part of the letter

Dots must be precise.
✗

Mixing formal/informal script

✓

Use standard print

Handwriting varies.
✗

Over-relying on diacritics

✓

Read without them

Native text lacks them.
✗

Incorrect 'He' usage

✓

Distinguish 'ه' and 'ح'

They sound different.
✗

Misspelling loanwords

✓

Use standard orthography

Loanwords have fixed spellings.

Sentence Patterns

___ من است.

من ___ را دوست دارم.

آیا شما ___ هستید؟

___ بسیار زیبا است.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

سلام چطوری؟

Street signs very common

خیابان آزادی

Job interviews common

من تجربه دارم.

Food delivery common

پیتزا سفارش دادم.

Travel occasional

بلیط کجاست؟

Social media very common

عکس عالی بود!

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💡

Ignore the dots at first

When learning the shapes, look at the main body (the curve) first to identify the family, THEN count the dots to find the specific letter.
⚠️

Don't trust English letters

Don't rely on 'Fingilish' (Romanized Persian). The sounds 'gh' and 'kh' don't exist in English, so reading the real script helps your pronunciation.
💬

Calligraphy is King

Iranians value handwriting. Good handwriting is seen as a sign of education and character, much more than in the West.
🎯

The invisible 'O'

When you see a word like 'to' (you) written simply as 't' + 'v' (تو), it is pronounced 'to'. The 'v' acts as the vowel 'o'.

Smart Tips

Break the word into its positional parts.

Writing 'Ketab' as 'ک ت ا ب' → Writing 'Ketab' as 'کتاب'

Identify if it's a connector or not.

Trying to connect 'د' → Leaving 'د' separate

Focus on the word shape, not just letters.

Reading letter by letter → Recognizing the whole word

Use a calligraphy pen.

Using a ballpoint → Using a felt tip

Pronunciation

ā vs a

Vowel length

Long vowels are held twice as long as short ones.

Question

Rising at the end

Inquiry

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Remember 'Right-to-Left' by thinking of the sun setting in the west (left) and rising in the east (right).

Visual Association

Imagine the letters as a train: the engine is the initial form, the carriages are the medial forms, and the caboose is the final form.

Rhyme

Right to left the letters flow, watch the Persian language grow.

Story

A traveler starts at the right side of a map. They walk left, connecting with every person they meet. If they hit a wall (a non-connector), they have to start a new path.

Word Web

سلامکتابایرانتهرانآبدوست

Challenge

Write your name in Persian script 10 times today.

Cultural Notes

The script is a point of national pride.

Uses the same script with slight variations.

Uses Cyrillic, but the historical script is Persian.

Derived from the Aramaic script via Arabic.

Conversation Starters

“

How do you write your name?

“

Do you like Persian calligraphy?

“

What is the hardest letter?

“

Is the script similar to Arabic?

Journal Prompts

Write your name and country.
Describe your favorite book.
Write a letter to a friend.
Discuss the beauty of the script.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Fill in the missing letter.

سـ___ـام

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ل
The word is Salam.
Which letter is a non-connector? Multiple Choice

Select one.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: د
Dal does not connect left.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

کـتـابـ (wrong)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کتاب
Final letter shouldn't connect.
Order the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: اسم من علی است
Correct syntax.
Translate to Persian. Translation

Book

Answer starts with: کتا...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کتاب
Book is Ketab.
Match letter to sound. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b, t, s
Correct mapping.
Which is the correct initial form of 'ب'? Multiple Choice

Select one.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بـ
Initial form is b-.
Complete the word.

ایـ___ـان

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ر
Iran.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the missing letter.

سـ___ـام

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ل
The word is Salam.
Which letter is a non-connector? Multiple Choice

Select one.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: د
Dal does not connect left.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

کـتـابـ (wrong)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کتاب
Final letter shouldn't connect.
Order the words. Sentence Reorder

است / من / علی / اسم

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: اسم من علی است
Correct syntax.
Translate to Persian. Translation

Book

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کتاب
Book is Ketab.
Match letter to sound. Match Pairs

ب, ت, س

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b, t, s
Correct mapping.
Which is the correct initial form of 'ب'? Multiple Choice

Select one.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بـ
Initial form is b-.
Complete the word.

ایـ___ـان

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ر
Iran.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Match the letter to its sound Match Pairs

Match the Persian letter to the English sound

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["\u0622 : A (long)","\u0628 : B","\u0633 : S","\u0646 : N"]
Which word is 'Baba' (Dad)? Multiple Choice

Select the correct spelling for Baba:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بابا
Spot the dot error Error Correction

Which of these is 'Barâdar' (Brother)? Hint: B starts with 1 dot below.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: برادر
Fill in the vowel Fill in the Blank

The word is 'Anâr' (Pomegranate). We need the long 'â' (Alef). ان__ر

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ا
Order the letters R-T-L Sentence Reorder

Arrange these letters to spell 'Sib' (Apple): (b) (i) (s)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: س -> ی -> ب
Identify the Non-Connector Multiple Choice

Which of these letters refuses to connect to the left?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: د (Daal)
Match number of dots Match Pairs

Match the letter to the number of dots

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["P (Pe) : 3 dots","B (Be) : 1 dot","T (Te) : 2 dots","Ch (Che) : 3 dots"]
Complete the greeting Fill in the Blank

S_laam (Hello). Fill the missing long vowel.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ا (Alef)
Fix the word 'Nan' Error Correction

Bread is 'Nân'. It starts and ends with 'N' (1 dot inside/above). Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نان
Reading Check Multiple Choice

What does 'توت' spell?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Tut (Berry)

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

It's a historical convention of the Semitic-based scripts.

No, but it helps with understanding the flow.

No, just positional variants.

Use a Persian keyboard layout on your phone or PC.

They are 'non-connectors' by design.

You can, but it's not standard for formal writing.

It uses the same script but is a different language.

About 10 hours of focused practice.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Arabic high

Arabic script

Persian has 4 extra letters.

English none

Latin script

Persian is RTL.

Japanese low

Kana/Kanji

Persian is alphabetic.

Chinese none

Hanzi

Persian is alphabetic.

German none

Latin script

Persian is RTL.

French none

Latin script

Persian is RTL.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
Connecting Persian Letters: The Cursive Flow

Related Grammar Rules

A1

Connecting Persian Letters: The Cursive Flow

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C2

Formal & Journalistic Structures (Passive & Impersonal)

Overview Mastering Persian at the C2 level necessitates a nuanced understanding of **register**, particularly the formal...
B2

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